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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






2. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






3. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






4. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






5. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






7. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






11. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






12. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






17. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






18. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






19. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






20. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






22. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






24. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






28. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






29. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






30. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






34. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






37. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






38. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






40. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






42. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






44. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






45. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






46. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






47. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






50. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial