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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






2. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






3. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






4. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






5. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






6. Details - events - discrete knowledge






7. Dual code hypothesis






8. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






9. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






10. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






11. Generate information on their own; cued and free






12. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






13. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






14. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






15. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






16. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






17. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






18. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






19. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






20. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






21. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






22. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






23. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






24. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






25. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






26. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






27. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






28. Repeating material to hold in STM






29. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






30. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






31. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






32. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






33. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






34. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






35. Recall without any cue






36. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






37. Termed icon for brief visual memory






38. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






39. Sensory - short term - long term






40. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






41. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






42. Knowing how to do something






43. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






44. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






45. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






46. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






47. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






48. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






49. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






50. STM capacity of 7±2