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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Working memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
2. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Elizabeth Loftus
Interference theory
Backward masking
George Sperling
3. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Donald Hebb
Elizabeth Loftus
Proactive interference
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
4. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Mnemonics
George Sperling
Eidetic imagery
Echoic memory
5. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Primacy and recency effects
Dual code hypothesis
Ulric Neisser
Iconic memory
6. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Short-term memory
Tachistoscope
Frederick Bartlett
Clustering
7. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Implicit memory
Paired-associate learning
Forgetting theories
8. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Dual code hypothesis
Frederick Bartlett
Sensory memory (+types)
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
9. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
State-dependent memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Declarative memory
Long-term memory
10. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Sensory memory (+types)
Chunking
Stages of memory
George Sperling
11. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Free-recall learning
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Brenda Milner
12. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Icon
Episodic memory
Explicit memory
Forgetting theories
13. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Chunking
Long-term memory
Dual code hypothesis
Echoic memory
14. Sensory - short term - long term
Stages of memory
Encoding specificity principle
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Free recall
15. Knowing a fact
Mnemonics
Rehearsal (+types)
Declarative memory
Chunking
16. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Decay (or trace) theory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Implicit memory
Elizabeth Loftus
17. Repeating material to hold in STM
Declarative memory
Decay (or trace) theory
Forgetting curve
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
18. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Paired-associate learning
E.R. Kandel
Elizabeth Loftus
19. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Paired-associate learning
Brenda Milner
Stages of memory
20. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Echoic memory
Forgetting curve
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Icon
21. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Backward masking
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Incidental learning
Dual code hypothesis
22. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
Frederick Bartlett
Iconic memory
Flashbulb memories
23. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Long-term memory
Eidetic imagery
Interference types
Recall (+types)
24. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Forgetting theories
Paired-associate learning
Short-term memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
25. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
E.R. Kandel
Backward masking
Paired-associate learning
State-dependent memory
26. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Frederick Bartlett
Icon
Incidental learning
Sensory memory (+types)
27. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Recognition
Dual code hypothesis
Free-recall learning
George Miller
28. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Dual code hypothesis
Incidental learning
Interference types
Semantic memory
29. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Semantic memory
Recognition
Paired-associate learning
Flashbulb memories
30. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Generation-recognition model
Recall (+types)
Mnemonics
31. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Recognition
Dual code hypothesis
Episodic memory
Serial-anticipation learning
32. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Semantic memory
Free recall
Forgetting theories
Ulric Neisser
33. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Forgetting theories
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Implicit memory
34. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Declarative memory
Brenda Milner
LTM not subject to
Proactive interference
35. On the verge of retrieval
Forgetting theories
Sensory memory (+types)
Encoding specificity principle
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
36. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Donald Hebb
George Sperling
Serial-anticipation learning
Explicit memory
37. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Iconic memory
Zeigarnik effect
Explicit memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
38. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Semantic memory
Stages of memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Recall task involving order of items on a list
39. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Allan Paivio
Rehearsal (+types)
Interference theory
Ulric Neisser
40. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Long-term memory
Forgetting curve
Episodic memory
Backward masking
41. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Encoding specificity principle
Forgetting curve
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Dual code hypothesis
42. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Paired-associate learning
Forgetting curve
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Declarative memory
43. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Encoding specificity principle
Free recall
Free-recall learning
Short-term memory
44. Knowing how to do something
Encoding specificity principle
Semantic memory
Recall (+types)
Procedural memory
45. STM capacity of 7±2
Short-term memory
Recognition
Association between picture vs. words
George Miller
46. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Flashbulb memories
LTM not subject to
E.R. Kandel
47. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Interference types
Cued recall
Allan Paivio
Recall (+types)
48. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Paired-associate learning
E.R. Kandel
Savings
Iconic memory
49. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Long-term memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Tachistoscope
Ulric Neisser
50. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Generation-recognition model
Zeigarnik effect
Sensory memory (+types)
Episodic memory