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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






2. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






3. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






4. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






5. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






6. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






7. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






8. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






9. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






10. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






11. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






12. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






13. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






14. Sensory - short term - long term






15. Knowing a fact






16. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






17. Repeating material to hold in STM






18. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






19. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






20. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






21. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






22. Primary and recency effects






23. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






24. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






25. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






26. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






27. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






28. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






29. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






30. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






31. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






32. Termed icon for brief visual memory






33. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






34. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






35. On the verge of retrieval






36. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






37. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






38. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






39. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






40. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






41. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






42. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






43. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






44. Knowing how to do something






45. STM capacity of 7±2






46. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






47. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






48. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






49. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






50. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory