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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Short-term memory
Semantic memory
Zeigarnik effect
Rehearsal (+types)
2. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Generation-recognition model
Recall (+types)
Implicit memory
3. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Semantic memory
Recognition
Implicit memory
Icon
4. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Elizabeth Loftus
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Generation-recognition model
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
5. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Eidetic imagery
Proactive interference
Tachistoscope
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
6. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Donald Hebb
Forgetting theories
Paired-associate learning
Working memory
7. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Clustering
Recall (+types)
Serial-anticipation learning
Free recall
8. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Explicit memory
Forgetting theories
E.R. Kandel
9. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
George Sperling
Karl Lashley
10. Repeating material to hold in STM
Free recall
Chunking
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
11. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
E.R. Kandel
Forgetting theories
Generation-recognition model
Clustering
12. Dual code hypothesis
Flashbulb memories
Allan Paivio
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Proactive interference
13. General knowledge of the world
George Miller
Semantic memory
Working memory
E.R. Kandel
14. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Paired-associate learning
Echoic memory
Episodic memory
Incidental learning
15. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Recall (+types)
George Miller
Hermann Ebbinghaus
16. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Brenda Milner
Donald Hebb
Tachistoscope
Rehearsal (+types)
17. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Free-recall learning
Primacy and recency effects
Implicit memory
Clustering
18. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Mnemonics
Recall (+types)
Primacy and recency effects
Generation-recognition model
19. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Stages of memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Rehearsal (+types)
Clustering
20. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Chunking
Explicit memory
Free-recall learning
21. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Icon
Working memory
Recall (+types)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
22. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Procedural memory
Backward masking
E.R. Kandel
Zeigarnik effect
23. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
George Sperling
Echoic memory
Retroactive interference
Free-recall learning
24. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Ulric Neisser
Association between picture vs. words
Explicit memory
25. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Chunking
Serial-anticipation learning
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Hermann Ebbinghaus
26. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Icon
Clustering
Forgetting curve
Stages of memory
27. Recall without any cue
Mnemonics
Free recall
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Chunking
28. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Paired-associate learning
Echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
29. On the verge of retrieval
Proactive interference
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Paired-associate learning
Interference types
30. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Short-term memory
George Miller
Forgetting theories
Generation-recognition model
31. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Brenda Milner
Zeigarnik effect
Cued recall
Interference theory
32. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Stages of memory
Paired-associate learning
Donald Hebb
Ulric Neisser
33. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Free-recall learning
Association between picture vs. words
Long-term memory
34. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Procedural memory
Forgetting curve
Stages of memory
Frederick Bartlett
35. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
E.R. Kandel
Eidetic imagery
Recognition
George Sperling
36. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Paired-associate learning
Elizabeth Loftus
Procedural memory
Rehearsal (+types)
37. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Decay (or trace) theory
Frederick Bartlett
Savings
George Sperling
38. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Decay (or trace) theory
Retroactive interference
Serial-anticipation learning
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
39. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Declarative memory
Rehearsal (+types)
Interference types
Generation-recognition model
40. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Free recall
Karl Lashley
Retroactive interference
Chunking
41. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Recall (+types)
Flashbulb memories
Frederick Bartlett
Allan Paivio
42. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Allan Paivio
Karl Lashley
George Miller
Tachistoscope
43. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Episodic memory
E.R. Kandel
Iconic memory
44. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Decay (or trace) theory
Allan Paivio
Forgetting curve
45. Knowing how to do something
Icon
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
46. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Episodic memory
Proactive interference
Association between picture vs. words
Chunking
47. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
LTM not subject to
Encoding specificity principle
Rehearsal (+types)
Iconic memory
48. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Frederick Bartlett
Recall (+types)
Zeigarnik effect
Recognition
49. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Donald Hebb
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
State-dependent memory
Eidetic imagery
50. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Iconic memory
Paired-associate learning
Backward masking
Ulric Neisser