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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
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Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Serial-anticipation learning
Karl Lashley
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Working memory
2. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Cued recall
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
George Miller
Interference theory
3. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Backward masking
Forgetting curve
Interference types
Clustering
4. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Interference theory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Episodic memory
Frederick Bartlett
5. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Flashbulb memories
Zeigarnik effect
Explicit memory
6. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Paired-associate learning
Dual code hypothesis
Flashbulb memories
Iconic memory
7. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Short-term memory
Forgetting curve
Declarative memory
Forgetting theories
8. STM capacity of 7±2
Long-term memory
Primacy and recency effects
Recognition
George Miller
9. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Implicit memory
Short-term memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
LTM not subject to
10. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Brenda Milner
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Procedural memory
11. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Procedural memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Free recall
Episodic memory
12. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Rehearsal (+types)
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Backward masking
13. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Savings
Long-term memory
Paired-associate learning
Interference types
14. Knowing a fact
Explicit memory
Declarative memory
Savings
Karl Lashley
15. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Flashbulb memories
Serial-anticipation learning
State-dependent memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
16. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Semantic memory
Chunking
Retroactive interference
17. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Free recall
Zeigarnik effect
Backward masking
George Miller
18. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Eidetic imagery
Implicit memory
Tachistoscope
LTM not subject to
19. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
George Sperling
Tachistoscope
Paired-associate learning
Savings
20. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Stages of memory
Episodic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Tachistoscope
21. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Decay (or trace) theory
Free-recall learning
Short-term memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
22. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Incidental learning
Encoding specificity principle
Recall task involving order of items on a list
23. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
George Miller
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Icon
Eidetic imagery
24. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Retroactive interference
Generation-recognition model
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Proactive interference
25. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Ulric Neisser
Proactive interference
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Icon
26. Knowing how to do something
Backward masking
Procedural memory
Forgetting curve
Brenda Milner
27. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Forgetting theories
Serial-anticipation learning
Recall (+types)
Recognition
28. On the verge of retrieval
Procedural memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Free recall
29. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Recall (+types)
State-dependent memory
Generation-recognition model
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
30. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Retroactive interference
Frederick Bartlett
George Sperling
31. Recall without any cue
Chunking
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Free recall
32. Sensory - short term - long term
Long-term memory
Stages of memory
Zeigarnik effect
Incidental learning
33. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Free-recall learning
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Encoding specificity principle
Implicit memory
34. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Short-term memory
Ulric Neisser
Free-recall learning
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
35. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Icon
Zeigarnik effect
Dual code hypothesis
George Miller
36. General knowledge of the world
Icon
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Short-term memory
Semantic memory
37. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Interference types
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
George Sperling
Tachistoscope
38. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Recall (+types)
Eidetic imagery
Recognition
Brenda Milner
39. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Eidetic imagery
Elizabeth Loftus
Recognition
Free recall
40. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Proactive interference
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Savings
Recall task involving order of items on a list
41. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
E.R. Kandel
Dual code hypothesis
Serial-anticipation learning
Semantic memory
42. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Association between picture vs. words
George Miller
Free recall
43. Termed icon for brief visual memory
George Miller
Forgetting theories
Backward masking
Ulric Neisser
44. Dual code hypothesis
Declarative memory
Rehearsal (+types)
Allan Paivio
Stages of memory
45. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Ulric Neisser
Working memory
Donald Hebb
Frederick Bartlett
46. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
Procedural memory
Iconic memory
Semantic memory
47. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Interference theory
Working memory
Incidental learning
Rehearsal (+types)
48. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Paired-associate learning
Short-term memory
State-dependent memory
Generation-recognition model
49. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Primacy and recency effects
Sensory memory (+types)
Long-term memory
Retroactive interference
50. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Free-recall learning
Mnemonics
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Clustering