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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Procedural memory
Flashbulb memories
Episodic memory
Decay (or trace) theory
2. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Flashbulb memories
Stages of memory
Echoic memory
Primacy and recency effects
3. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Proactive interference
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Dual code hypothesis
4. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
E.R. Kandel
Retroactive interference
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Short-term memory
5. Knowing how to do something
Working memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Procedural memory
George Miller
6. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Interference theory
Stages of memory
Semantic memory
Frederick Bartlett
7. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Backward masking
Savings
Primacy and recency effects
E.R. Kandel
8. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Interference theory
E.R. Kandel
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
State-dependent memory
9. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
George Miller
Brenda Milner
Proactive interference
Frederick Bartlett
10. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Interference theory
Eidetic imagery
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Explicit memory
11. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Free-recall learning
Paired-associate learning
Serial-anticipation learning
12. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Recognition
Short-term memory
Recall (+types)
Iconic memory
13. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
George Sperling
Forgetting theories
Interference theory
Eidetic imagery
14. STM capacity of 7±2
Free-recall learning
George Miller
Explicit memory
Interference types
15. Dual code hypothesis
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Procedural memory
E.R. Kandel
Allan Paivio
16. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Long-term memory
Donald Hebb
Recall (+types)
Chunking
17. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
George Sperling
LTM not subject to
Association between picture vs. words
George Miller
18. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Flashbulb memories
Generation-recognition model
Savings
Recall (+types)
19. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Cued recall
Interference types
LTM not subject to
Incidental learning
20. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Brenda Milner
Primacy and recency effects
Working memory
Iconic memory
21. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Eidetic imagery
Incidental learning
Decay (or trace) theory
Explicit memory
22. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Rehearsal (+types)
State-dependent memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Eidetic imagery
23. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Elizabeth Loftus
Flashbulb memories
Free recall
24. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Dual code hypothesis
Paired-associate learning
Declarative memory
George Sperling
25. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Rehearsal (+types)
Implicit memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
26. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Elizabeth Loftus
Tachistoscope
Proactive interference
Working memory
27. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Recognition
Chunking
Interference theory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
28. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Recognition
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Semantic memory
29. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Donald Hebb
Elizabeth Loftus
Recall (+types)
30. Recall without any cue
Free recall
State-dependent memory
Frederick Bartlett
Clustering
31. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Echoic memory
Ulric Neisser
Dual code hypothesis
Iconic memory
32. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Primacy and recency effects
Sensory memory (+types)
Brenda Milner
33. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Free recall
Working memory
Short-term memory
Icon
34. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Implicit memory
Mnemonics
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Chunking
35. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Recognition
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Working memory
Cued recall
36. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Short-term memory
Eidetic imagery
E.R. Kandel
Recall task involving order of items on a list
37. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Eidetic imagery
Generation-recognition model
Karl Lashley
Tachistoscope
38. On the verge of retrieval
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Retroactive interference
Free-recall learning
Flashbulb memories
39. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Decay (or trace) theory
Interference types
Forgetting theories
Savings
40. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Declarative memory
Free-recall learning
Explicit memory
Episodic memory
41. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Flashbulb memories
Elizabeth Loftus
Recall (+types)
Declarative memory
42. Repeating material to hold in STM
Eidetic imagery
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Elizabeth Loftus
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
43. General knowledge of the world
Zeigarnik effect
Icon
Decay (or trace) theory
Semantic memory
44. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Echoic memory
Savings
Episodic memory
Declarative memory
45. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Serial-anticipation learning
LTM not subject to
Decay (or trace) theory
46. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Encoding specificity principle
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Forgetting curve
Incidental learning
47. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Encoding specificity principle
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Declarative memory
Tachistoscope
48. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Paired-associate learning
Generation-recognition model
Recall (+types)
Rehearsal (+types)
49. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Short-term memory
Episodic memory
Forgetting theories
Flashbulb memories
50. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Recall (+types)
Working memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Explicit memory