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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






2. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






3. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






4. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






5. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






6. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






7. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






8. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






9. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






10. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






11. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






12. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






13. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






14. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






15. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






16. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






17. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






18. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






19. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






20. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






21. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






22. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






23. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






24. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






25. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






26. Details - events - discrete knowledge






27. STM capacity of 7±2






28. Dual code hypothesis






29. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






30. Knowing a fact






31. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






32. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






33. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






34. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






35. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






36. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






37. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






38. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






39. Termed icon for brief visual memory






40. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






41. On the verge of retrieval






42. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






43. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






44. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






45. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






46. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






47. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






48. Sensory - short term - long term






49. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






50. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did