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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Dual code hypothesis
Stages of memory
Iconic memory
Rehearsal (+types)
2. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Incidental learning
Procedural memory
Free-recall learning
Zeigarnik effect
3. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Rehearsal (+types)
E.R. Kandel
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Cued recall
4. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Eidetic imagery
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
5. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Echoic memory
Association between picture vs. words
6. Sensory - short term - long term
Stages of memory
LTM not subject to
Working memory
Clustering
7. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
State-dependent memory
Forgetting theories
Incidental learning
8. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Free-recall learning
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Declarative memory
Recall (+types)
9. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Free-recall learning
Incidental learning
Decay (or trace) theory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
10. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Short-term memory
Declarative memory
Free recall
George Sperling
11. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
George Miller
Working memory
Karl Lashley
Explicit memory
12. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
LTM not subject to
Working memory
Backward masking
Semantic memory
13. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
State-dependent memory
Proactive interference
Backward masking
E.R. Kandel
14. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Procedural memory
Association between picture vs. words
Dual code hypothesis
George Sperling
15. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Forgetting curve
Iconic memory
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Explicit memory
16. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
LTM not subject to
Icon
Declarative memory
Paired-associate learning
17. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Stages of memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Tachistoscope
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
18. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Backward masking
Decay (or trace) theory
George Miller
Retroactive interference
19. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
State-dependent memory
George Sperling
Encoding specificity principle
Primacy and recency effects
20. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Working memory
Brenda Milner
Clustering
Forgetting theories
21. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Free-recall learning
Brenda Milner
Mnemonics
22. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Paired-associate learning
Long-term memory
State-dependent memory
Rehearsal (+types)
23. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Clustering
Incidental learning
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Zeigarnik effect
24. On the verge of retrieval
Implicit memory
Retroactive interference
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
25. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Clustering
Flashbulb memories
State-dependent memory
Forgetting curve
26. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Procedural memory
Primacy and recency effects
27. Repeating material to hold in STM
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Brenda Milner
Ulric Neisser
Tachistoscope
28. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Eidetic imagery
Generation-recognition model
Chunking
Stages of memory
29. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Donald Hebb
Icon
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Paired-associate learning
30. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Ulric Neisser
Allan Paivio
Donald Hebb
31. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Mnemonics
LTM not subject to
Incidental learning
Clustering
32. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Elizabeth Loftus
Allan Paivio
Primacy and recency effects
Iconic memory
33. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Working memory
Incidental learning
Eidetic imagery
Ulric Neisser
34. Recall without any cue
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Declarative memory
Free recall
Chunking
35. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Proactive interference
Donald Hebb
Incidental learning
Tachistoscope
36. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Karl Lashley
George Miller
Explicit memory
Retroactive interference
37. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Dual code hypothesis
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Tachistoscope
Recall task involving order of items on a list
38. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Elizabeth Loftus
Recognition
Echoic memory
39. Knowing a fact
Brenda Milner
George Miller
Free recall
Declarative memory
40. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Rehearsal (+types)
George Miller
Short-term memory
41. General knowledge of the world
Paired-associate learning
Dual code hypothesis
Semantic memory
Karl Lashley
42. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Explicit memory
Serial-anticipation learning
43. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Icon
State-dependent memory
44. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Interference theory
Ulric Neisser
Serial-anticipation learning
Clustering
45. Knowing how to do something
Frederick Bartlett
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Procedural memory
Explicit memory
46. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
E.R. Kandel
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Interference theory
Rehearsal (+types)
47. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Donald Hebb
Generation-recognition model
Dual code hypothesis
48. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Retroactive interference
Incidental learning
Recognition
Free recall
49. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Decay (or trace) theory
Interference types
Recall (+types)
Savings
50. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Cued recall
Implicit memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Primacy and recency effects