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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Savings
Recognition
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Generation-recognition model
2. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Association between picture vs. words
Decay (or trace) theory
Paired-associate learning
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
3. On the verge of retrieval
George Miller
Dual code hypothesis
Elizabeth Loftus
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
4. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Episodic memory
Generation-recognition model
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Encoding specificity principle
5. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Interference theory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Sensory memory (+types)
Free recall
6. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Paired-associate learning
Iconic memory
Short-term memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
7. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Explicit memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Zeigarnik effect
8. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Ulric Neisser
Karl Lashley
Recognition
Episodic memory
9. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Clustering
Elizabeth Loftus
Working memory
Long-term memory
10. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Flashbulb memories
Short-term memory
Savings
George Miller
11. Repeating material to hold in STM
Interference theory
Sensory memory (+types)
Semantic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
12. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Serial-anticipation learning
Generation-recognition model
Incidental learning
Implicit memory
13. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Encoding specificity principle
Karl Lashley
Decay (or trace) theory
Stages of memory
14. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Rehearsal (+types)
Stages of memory
Icon
Chunking
15. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Free recall
Episodic memory
Flashbulb memories
George Sperling
16. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Semantic memory
Incidental learning
Primacy and recency effects
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
17. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Forgetting theories
Free recall
Echoic memory
Cued recall
18. Dual code hypothesis
Allan Paivio
Semantic memory
Interference types
Long-term memory
19. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Allan Paivio
Long-term memory
E.R. Kandel
20. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Elizabeth Loftus
Serial-anticipation learning
Forgetting curve
Stages of memory
21. Sensory - short term - long term
Stages of memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Generation-recognition model
Forgetting theories
22. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Free recall
Generation-recognition model
Dual code hypothesis
Karl Lashley
23. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Elizabeth Loftus
Echoic memory
State-dependent memory
24. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Explicit memory
Recognition
Clustering
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
25. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Paired-associate learning
Brenda Milner
Encoding specificity principle
Donald Hebb
26. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Savings
Mnemonics
Semantic memory
Proactive interference
27. Knowing how to do something
Procedural memory
Short-term memory
Icon
Explicit memory
28. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Ulric Neisser
Association between picture vs. words
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Forgetting curve
29. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Explicit memory
Brenda Milner
Paired-associate learning
Primacy and recency effects
30. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Interference types
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Rehearsal (+types)
Chunking
31. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Stages of memory
Allan Paivio
Iconic memory
Short-term memory
32. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Incidental learning
Cued recall
Proactive interference
33. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Implicit memory
Allan Paivio
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Echoic memory
34. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Donald Hebb
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Free recall
Echoic memory
35. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Donald Hebb
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Interference theory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
36. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Eidetic imagery
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
37. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Karl Lashley
Elizabeth Loftus
E.R. Kandel
Association between picture vs. words
38. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Backward masking
Dual code hypothesis
Iconic memory
Savings
39. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Retroactive interference
Paired-associate learning
Donald Hebb
Savings
40. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
State-dependent memory
Retroactive interference
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Primacy and recency effects
41. Recall without any cue
Free recall
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Short-term memory
Sensory memory (+types)
42. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Working memory
Interference types
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
43. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
George Sperling
Frederick Bartlett
Free-recall learning
George Miller
44. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
E.R. Kandel
Short-term memory
Tachistoscope
Zeigarnik effect
45. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Dual code hypothesis
Forgetting theories
Chunking
46. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Eidetic imagery
Decay (or trace) theory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Short-term memory
47. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Frederick Bartlett
Working memory
Icon
Declarative memory
48. General knowledge of the world
Semantic memory
Incidental learning
Icon
George Miller
49. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Serial-anticipation learning
Implicit memory
Clustering
Free recall
50. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Free-recall learning
Elizabeth Loftus
Semantic memory
Recognition