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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Decay (or trace) theory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Tachistoscope
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
2. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Mnemonics
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Forgetting theories
Implicit memory
3. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Chunking
Cued recall
Stages of memory
4. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
State-dependent memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Forgetting theories
Sensory memory (+types)
5. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Eidetic imagery
Implicit memory
Long-term memory
6. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Working memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Decay (or trace) theory
Zeigarnik effect
7. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Forgetting curve
Recognition
Clustering
Interference theory
8. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Savings
Interference types
Forgetting theories
Iconic memory
9. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Flashbulb memories
Elizabeth Loftus
Episodic memory
Allan Paivio
10. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Dual code hypothesis
Episodic memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Iconic memory
11. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
State-dependent memory
Chunking
Flashbulb memories
E.R. Kandel
12. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Echoic memory
George Miller
Mnemonics
Eidetic imagery
13. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Working memory
Frederick Bartlett
Short-term memory
Recall (+types)
14. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Iconic memory
Karl Lashley
Encoding specificity principle
Procedural memory
15. General knowledge of the world
Interference theory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Cued recall
16. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
Dual code hypothesis
Echoic memory
Retroactive interference
17. STM capacity of 7±2
Sensory memory (+types)
George Miller
Generation-recognition model
Recall task involving order of items on a list
18. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Forgetting theories
Karl Lashley
Allan Paivio
Sensory memory (+types)
19. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Declarative memory
Free-recall learning
Dual code hypothesis
Savings
20. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Savings
Forgetting curve
Eidetic imagery
Frederick Bartlett
21. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
Clustering
Explicit memory
22. Knowing a fact
Savings
Short-term memory
Declarative memory
Flashbulb memories
23. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Declarative memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Stages of memory
Forgetting theories
24. Dual code hypothesis
Allan Paivio
Forgetting theories
Sensory memory (+types)
Elizabeth Loftus
25. Knowing how to do something
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
State-dependent memory
Procedural memory
Proactive interference
26. Repeating material to hold in STM
Backward masking
Encoding specificity principle
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Primacy and recency effects
27. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Flashbulb memories
Procedural memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
LTM not subject to
28. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Frederick Bartlett
Donald Hebb
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Working memory
29. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Cued recall
Free-recall learning
Flashbulb memories
Encoding specificity principle
30. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
Semantic memory
Mnemonics
Rehearsal (+types)
31. Sensory - short term - long term
Dual code hypothesis
Recall (+types)
Zeigarnik effect
Stages of memory
32. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Association between picture vs. words
Forgetting theories
Eidetic imagery
Decay (or trace) theory
33. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Cued recall
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Declarative memory
Implicit memory
34. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Incidental learning
Clustering
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Interference theory
35. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Episodic memory
Dual code hypothesis
Incidental learning
Sensory memory (+types)
36. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Zeigarnik effect
Recall (+types)
Generation-recognition model
E.R. Kandel
37. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Free-recall learning
Tachistoscope
Dual code hypothesis
Recall (+types)
38. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Frederick Bartlett
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Backward masking
Decay (or trace) theory
39. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Dual code hypothesis
Recall (+types)
Explicit memory
Free recall
40. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Stages of memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Interference types
Incidental learning
41. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Explicit memory
Forgetting theories
Eidetic imagery
Dual code hypothesis
42. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Proactive interference
Ulric Neisser
Sensory memory (+types)
43. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
George Sperling
Donald Hebb
Explicit memory
Allan Paivio
44. On the verge of retrieval
Frederick Bartlett
Interference types
Free recall
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
45. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Short-term memory
Iconic memory
Explicit memory
Implicit memory
46. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Encoding specificity principle
Eidetic imagery
Working memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
47. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Recall (+types)
Zeigarnik effect
Flashbulb memories
Brenda Milner
48. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Long-term memory
Episodic memory
Free-recall learning
Dual code hypothesis
49. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Donald Hebb
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Declarative memory
Incidental learning
50. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Chunking
Primacy and recency effects
Paired-associate learning