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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. STM capacity of 7±2
Interference types
Encoding specificity principle
George Miller
Explicit memory
2. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Serial-anticipation learning
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Forgetting theories
Recall (+types)
3. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
E.R. Kandel
Echoic memory
Implicit memory
Allan Paivio
4. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Encoding specificity principle
Brenda Milner
Recall (+types)
Explicit memory
5. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Clustering
Retroactive interference
Incidental learning
Serial-anticipation learning
6. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
George Miller
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Encoding specificity principle
7. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Icon
Association between picture vs. words
Serial-anticipation learning
Flashbulb memories
8. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
George Sperling
Backward masking
9. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Semantic memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Forgetting curve
Paired-associate learning
10. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Association between picture vs. words
Eidetic imagery
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Brenda Milner
11. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Stages of memory
Working memory
Implicit memory
Zeigarnik effect
12. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Procedural memory
Recall (+types)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Forgetting curve
13. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Incidental learning
Recall (+types)
14. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Explicit memory
Short-term memory
Free-recall learning
15. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Declarative memory
Frederick Bartlett
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Paired-associate learning
16. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Long-term memory
Icon
George Sperling
Decay (or trace) theory
17. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
Karl Lashley
Recognition
Forgetting theories
18. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Frederick Bartlett
Semantic memory
Interference types
19. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Interference theory
Declarative memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
20. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Interference theory
Stages of memory
Working memory
Tachistoscope
21. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Recognition
Decay (or trace) theory
E.R. Kandel
Encoding specificity principle
22. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Free recall
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Decay (or trace) theory
Cued recall
23. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Cued recall
Frederick Bartlett
Dual code hypothesis
Decay (or trace) theory
24. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Sensory memory (+types)
Backward masking
Primacy and recency effects
Paired-associate learning
25. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Primacy and recency effects
Eidetic imagery
Generation-recognition model
Elizabeth Loftus
26. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Sensory memory (+types)
State-dependent memory
E.R. Kandel
Chunking
27. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Serial-anticipation learning
Zeigarnik effect
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Association between picture vs. words
28. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Forgetting curve
Paired-associate learning
Zeigarnik effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
29. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Eidetic imagery
Clustering
Short-term memory
Flashbulb memories
30. Recall without any cue
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Free recall
Mnemonics
Semantic memory
31. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
LTM not subject to
Proactive interference
Iconic memory
Stages of memory
32. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Cued recall
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Icon
Rehearsal (+types)
33. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Recognition
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Forgetting theories
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
34. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Iconic memory
Implicit memory
Association between picture vs. words
Forgetting curve
35. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Tachistoscope
Allan Paivio
Proactive interference
State-dependent memory
36. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Working memory
Tachistoscope
Sensory memory (+types)
Allan Paivio
37. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Proactive interference
Implicit memory
E.R. Kandel
Working memory
38. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Stages of memory
Implicit memory
39. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Retroactive interference
LTM not subject to
Procedural memory
40. Repeating material to hold in STM
Backward masking
Mnemonics
Explicit memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
41. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Retroactive interference
Episodic memory
George Sperling
Proactive interference
42. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
State-dependent memory
Recall (+types)
Brenda Milner
Long-term memory
43. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Chunking
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Rehearsal (+types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
44. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
LTM not subject to
Interference types
Recall (+types)
Decay (or trace) theory
45. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Working memory
Dual code hypothesis
Forgetting theories
Primacy and recency effects
46. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Ulric Neisser
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Encoding specificity principle
Flashbulb memories
47. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Icon
Flashbulb memories
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Interference types
48. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Paired-associate learning
Association between picture vs. words
Generation-recognition model
Karl Lashley
49. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Long-term memory
Incidental learning
Implicit memory
Eidetic imagery
50. General knowledge of the world
Semantic memory
State-dependent memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Eidetic imagery