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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Paired-associate learning
Procedural memory
Free recall
Interference theory
2. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
George Sperling
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Long-term memory
Forgetting curve
3. STM capacity of 7±2
George Miller
Allan Paivio
Icon
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
4. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Decay (or trace) theory
Free-recall learning
Semantic memory
Forgetting theories
5. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Encoding specificity principle
Karl Lashley
Semantic memory
Icon
6. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
George Sperling
Primacy and recency effects
Backward masking
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7. Sensory - short term - long term
Karl Lashley
Stages of memory
Frederick Bartlett
Elizabeth Loftus
8. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Forgetting curve
Retroactive interference
Dual code hypothesis
Recognition
9. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Association between picture vs. words
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Paired-associate learning
10. Repeating material to hold in STM
Frederick Bartlett
Free-recall learning
Allan Paivio
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
11. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Working memory
Eidetic imagery
Chunking
12. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Decay (or trace) theory
Frederick Bartlett
Sensory memory (+types)
Forgetting curve
13. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Echoic memory
Interference theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Karl Lashley
14. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Paired-associate learning
Icon
Tachistoscope
Proactive interference
15. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Brenda Milner
State-dependent memory
Retroactive interference
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
16. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Clustering
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Encoding specificity principle
Karl Lashley
17. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
LTM not subject to
Eidetic imagery
Icon
Mnemonics
18. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Frederick Bartlett
Recall (+types)
Forgetting curve
LTM not subject to
19. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Zeigarnik effect
Recall (+types)
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Frederick Bartlett
20. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Episodic memory
Paired-associate learning
Generation-recognition model
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21. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Implicit memory
Retroactive interference
Savings
Chunking
22. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Interference types
Stages of memory
Free recall
Primacy and recency effects
23. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Flashbulb memories
E.R. Kandel
Iconic memory
Rehearsal (+types)
24. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Elizabeth Loftus
Clustering
George Sperling
Karl Lashley
25. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Rehearsal (+types)
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Decay (or trace) theory
Association between picture vs. words
26. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
E.R. Kandel
Semantic memory
Chunking
Incidental learning
27. Knowing how to do something
Allan Paivio
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Sensory memory (+types)
28. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Donald Hebb
Semantic memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Backward masking
29. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Backward masking
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Allan Paivio
Interference theory
30. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Brenda Milner
Long-term memory
Clustering
Free-recall learning
31. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Allan Paivio
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Zeigarnik effect
Chunking
32. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Paired-associate learning
Episodic memory
Short-term memory
Generation-recognition model
33. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Procedural memory
Explicit memory
Interference types
Paired-associate learning
34. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
E.R. Kandel
Short-term memory
Tachistoscope
Forgetting curve
35. Recall without any cue
Interference theory
Incidental learning
Dual code hypothesis
Free recall
36. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Zeigarnik effect
Savings
Flashbulb memories
George Miller
37. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Flashbulb memories
Working memory
Iconic memory
Forgetting theories
38. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Frederick Bartlett
Interference theory
Stages of memory
Encoding specificity principle
39. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Brenda Milner
Tachistoscope
George Miller
Working memory
40. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Brenda Milner
Clustering
Episodic memory
Paired-associate learning
41. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Cued recall
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Elizabeth Loftus
Retroactive interference
42. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Chunking
State-dependent memory
Echoic memory
Encoding specificity principle
43. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Paired-associate learning
Chunking
Episodic memory
Karl Lashley
44. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Free-recall learning
Zeigarnik effect
Backward masking
Serial-anticipation learning
45. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Retroactive interference
E.R. Kandel
Generation-recognition model
Semantic memory
46. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Brenda Milner
Savings
Free recall
Dual code hypothesis
47. Knowing a fact
Implicit memory
Icon
Declarative memory
Serial-anticipation learning
48. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Short-term memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Recognition
Eidetic imagery
49. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Eidetic imagery
Elizabeth Loftus
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
50. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Backward masking
Icon
Free recall
Ulric Neisser