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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dual code hypothesis
Brenda Milner
Allan Paivio
Clustering
Episodic memory
2. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Rehearsal (+types)
George Sperling
Karl Lashley
Proactive interference
3. General knowledge of the world
Brenda Milner
Flashbulb memories
Savings
Semantic memory
4. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Zeigarnik effect
E.R. Kandel
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
State-dependent memory
5. Sensory - short term - long term
Short-term memory
Icon
Recognition
Stages of memory
6. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
State-dependent memory
Retroactive interference
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
7. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Chunking
Karl Lashley
Savings
Elizabeth Loftus
8. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Mnemonics
Dual code hypothesis
Clustering
Flashbulb memories
9. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Echoic memory
Clustering
Frederick Bartlett
10. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Generation-recognition model
Free recall
Procedural memory
Sensory memory (+types)
11. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Primacy and recency effects
George Sperling
Zeigarnik effect
12. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Working memory
Savings
Flashbulb memories
Recognition
13. Repeating material to hold in STM
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Short-term memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Serial-anticipation learning
14. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Forgetting curve
Encoding specificity principle
E.R. Kandel
Paired-associate learning
15. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Long-term memory
Allan Paivio
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Serial-anticipation learning
16. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Interference types
Free recall
Recall (+types)
Proactive interference
17. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Eidetic imagery
Backward masking
Explicit memory
Paired-associate learning
18. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Semantic memory
E.R. Kandel
Recognition
19. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Ulric Neisser
Short-term memory
Icon
20. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Zeigarnik effect
Primacy and recency effects
Karl Lashley
Iconic memory
21. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Rehearsal (+types)
Flashbulb memories
22. Details - events - discrete knowledge
E.R. Kandel
Free recall
Episodic memory
Brenda Milner
23. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Ulric Neisser
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Primacy and recency effects
Eidetic imagery
24. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Tachistoscope
Clustering
Iconic memory
Recall (+types)
25. On the verge of retrieval
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Retroactive interference
Zeigarnik effect
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
26. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Tachistoscope
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Rehearsal (+types)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
27. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Semantic memory
Explicit memory
Echoic memory
Recognition
28. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Frederick Bartlett
George Sperling
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Karl Lashley
29. Knowing a fact
Stages of memory
Tachistoscope
Declarative memory
Interference theory
30. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Paired-associate learning
Implicit memory
Primacy and recency effects
Serial-anticipation learning
31. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Serial-anticipation learning
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Karl Lashley
Clustering
32. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Free recall
Encoding specificity principle
Elizabeth Loftus
33. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Semantic memory
Donald Hebb
Echoic memory
Procedural memory
34. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Retroactive interference
State-dependent memory
Echoic memory
35. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Backward masking
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Working memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
36. Knowing how to do something
George Sperling
Long-term memory
Procedural memory
Encoding specificity principle
37. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Serial-anticipation learning
Frederick Bartlett
Mnemonics
Sensory memory (+types)
38. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
State-dependent memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Paired-associate learning
Mnemonics
39. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Cued recall
George Sperling
Implicit memory
State-dependent memory
40. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Brenda Milner
Tachistoscope
Savings
Recall (+types)
41. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
George Miller
Karl Lashley
Eidetic imagery
Retroactive interference
42. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Incidental learning
Dual code hypothesis
Recall (+types)
Savings
43. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Recognition
Paired-associate learning
Forgetting theories
Decay (or trace) theory
44. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
George Miller
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Paired-associate learning
Echoic memory
45. Primary and recency effects
Stages of memory
Chunking
LTM not subject to
Zeigarnik effect
46. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Semantic memory
E.R. Kandel
Paired-associate learning
Backward masking
47. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Echoic memory
Eidetic imagery
Sensory memory (+types)
Primacy and recency effects
48. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Frederick Bartlett
Icon
Free-recall learning
Encoding specificity principle
49. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Forgetting curve
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Short-term memory
50. Recall without any cue
E.R. Kandel
State-dependent memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Free recall