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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
Rehearsal (+types)
2. General knowledge of the world
Interference theory
Ulric Neisser
Semantic memory
Cued recall
3. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Tachistoscope
Interference theory
Association between picture vs. words
4. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Incidental learning
Backward masking
Chunking
Implicit memory
5. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Generation-recognition model
Icon
Forgetting curve
Interference types
6. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Proactive interference
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
E.R. Kandel
Semantic memory
7. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Donald Hebb
Backward masking
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Encoding specificity principle
8. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Retroactive interference
9. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Free-recall learning
Karl Lashley
Eidetic imagery
Paired-associate learning
10. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Retroactive interference
Primacy and recency effects
Stages of memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
11. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Interference types
Interference theory
Stages of memory
Brenda Milner
12. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Cued recall
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Icon
Karl Lashley
13. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Association between picture vs. words
Savings
Short-term memory
Serial-anticipation learning
14. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Long-term memory
Flashbulb memories
E.R. Kandel
15. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Clustering
Long-term memory
Recall (+types)
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
16. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Decay (or trace) theory
Episodic memory
Paired-associate learning
17. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Mnemonics
Declarative memory
Brenda Milner
Paired-associate learning
18. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Flashbulb memories
Declarative memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
19. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Generation-recognition model
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Karl Lashley
Recall (+types)
20. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Explicit memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Interference theory
Icon
21. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Free-recall learning
Retroactive interference
Flashbulb memories
Sensory memory (+types)
22. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Serial-anticipation learning
Short-term memory
Episodic memory
Icon
23. On the verge of retrieval
Savings
Decay (or trace) theory
Backward masking
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
24. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Association between picture vs. words
Karl Lashley
Tachistoscope
Donald Hebb
25. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Implicit memory
Chunking
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Association between picture vs. words
26. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Short-term memory
E.R. Kandel
Sensory memory (+types)
Free-recall learning
27. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Clustering
Forgetting theories
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Interference theory
28. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Proactive interference
Ulric Neisser
Flashbulb memories
Interference types
29. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
State-dependent memory
E.R. Kandel
Ulric Neisser
Recall (+types)
30. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Short-term memory
Rehearsal (+types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
31. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Flashbulb memories
Dual code hypothesis
Short-term memory
Zeigarnik effect
32. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Icon
Echoic memory
Forgetting curve
Stages of memory
33. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Frederick Bartlett
Clustering
Mnemonics
Iconic memory
34. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Encoding specificity principle
Explicit memory
Dual code hypothesis
Forgetting curve
35. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Zeigarnik effect
Mnemonics
Karl Lashley
Incidental learning
36. Knowing how to do something
Stages of memory
Procedural memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Semantic memory
37. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
E.R. Kandel
Dual code hypothesis
Retroactive interference
38. Repeating material to hold in STM
Implicit memory
Iconic memory
George Sperling
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
39. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Ulric Neisser
Generation-recognition model
Implicit memory
40. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Rehearsal (+types)
Interference types
Dual code hypothesis
Recall task involving order of items on a list
41. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Elizabeth Loftus
E.R. Kandel
Encoding specificity principle
Long-term memory
42. Recall without any cue
Eidetic imagery
Interference types
Free recall
Decay (or trace) theory
43. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Short-term memory
E.R. Kandel
Long-term memory
44. STM capacity of 7±2
George Miller
Iconic memory
Rehearsal (+types)
Recognition
45. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Proactive interference
Episodic memory
Explicit memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
46. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Interference theory
Implicit memory
Iconic memory
George Miller
47. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
State-dependent memory
Donald Hebb
Flashbulb memories
Chunking
48. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Proactive interference
Semantic memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Backward masking
49. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Eidetic imagery
Sensory memory (+types)
Generation-recognition model
Frederick Bartlett
50. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Recognition
Icon
Implicit memory
Mnemonics