SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Elizabeth Loftus
Stages of memory
2. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Declarative memory
Forgetting curve
Free-recall learning
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
3. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Chunking
Decay (or trace) theory
Primacy and recency effects
Karl Lashley
4. Recall without any cue
Free recall
State-dependent memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Ulric Neisser
5. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Recall (+types)
Retroactive interference
Allan Paivio
Mnemonics
6. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Interference theory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Retroactive interference
Recall task involving order of items on a list
7. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Long-term memory
Association between picture vs. words
Frederick Bartlett
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
8. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Flashbulb memories
Backward masking
E.R. Kandel
Procedural memory
9. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Implicit memory
Short-term memory
Echoic memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
10. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Short-term memory
Brenda Milner
Decay (or trace) theory
Savings
11. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Implicit memory
Interference types
Frederick Bartlett
Rehearsal (+types)
12. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Interference types
Chunking
Mnemonics
Incidental learning
13. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Primacy and recency effects
Frederick Bartlett
Ulric Neisser
Clustering
14. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
George Sperling
Elizabeth Loftus
Association between picture vs. words
15. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Explicit memory
Zeigarnik effect
Paired-associate learning
Episodic memory
16. Primary and recency effects
Generation-recognition model
Serial-anticipation learning
State-dependent memory
LTM not subject to
17. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Iconic memory
Paired-associate learning
Eidetic imagery
Incidental learning
18. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Implicit memory
Dual code hypothesis
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Long-term memory
19. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Proactive interference
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Interference theory
20. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Icon
Flashbulb memories
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Karl Lashley
21. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Recognition
Tachistoscope
Retroactive interference
Stages of memory
22. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Sensory memory (+types)
Recall (+types)
Explicit memory
Donald Hebb
23. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Rehearsal (+types)
Decay (or trace) theory
Tachistoscope
24. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Dual code hypothesis
Decay (or trace) theory
Generation-recognition model
George Sperling
25. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Cued recall
Episodic memory
Encoding specificity principle
26. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Interference theory
Elizabeth Loftus
Generation-recognition model
State-dependent memory
27. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Working memory
Brenda Milner
Declarative memory
Encoding specificity principle
28. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Cued recall
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
State-dependent memory
29. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Incidental learning
Zeigarnik effect
Tachistoscope
Cued recall
30. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Retroactive interference
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Association between picture vs. words
Primacy and recency effects
31. General knowledge of the world
Cued recall
Semantic memory
Recall (+types)
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
32. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Interference theory
Dual code hypothesis
Forgetting curve
33. On the verge of retrieval
Icon
Implicit memory
Interference theory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
34. Knowing a fact
Proactive interference
Declarative memory
Iconic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
35. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Semantic memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Working memory
Ulric Neisser
36. STM capacity of 7±2
George Miller
Zeigarnik effect
Forgetting theories
E.R. Kandel
37. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Mnemonics
Free-recall learning
Short-term memory
Generation-recognition model
38. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Echoic memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
LTM not subject to
39. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Serial-anticipation learning
Zeigarnik effect
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Clustering
40. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Chunking
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Interference theory
Elizabeth Loftus
41. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Zeigarnik effect
Eidetic imagery
Episodic memory
Association between picture vs. words
42. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Icon
E.R. Kandel
Echoic memory
Explicit memory
43. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Explicit memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Recall (+types)
Karl Lashley
44. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Short-term memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Long-term memory
Frederick Bartlett
45. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Karl Lashley
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Recall (+types)
46. Knowing how to do something
Chunking
Procedural memory
George Miller
Recognition
47. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Free recall
Interference types
Paired-associate learning
Episodic memory
48. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Declarative memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Frederick Bartlett
Episodic memory
49. Dual code hypothesis
Primacy and recency effects
State-dependent memory
Allan Paivio
Ulric Neisser
50. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Forgetting curve
Encoding specificity principle
Paired-associate learning