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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Cued recall
Short-term memory
Procedural memory
Dual code hypothesis
2. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Eidetic imagery
Recall task involving order of items on a list
E.R. Kandel
Serial-anticipation learning
3. STM capacity of 7±2
Association between picture vs. words
Semantic memory
Recall (+types)
George Miller
4. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Mnemonics
Elizabeth Loftus
Eidetic imagery
Frederick Bartlett
5. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
LTM not subject to
Dual code hypothesis
Forgetting theories
6. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Cued recall
Zeigarnik effect
Episodic memory
Declarative memory
7. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Paired-associate learning
Paired-associate learning
Episodic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
8. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Paired-associate learning
Tachistoscope
Ulric Neisser
Interference theory
9. Knowing how to do something
Procedural memory
Association between picture vs. words
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Savings
10. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Brenda Milner
George Sperling
Decay (or trace) theory
Working memory
11. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Forgetting theories
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Recall (+types)
Recall task involving order of items on a list
12. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Proactive interference
Cued recall
Eidetic imagery
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
13. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Iconic memory
George Miller
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
14. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Proactive interference
Ulric Neisser
Frederick Bartlett
Recall (+types)
15. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Proactive interference
Ulric Neisser
Frederick Bartlett
Explicit memory
16. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Paired-associate learning
Mnemonics
Declarative memory
Backward masking
17. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Frederick Bartlett
Icon
Interference types
Savings
18. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Tachistoscope
Implicit memory
Generation-recognition model
Savings
19. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Declarative memory
Decay (or trace) theory
Interference theory
Zeigarnik effect
20. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Zeigarnik effect
Implicit memory
Eidetic imagery
Recall (+types)
21. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Implicit memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Rehearsal (+types)
Semantic memory
22. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Forgetting theories
Iconic memory
Declarative memory
Flashbulb memories
23. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Recognition
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Interference theory
24. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Recognition
Dual code hypothesis
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Explicit memory
25. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Elizabeth Loftus
Recall (+types)
Episodic memory
Donald Hebb
26. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Free recall
Generation-recognition model
Brenda Milner
Echoic memory
27. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Dual code hypothesis
Working memory
Short-term memory
28. Sensory - short term - long term
Long-term memory
Stages of memory
Encoding specificity principle
Chunking
29. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Generation-recognition model
Rehearsal (+types)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Brenda Milner
30. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Long-term memory
Retroactive interference
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Zeigarnik effect
31. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Frederick Bartlett
Short-term memory
E.R. Kandel
Retroactive interference
32. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Interference types
Savings
Backward masking
Implicit memory
33. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Serial-anticipation learning
Proactive interference
Decay (or trace) theory
34. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Free recall
Generation-recognition model
Chunking
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
35. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Savings
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Association between picture vs. words
Frederick Bartlett
36. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Clustering
Working memory
Allan Paivio
Iconic memory
37. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Ulric Neisser
Long-term memory
Brenda Milner
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
38. Dual code hypothesis
Generation-recognition model
Flashbulb memories
Zeigarnik effect
Allan Paivio
39. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Primacy and recency effects
Chunking
Karl Lashley
Allan Paivio
40. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Elizabeth Loftus
E.R. Kandel
Episodic memory
Long-term memory
41. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Cued recall
Flashbulb memories
Icon
Recognition
42. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Proactive interference
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Allan Paivio
Sensory memory (+types)
43. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Procedural memory
Flashbulb memories
Rehearsal (+types)
Association between picture vs. words
44. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Clustering
Rehearsal (+types)
45. On the verge of retrieval
Free recall
Sensory memory (+types)
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
46. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
E.R. Kandel
Encoding specificity principle
Rehearsal (+types)
Iconic memory
47. Recall without any cue
Short-term memory
Free recall
Interference types
LTM not subject to
48. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Zeigarnik effect
Working memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Serial-anticipation learning
49. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Backward masking
Proactive interference
Incidental learning
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
50. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Recognition
Decay (or trace) theory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Short-term memory