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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Primary and recency effects






2. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






3. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






4. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






5. Dual code hypothesis






6. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






7. STM capacity of 7±2






8. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






9. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






10. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






11. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






12. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






13. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






14. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






15. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






16. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






17. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






18. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






19. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






20. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






21. Termed icon for brief visual memory






22. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






23. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






24. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






25. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






26. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






27. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






28. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






29. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






30. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






31. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






32. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






33. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






34. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






35. General knowledge of the world






36. Knowing a fact






37. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






38. Generate information on their own; cued and free






39. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






40. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






41. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






42. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






43. Recall without any cue






44. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






45. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






46. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






47. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






48. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






49. Details - events - discrete knowledge






50. Decay (or trace) and interference theory