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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Details - events - discrete knowledge






2. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






3. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






4. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






5. Knowing how to do something






6. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






7. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






8. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






9. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






10. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






11. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






12. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






13. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






14. STM capacity of 7±2






15. Dual code hypothesis






16. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






17. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






18. Generate information on their own; cued and free






19. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






20. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






21. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






22. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






23. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






24. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






25. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






26. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






27. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






28. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






29. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






30. Recall without any cue






31. Termed icon for brief visual memory






32. Knowing a fact






33. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






34. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






35. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






36. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






37. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






38. On the verge of retrieval






39. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






40. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






41. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






42. Repeating material to hold in STM






43. General knowledge of the world






44. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






45. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






46. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






47. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






48. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






49. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






50. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact