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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
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Study First
Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Encoding specificity principle
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Recognition
Semantic memory
2. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Encoding specificity principle
Paired-associate learning
Brenda Milner
Interference types
3. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Elizabeth Loftus
Eidetic imagery
Implicit memory
Long-term memory
4. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Association between picture vs. words
Paired-associate learning
Interference types
Sensory memory (+types)
5. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Implicit memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Savings
Generation-recognition model
6. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Recall (+types)
E.R. Kandel
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Elizabeth Loftus
7. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Primacy and recency effects
Sensory memory (+types)
Cued recall
Implicit memory
8. STM capacity of 7±2
Free recall
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Working memory
George Miller
9. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Dual code hypothesis
Donald Hebb
Implicit memory
Allan Paivio
10. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Cued recall
Decay (or trace) theory
Recall (+types)
11. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Free recall
Frederick Bartlett
Interference theory
Incidental learning
12. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Iconic memory
Recall (+types)
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Dual code hypothesis
13. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Primacy and recency effects
Interference types
Backward masking
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
14. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Semantic memory
Tachistoscope
Zeigarnik effect
Echoic memory
15. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Proactive interference
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
George Miller
16. Knowing how to do something
Association between picture vs. words
Free recall
Procedural memory
Interference theory
17. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Paired-associate learning
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Brenda Milner
18. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Generation-recognition model
Retroactive interference
Decay (or trace) theory
Episodic memory
19. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Interference types
State-dependent memory
Forgetting theories
Recall (+types)
20. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Clustering
Episodic memory
Encoding specificity principle
Allan Paivio
21. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Free-recall learning
Clustering
Echoic memory
Declarative memory
22. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Savings
Cued recall
Association between picture vs. words
23. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Paired-associate learning
George Miller
Zeigarnik effect
Iconic memory
24. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Icon
Allan Paivio
Backward masking
Incidental learning
25. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Generation-recognition model
Retroactive interference
Echoic memory
26. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Cued recall
Paired-associate learning
Mnemonics
Retroactive interference
27. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Dual code hypothesis
Long-term memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus
28. Recall without any cue
Free recall
Forgetting theories
Ulric Neisser
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
29. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Explicit memory
Episodic memory
Stages of memory
Forgetting curve
30. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Recognition
Forgetting theories
Clustering
State-dependent memory
31. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
E.R. Kandel
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Clustering
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
32. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Working memory
Icon
Explicit memory
Free recall
33. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Paired-associate learning
Cued recall
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Retroactive interference
34. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Rehearsal (+types)
Ulric Neisser
Recognition
E.R. Kandel
35. Details - events - discrete knowledge
State-dependent memory
Episodic memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Semantic memory
36. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
George Miller
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Paired-associate learning
Flashbulb memories
37. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Working memory
Chunking
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Explicit memory
38. Sensory - short term - long term
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Paired-associate learning
Stages of memory
Forgetting theories
39. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Rehearsal (+types)
Serial-anticipation learning
Explicit memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
40. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Proactive interference
Eidetic imagery
Implicit memory
41. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Free-recall learning
Donald Hebb
Backward masking
Recall task involving order of items on a list
42. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Working memory
Procedural memory
Retroactive interference
43. Termed icon for brief visual memory
George Miller
Primacy and recency effects
Ulric Neisser
Rehearsal (+types)
44. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
George Sperling
Association between picture vs. words
Mnemonics
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
45. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Semantic memory
Explicit memory
Dual code hypothesis
Hermann Ebbinghaus
46. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Short-term memory
State-dependent memory
Chunking
Mnemonics
47. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Cued recall
George Sperling
Free-recall learning
Episodic memory
48. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Paired-associate learning
Free-recall learning
Donald Hebb
Icon
49. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Allan Paivio
Hermann Ebbinghaus
E.R. Kandel
50. On the verge of retrieval
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Primacy and recency effects
Eidetic imagery
Sensory memory (+types)