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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Sensory memory (+types)
Savings
Interference theory
Primacy and recency effects
2. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Rehearsal (+types)
George Sperling
Long-term memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
3. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Eidetic imagery
Tachistoscope
E.R. Kandel
LTM not subject to
4. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Echoic memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
George Sperling
Declarative memory
5. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Procedural memory
Serial-anticipation learning
E.R. Kandel
Recall (+types)
6. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Allan Paivio
Ulric Neisser
Incidental learning
Serial-anticipation learning
7. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Implicit memory
Donald Hebb
Paired-associate learning
Recall (+types)
8. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
E.R. Kandel
Dual code hypothesis
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Rehearsal (+types)
9. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Brenda Milner
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Savings
Echoic memory
10. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Tachistoscope
Savings
11. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Paired-associate learning
Forgetting theories
Clustering
Chunking
12. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Backward masking
George Miller
Mnemonics
Encoding specificity principle
13. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Explicit memory
Procedural memory
Sensory memory (+types)
E.R. Kandel
14. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Brenda Milner
Recall (+types)
Short-term memory
Forgetting curve
15. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Icon
Forgetting theories
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Rehearsal (+types)
16. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
State-dependent memory
Iconic memory
Tachistoscope
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
17. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Frederick Bartlett
Brenda Milner
Elizabeth Loftus
18. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Recognition
Cued recall
Frederick Bartlett
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
19. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Mnemonics
Eidetic imagery
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Brenda Milner
20. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Mnemonics
Incidental learning
Rehearsal (+types)
21. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Forgetting theories
Decay (or trace) theory
Cued recall
22. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Implicit memory
Long-term memory
Backward masking
Short-term memory
23. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Eidetic imagery
Allan Paivio
Cued recall
Interference theory
24. Primary and recency effects
Tachistoscope
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
LTM not subject to
25. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Rehearsal (+types)
Encoding specificity principle
Episodic memory
Eidetic imagery
26. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Flashbulb memories
Generation-recognition model
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
27. STM capacity of 7±2
George Miller
Recognition
Recall (+types)
Episodic memory
28. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Zeigarnik effect
Allan Paivio
Proactive interference
29. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Iconic memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Paired-associate learning
Working memory
30. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Iconic memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Proactive interference
Working memory
31. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Icon
Explicit memory
Flashbulb memories
Chunking
32. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Retroactive interference
Brenda Milner
Tachistoscope
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
33. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Interference types
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Free recall
Donald Hebb
34. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Recognition
Working memory
Cued recall
35. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Proactive interference
Working memory
Rehearsal (+types)
36. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Free-recall learning
State-dependent memory
Eidetic imagery
Clustering
37. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Iconic memory
Short-term memory
Free-recall learning
Mnemonics
38. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Cued recall
Recognition
Incidental learning
Donald Hebb
39. Sensory - short term - long term
Flashbulb memories
Mnemonics
Stages of memory
Association between picture vs. words
40. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
George Sperling
Rehearsal (+types)
Declarative memory
Zeigarnik effect
41. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Elizabeth Loftus
Retroactive interference
Karl Lashley
Generation-recognition model
42. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Implicit memory
Tachistoscope
Elizabeth Loftus
Explicit memory
43. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Karl Lashley
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Allan Paivio
Recall (+types)
44. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
E.R. Kandel
Zeigarnik effect
Association between picture vs. words
George Sperling
45. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Declarative memory
Serial-anticipation learning
State-dependent memory
Stages of memory
46. Knowing how to do something
State-dependent memory
Procedural memory
Brenda Milner
Incidental learning
47. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
George Miller
Karl Lashley
Savings
State-dependent memory
48. Dual code hypothesis
Allan Paivio
Zeigarnik effect
Interference theory
Primacy and recency effects
49. Repeating material to hold in STM
LTM not subject to
Cued recall
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Forgetting theories
50. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
LTM not subject to
Generation-recognition model
Eidetic imagery