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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






2. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






3. Recall without any cue






4. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






5. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






6. Repeating material to hold in STM






7. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






8. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






9. Dual code hypothesis






10. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






11. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






12. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






13. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






14. Generate information on their own; cued and free






15. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






16. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






17. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






18. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






19. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






20. General knowledge of the world






21. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






22. Details - events - discrete knowledge






23. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






24. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






25. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






26. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






27. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






28. Sensory - short term - long term






29. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






30. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






31. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






32. Termed icon for brief visual memory






33. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






34. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






35. STM capacity of 7±2






36. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






37. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






38. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






39. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






40. Knowing how to do something






41. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






42. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






43. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






44. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






45. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






46. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






47. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






48. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






49. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






50. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)