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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






2. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






3. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






4. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






5. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






6. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






7. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






8. STM capacity of 7±2






9. Dual code hypothesis






10. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






11. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






12. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






13. Details - events - discrete knowledge






14. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






15. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






16. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






17. Termed icon for brief visual memory






18. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






19. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






20. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






21. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






22. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






23. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






24. Primary and recency effects






25. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






26. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






27. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






28. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






29. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






30. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






31. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






32. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






33. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






34. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






35. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






36. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






37. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






38. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






39. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






40. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






41. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






42. Knowing a fact






43. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






44. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






45. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






46. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






47. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






48. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






49. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






50. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact