Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Memory

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Free-recall learning
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Encoding specificity principle

2. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Forgetting theories
Eidetic imagery
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Recall (+types)

3. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Association between picture vs. words
Forgetting curve
Declarative memory
Proactive interference

4. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Paired-associate learning
Declarative memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Mnemonics

5. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Proactive interference
Paired-associate learning
George Sperling
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks

6. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Free-recall learning
Interference theory
Working memory
Backward masking

7. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Short-term memory
Incidental learning
George Miller
State-dependent memory

8. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Explicit memory
Flashbulb memories
Implicit memory
Recall (+types)

9. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Recognition
Short-term memory

10. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
State-dependent memory
Interference types
Icon
Karl Lashley

11. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Echoic memory
Recall (+types)
Paired-associate learning

12. STM capacity of 7±2
George Miller
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Rehearsal (+types)
Incidental learning

13. General knowledge of the world
Paired-associate learning
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Primacy and recency effects
Semantic memory

14. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Dual code hypothesis
Eidetic imagery
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Icon

15. Knowing how to do something
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Procedural memory
Stages of memory
Paired-associate learning

16. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Free recall
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Savings
Dual code hypothesis

17. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Free recall
Dual code hypothesis
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks

18. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Encoding specificity principle
Brenda Milner
Proactive interference
Recall task involving order of items on a list

19. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Serial-anticipation learning
Association between picture vs. words
Episodic memory

20. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
E.R. Kandel
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Implicit memory
Rehearsal (+types)

21. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Karl Lashley
Backward masking
Recognition
Serial-anticipation learning

22. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
LTM not subject to
Flashbulb memories
Recall (+types)
Interference theory

23. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Ulric Neisser
Procedural memory
Decay (or trace) theory
State-dependent memory

24. Repeating material to hold in STM
Sensory memory (+types)
Forgetting theories
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Long-term memory

25. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Flashbulb memories
Savings
Forgetting curve
Long-term memory

26. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Free recall
Generation-recognition model
Implicit memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus

27. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
E.R. Kandel
Zeigarnik effect
Karl Lashley
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

28. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Paired-associate learning
George Sperling
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Association between picture vs. words

29. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Clustering
Icon
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Flashbulb memories

30. Generate information on their own; cued and free
E.R. Kandel
Recall (+types)
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Paired-associate learning

31. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Recall (+types)
Free-recall learning
Paired-associate learning
Sensory memory (+types)

32. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Recognition
Long-term memory
Forgetting theories
Procedural memory

33. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
State-dependent memory
Primacy and recency effects
Brenda Milner
Rehearsal (+types)

34. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Primacy and recency effects
Chunking
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
LTM not subject to

35. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Primacy and recency effects
Free-recall learning

36. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Recall (+types)
E.R. Kandel
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Episodic memory

37. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Frederick Bartlett
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Short-term memory
Encoding specificity principle

38. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Interference types
Ulric Neisser
Backward masking
Decay (or trace) theory

39. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
State-dependent memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal

40. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Paired-associate learning
Chunking
Short-term memory
Decay (or trace) theory

41. Knowing a fact
Chunking
Forgetting theories
Decay (or trace) theory
Declarative memory

42. Sensory - short term - long term
Interference theory
Recall (+types)
Stages of memory
George Miller

43. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Echoic memory
Savings
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Karl Lashley

44. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Echoic memory
Allan Paivio
Cued recall
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks

45. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Short-term memory
Retroactive interference
Paired-associate learning

46. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Procedural memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Elizabeth Loftus
Free recall

47. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Episodic memory
Frederick Bartlett
Iconic memory

48. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Semantic memory
LTM not subject to
Forgetting curve
Decay (or trace) theory

49. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
State-dependent memory
Forgetting curve
Interference theory
Chunking

50. Recall without any cue
Free recall
Short-term memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Tachistoscope