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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Sensory memory (+types)
E.R. Kandel
Recall (+types)
2. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Cued recall
Zeigarnik effect
Primacy and recency effects
Generation-recognition model
3. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Explicit memory
Savings
Forgetting curve
4. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Iconic memory
Long-term memory
Forgetting curve
George Sperling
5. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Iconic memory
Backward masking
Proactive interference
George Sperling
6. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
Recall task involving order of items on a list
George Miller
Clustering
7. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Forgetting theories
Karl Lashley
Tachistoscope
Cued recall
8. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Chunking
Incidental learning
Declarative memory
Brenda Milner
9. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Free-recall learning
Working memory
Implicit memory
Ulric Neisser
10. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stages of memory
Generation-recognition model
11. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Free recall
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Brenda Milner
12. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
LTM not subject to
Interference theory
Proactive interference
Working memory
13. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Clustering
Explicit memory
Cued recall
14. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Savings
LTM not subject to
Encoding specificity principle
Mnemonics
15. Dual code hypothesis
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
Allan Paivio
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
16. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Paired-associate learning
State-dependent memory
Recall (+types)
Allan Paivio
17. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Frederick Bartlett
George Sperling
Recognition
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
18. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Proactive interference
Recall task involving order of items on a list
E.R. Kandel
Retroactive interference
19. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Long-term memory
Ulric Neisser
Free-recall learning
Icon
20. Repeating material to hold in STM
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
Semantic memory
George Miller
21. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Savings
Mnemonics
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Proactive interference
22. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Recall (+types)
Incidental learning
Episodic memory
Flashbulb memories
23. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Flashbulb memories
Ulric Neisser
Incidental learning
Paired-associate learning
24. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Stages of memory
Implicit memory
Free-recall learning
25. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Iconic memory
Recall (+types)
Rehearsal (+types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
26. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Zeigarnik effect
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
Iconic memory
27. Recall without any cue
Free recall
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
George Sperling
Proactive interference
28. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Mnemonics
Paired-associate learning
Forgetting curve
29. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Generation-recognition model
Incidental learning
Serial-anticipation learning
Dual code hypothesis
30. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Short-term memory
Free recall
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Generation-recognition model
31. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Working memory
Clustering
Declarative memory
Free-recall learning
32. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Clustering
Free-recall learning
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Decay (or trace) theory
33. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Incidental learning
Rehearsal (+types)
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
34. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Primacy and recency effects
Decay (or trace) theory
Explicit memory
Karl Lashley
35. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Flashbulb memories
E.R. Kandel
Decay (or trace) theory
36. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Iconic memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Retroactive interference
Association between picture vs. words
37. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Frederick Bartlett
Retroactive interference
Short-term memory
Encoding specificity principle
38. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Icon
Free recall
Elizabeth Loftus
Generation-recognition model
39. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Working memory
Interference types
George Sperling
Karl Lashley
40. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Long-term memory
Icon
Donald Hebb
41. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Paired-associate learning
LTM not subject to
Rehearsal (+types)
Savings
42. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Sensory memory (+types)
Frederick Bartlett
Forgetting theories
Eidetic imagery
43. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Allan Paivio
Zeigarnik effect
Association between picture vs. words
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
44. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
George Miller
Incidental learning
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Tachistoscope
45. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Flashbulb memories
Mnemonics
Free-recall learning
Karl Lashley
46. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Interference types
Working memory
Recall (+types)
47. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Primacy and recency effects
Recall task involving order of items on a list
48. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Karl Lashley
Long-term memory
Free recall
Clustering
49. Knowing how to do something
George Miller
Serial-anticipation learning
Procedural memory
Short-term memory
50. Generate information on their own; cued and free
LTM not subject to
Recall (+types)
Echoic memory
Rehearsal (+types)