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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






2. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






3. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






4. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






5. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






6. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






8. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






9. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






10. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






11. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






12. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






13. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






14. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






15. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






16. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






17. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






18. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






19. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






22. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






23. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






27. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






28. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






29. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






32. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






33. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






34. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






35. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






36. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






37. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






40. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






41. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






42. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






44. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






45. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






46. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






48. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






49. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing