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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






2. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






3. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






4. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






5. STM capacity of 7±2






6. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






7. Details - events - discrete knowledge






8. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






9. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






10. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






11. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






12. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






13. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






14. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






15. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






16. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






17. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






18. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






19. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






20. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






21. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






22. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






23. Sensory - short term - long term






24. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






25. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






26. Dual code hypothesis






27. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






28. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






29. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






30. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






31. Generate information on their own; cued and free






32. Termed icon for brief visual memory






33. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






34. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






35. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






36. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






37. Recall without any cue






38. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






39. Knowing how to do something






40. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






41. Primary and recency effects






42. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






43. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






44. On the verge of retrieval






45. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






46. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






47. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






48. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






49. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






50. Grouping items can increase STM capacity