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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sensory - short term - long term
Stages of memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
LTM not subject to
State-dependent memory
2. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Decay (or trace) theory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Recall (+types)
Backward masking
3. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Incidental learning
Interference theory
Brenda Milner
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
4. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Mnemonics
Echoic memory
5. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Recall (+types)
Paired-associate learning
LTM not subject to
Long-term memory
6. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Working memory
Ulric Neisser
Forgetting curve
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
7. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Elizabeth Loftus
George Miller
Cued recall
Forgetting curve
8. General knowledge of the world
Paired-associate learning
Semantic memory
Karl Lashley
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
9. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Ulric Neisser
George Miller
Cued recall
Backward masking
10. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Forgetting theories
Paired-associate learning
Serial-anticipation learning
11. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
George Sperling
Implicit memory
E.R. Kandel
12. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Brenda Milner
Procedural memory
Proactive interference
13. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Elizabeth Loftus
Rehearsal (+types)
Echoic memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
14. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Zeigarnik effect
Flashbulb memories
Incidental learning
Recall (+types)
15. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Backward masking
Chunking
Short-term memory
Free-recall learning
16. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
State-dependent memory
Paired-associate learning
George Sperling
Stages of memory
17. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Primacy and recency effects
Tachistoscope
Generation-recognition model
18. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Brenda Milner
LTM not subject to
Semantic memory
Cued recall
19. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Recognition
Icon
Paired-associate learning
Forgetting theories
20. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Zeigarnik effect
Short-term memory
Association between picture vs. words
21. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Donald Hebb
Brenda Milner
Eidetic imagery
Incidental learning
22. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Free recall
Dual code hypothesis
Generation-recognition model
Retroactive interference
23. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Allan Paivio
Encoding specificity principle
Donald Hebb
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
24. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Primacy and recency effects
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Recognition
Semantic memory
25. Repeating material to hold in STM
Echoic memory
Chunking
Interference types
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
26. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Paired-associate learning
Echoic memory
Proactive interference
Recall task involving order of items on a list
27. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Ulric Neisser
Tachistoscope
Paired-associate learning
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
28. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Zeigarnik effect
Icon
Retroactive interference
29. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
E.R. Kandel
Long-term memory
Generation-recognition model
Brenda Milner
30. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Cued recall
Interference types
Proactive interference
31. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
LTM not subject to
Paired-associate learning
Ulric Neisser
Forgetting curve
32. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Declarative memory
Retroactive interference
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Long-term memory
33. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Free recall
Procedural memory
Zeigarnik effect
Flashbulb memories
34. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Interference types
George Sperling
Brenda Milner
Implicit memory
35. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Recall (+types)
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Explicit memory
36. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Explicit memory
Chunking
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Proactive interference
37. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Icon
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Elizabeth Loftus
Tachistoscope
38. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Karl Lashley
Forgetting theories
Recognition
39. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Icon
Eidetic imagery
Zeigarnik effect
Paired-associate learning
40. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Paired-associate learning
Allan Paivio
State-dependent memory
Clustering
41. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Working memory
Recognition
Forgetting curve
State-dependent memory
42. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Interference types
Short-term memory
43. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Working memory
Flashbulb memories
Association between picture vs. words
Generation-recognition model
44. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Ulric Neisser
Sensory memory (+types)
Zeigarnik effect
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
45. Dual code hypothesis
Forgetting theories
Iconic memory
Allan Paivio
Dual code hypothesis
46. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Decay (or trace) theory
Working memory
Interference theory
Mnemonics
47. Recall without any cue
Free recall
Implicit memory
Donald Hebb
LTM not subject to
48. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Frederick Bartlett
Paired-associate learning
E.R. Kandel
Working memory
49. STM capacity of 7±2
Clustering
Tachistoscope
George Miller
Free-recall learning
50. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Donald Hebb
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Working memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks