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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Iconic memory
Flashbulb memories
Backward masking
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
2. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Donald Hebb
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Sensory memory (+types)
Association between picture vs. words
3. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Savings
Chunking
Echoic memory
Forgetting theories
4. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Echoic memory
Brenda Milner
Explicit memory
Forgetting curve
5. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Paired-associate learning
George Miller
Clustering
Generation-recognition model
6. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Zeigarnik effect
Paired-associate learning
State-dependent memory
Association between picture vs. words
7. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
E.R. Kandel
Icon
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Primacy and recency effects
8. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Chunking
Forgetting theories
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
9. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Icon
Implicit memory
Encoding specificity principle
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
10. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Eidetic imagery
Recall (+types)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Encoding specificity principle
11. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Cued recall
Brenda Milner
Chunking
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
12. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
E.R. Kandel
Rehearsal (+types)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
13. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
State-dependent memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
George Sperling
Rehearsal (+types)
14. Knowing how to do something
Procedural memory
Decay (or trace) theory
Brenda Milner
Savings
15. Repeating material to hold in STM
Long-term memory
Cued recall
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Backward masking
16. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Elizabeth Loftus
Generation-recognition model
Forgetting theories
Ulric Neisser
17. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Short-term memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Savings
Rehearsal (+types)
18. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Declarative memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Explicit memory
Recognition
19. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Free-recall learning
Mnemonics
Episodic memory
Interference theory
20. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Dual code hypothesis
Explicit memory
Incidental learning
21. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Zeigarnik effect
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Semantic memory
Elizabeth Loftus
22. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Brenda Milner
Dual code hypothesis
Interference theory
23. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Chunking
Clustering
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Episodic memory
24. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Generation-recognition model
Backward masking
George Sperling
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
25. Recall without any cue
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Forgetting curve
Eidetic imagery
Free recall
26. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Declarative memory
Interference types
Paired-associate learning
Clustering
27. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Episodic memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Iconic memory
Paired-associate learning
28. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Short-term memory
E.R. Kandel
Explicit memory
29. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Stages of memory
George Sperling
Tachistoscope
Eidetic imagery
30. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Chunking
Semantic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Forgetting theories
31. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Working memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Generation-recognition model
Decay (or trace) theory
32. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
LTM not subject to
Explicit memory
Cued recall
Sensory memory (+types)
33. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Decay (or trace) theory
Working memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Episodic memory
34. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Elizabeth Loftus
Interference theory
Paired-associate learning
Short-term memory
35. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Explicit memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Retroactive interference
Decay (or trace) theory
36. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Cued recall
Zeigarnik effect
Rehearsal (+types)
37. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Ulric Neisser
Allan Paivio
38. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Proactive interference
George Sperling
Explicit memory
Icon
39. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Forgetting curve
Savings
Elizabeth Loftus
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
40. STM capacity of 7±2
George Miller
Generation-recognition model
Recall (+types)
LTM not subject to
41. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Procedural memory
Tachistoscope
Incidental learning
Iconic memory
42. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Eidetic imagery
LTM not subject to
Recognition
Karl Lashley
43. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Paired-associate learning
Iconic memory
Ulric Neisser
Free recall
44. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Echoic memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Free-recall learning
Iconic memory
45. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Encoding specificity principle
Iconic memory
Association between picture vs. words
State-dependent memory
46. General knowledge of the world
Semantic memory
Clustering
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Allan Paivio
47. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
State-dependent memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Declarative memory
Long-term memory
48. Primary and recency effects
Frederick Bartlett
Association between picture vs. words
Encoding specificity principle
LTM not subject to
49. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Echoic memory
Encoding specificity principle
Donald Hebb
Episodic memory
50. Sensory - short term - long term
Sensory memory (+types)
Eidetic imagery
Flashbulb memories
Stages of memory