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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Recognition
LTM not subject to
Donald Hebb
Tachistoscope
2. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Episodic memory
Primacy and recency effects
Working memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
3. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Elizabeth Loftus
Implicit memory
Icon
Recall (+types)
4. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Savings
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Retroactive interference
Tachistoscope
5. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Generation-recognition model
Backward masking
Brenda Milner
Dual code hypothesis
6. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Savings
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Elizabeth Loftus
Stages of memory
7. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Primacy and recency effects
Forgetting theories
Echoic memory
Mnemonics
8. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Generation-recognition model
Chunking
Cued recall
9. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Free-recall learning
Incidental learning
Echoic memory
Karl Lashley
10. Repeating material to hold in STM
Incidental learning
Interference types
Clustering
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
11. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Recall (+types)
Sensory memory (+types)
Episodic memory
Clustering
12. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Association between picture vs. words
Incidental learning
Echoic memory
13. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Echoic memory
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Donald Hebb
14. Recall without any cue
Free recall
Savings
E.R. Kandel
Cued recall
15. On the verge of retrieval
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Paired-associate learning
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
16. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Mnemonics
Retroactive interference
Sensory memory (+types)
Allan Paivio
17. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
George Sperling
Brenda Milner
Forgetting theories
Eidetic imagery
18. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Short-term memory
Rehearsal (+types)
Implicit memory
19. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Ulric Neisser
Free-recall learning
Recall (+types)
Semantic memory
20. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Association between picture vs. words
Free-recall learning
George Miller
21. Knowing how to do something
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Implicit memory
Procedural memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
22. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Dual code hypothesis
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Declarative memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
23. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Stages of memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Explicit memory
Cued recall
24. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Forgetting curve
Zeigarnik effect
Iconic memory
State-dependent memory
25. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Paired-associate learning
Zeigarnik effect
Serial-anticipation learning
Decay (or trace) theory
26. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Proactive interference
Forgetting curve
Rehearsal (+types)
27. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Dual code hypothesis
Paired-associate learning
Allan Paivio
Echoic memory
28. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Working memory
Clustering
Recognition
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
29. General knowledge of the world
Rehearsal (+types)
Free recall
Semantic memory
Iconic memory
30. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Iconic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Clustering
31. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
E.R. Kandel
Implicit memory
Decay (or trace) theory
32. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Paired-associate learning
Echoic memory
Proactive interference
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
33. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Backward masking
Flashbulb memories
Echoic memory
Association between picture vs. words
34. Primary and recency effects
LTM not subject to
Allan Paivio
Proactive interference
Interference types
35. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Explicit memory
Echoic memory
Free recall
Encoding specificity principle
36. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Allan Paivio
Interference types
Encoding specificity principle
Flashbulb memories
37. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Working memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Frederick Bartlett
Recall (+types)
38. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Semantic memory
Free-recall learning
Interference types
Icon
39. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Serial-anticipation learning
Rehearsal (+types)
Incidental learning
Eidetic imagery
40. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Backward masking
Generation-recognition model
State-dependent memory
41. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Explicit memory
Decay (or trace) theory
Brenda Milner
Short-term memory
42. Dual code hypothesis
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Allan Paivio
Tachistoscope
Hermann Ebbinghaus
43. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Mnemonics
Proactive interference
Flashbulb memories
Stages of memory
44. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Declarative memory
E.R. Kandel
LTM not subject to
Icon
45. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Donald Hebb
Recall task involving order of items on a list
46. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
George Sperling
Dual code hypothesis
Iconic memory
State-dependent memory
47. STM capacity of 7±2
Icon
Chunking
George Miller
Incidental learning
48. Sensory - short term - long term
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Long-term memory
Stages of memory
Recall (+types)
49. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Semantic memory
Explicit memory
Rehearsal (+types)
50. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Free recall
Donald Hebb
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Recall (+types)