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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Free recall
Eidetic imagery
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Generation-recognition model
2. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Frederick Bartlett
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
3. Sensory - short term - long term
Semantic memory
Stages of memory
Declarative memory
Rehearsal (+types)
4. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Decay (or trace) theory
Paired-associate learning
Flashbulb memories
Ulric Neisser
5. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Free-recall learning
Mnemonics
Tachistoscope
Interference types
6. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Paired-associate learning
Decay (or trace) theory
Interference theory
7. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Forgetting curve
Cued recall
Working memory
Chunking
8. Recall without any cue
Explicit memory
Paired-associate learning
Icon
Free recall
9. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Interference types
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
State-dependent memory
10. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Paired-associate learning
Incidental learning
Proactive interference
Brenda Milner
11. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Decay (or trace) theory
Zeigarnik effect
Free-recall learning
12. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Ulric Neisser
Incidental learning
Rehearsal (+types)
Clustering
13. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Backward masking
Generation-recognition model
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Incidental learning
14. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Flashbulb memories
Paired-associate learning
Long-term memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
15. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Explicit memory
Long-term memory
Eidetic imagery
Echoic memory
16. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Savings
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Generation-recognition model
Declarative memory
17. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
George Sperling
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Association between picture vs. words
18. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Echoic memory
Iconic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
19. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Decay (or trace) theory
Cued recall
Elizabeth Loftus
Ulric Neisser
20. Knowing how to do something
Chunking
Proactive interference
Tachistoscope
Procedural memory
21. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Recognition
Generation-recognition model
Iconic memory
Serial-anticipation learning
22. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Rehearsal (+types)
Clustering
Eidetic imagery
Primacy and recency effects
23. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Sensory memory (+types)
Allan Paivio
24. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Icon
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Encoding specificity principle
Sensory memory (+types)
25. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Echoic memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Explicit memory
Eidetic imagery
26. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Working memory
State-dependent memory
Short-term memory
Serial-anticipation learning
27. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Interference types
Stages of memory
Clustering
Dual code hypothesis
28. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Allan Paivio
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Association between picture vs. words
Free recall
29. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Stages of memory
Ulric Neisser
Interference theory
Flashbulb memories
30. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Backward masking
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Donald Hebb
31. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Echoic memory
Short-term memory
LTM not subject to
Elizabeth Loftus
32. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Free-recall learning
Clustering
Flashbulb memories
33. STM capacity of 7±2
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Flashbulb memories
George Miller
Karl Lashley
34. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Incidental learning
Procedural memory
George Sperling
Backward masking
35. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Working memory
Proactive interference
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Incidental learning
36. Dual code hypothesis
Allan Paivio
Long-term memory
Mnemonics
Eidetic imagery
37. General knowledge of the world
Decay (or trace) theory
Declarative memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Semantic memory
38. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Encoding specificity principle
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Karl Lashley
39. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Mnemonics
Long-term memory
40. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Tachistoscope
Elizabeth Loftus
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Allan Paivio
41. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Serial-anticipation learning
Working memory
Implicit memory
Interference theory
42. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Explicit memory
Recall (+types)
Forgetting theories
Savings
43. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Primacy and recency effects
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Declarative memory
44. On the verge of retrieval
Backward masking
Proactive interference
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Brenda Milner
45. Knowing a fact
Frederick Bartlett
Declarative memory
Recall (+types)
Backward masking
46. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Brenda Milner
Iconic memory
Interference theory
Savings
47. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Proactive interference
Allan Paivio
Cued recall
Recall task involving order of items on a list
48. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Karl Lashley
Frederick Bartlett
Backward masking
Clustering
49. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Donald Hebb
State-dependent memory
Paired-associate learning
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
50. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Backward masking
Interference theory
Zeigarnik effect
Encoding specificity principle