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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Inclusive fitness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
phenotypic expression
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
2. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Polarized light
Navigation of bees
Sexual dimorphism
behavioral isolation
3. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Echolocation
Inbreeding
Instinctual drift (example)
Genes
4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Interaction between instinct and learning
Herring gull chicks
Animal aggression
5. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Sexual dimorphism
Polarized light
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Circadian rhythms
6. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Wolfgang Kohler
Fight or flight
Mating of bees
Karl von Frisch
7. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Instinctual drift (example)
Ethology
Releasing stimuli
Estrus
8. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instinctual drift (example)
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
Instrumental learning
9. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Navigation of bees
Circadian rhythms
Instrumental learning
Flower selection of bees
10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Atmospheric pressure
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Charles Darwin
11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Sexual dimorphism
Fitness
Fixed action patterns (example)
Round dance
12. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Instrumental learning
Imprinting
Sexual dimorphism
Walter Cannon
13. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Comparative psychology
Estrus
Releasing stimuli
Zygote
14. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Instrumental learning
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Courting
Polarized light
15. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Polarized light
Navigation of animals
Phenotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
16. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Karl von Frisch
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Cross fostering experiments
Comparative psychology
17. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Instrumental learning
Fixed action patterns (example)
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual/innate behaviours
18. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Zygote
Navigation cues
geographic isolation
19. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
homeostasis
Selective breeding
Courting
20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Echolocation
Harry Harlow
Hierarchy of bees
21. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
homeostasis
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Estrus
Mimicry
22. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Walter Cannon
Konrad Lorenz
Sun compass
23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Eric Kandel
Altruism
Infrasound
Karl von Frisch
24. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Fitness
Natural selection
Herring gull chicks
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
25. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Magnetic sense
Imprinting
Harry Harlow
Zygote
26. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
R. C. Tyron
phenotypic expression
Sensitive or critical periods
27. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Cross fostering experiments
Supernormal sign stimulus
Atmospheric pressure
Sun compass
28. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Flower selection of bees
Inclusive fitness
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Releasing stimuli
Fitness
Echolocation
Comparative psychology
30. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Star compass
Instinctual drift (example)
Herring gull chicks
Imprinting
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Natural selection
geographic isolation
Biological clocks
32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Waggle dance
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Magnetic sense
Genes
33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
isolation by season
Animal aggression
Selective breeding
Nikolaas Tinbergen
34. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of animals
Instrumental learning
35. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Infrasound
Inclusive fitness
homeostasis
36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fixed action patterns (example)
Echolocation
Sexual selection
37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
genotype
Animal aggression
Atmospheric pressure
38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Waggle dance
Pheromones
Inclusive fitness
Imprinting
39. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Zygote
genotype
R. C. Tyron
Inclusive fitness
40. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Walter Cannon
phenotypic expression
Star compass
Charles Darwin
41. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
geographic isolation
Inbreeding
mechanical isolation
42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Selective breeding
Genetic drift
isolation by season
43. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Imprinting
Genetic drift
Hierarchy of bees
phenotypic expression
44. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Fitness
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Inclusive fitness
45. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
Mating of bees
Communication of bees
46. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
behavioral isolation
Magnetic sense
Cross fostering experiments
47. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Eric Kandel
Navigation cues
Biological clocks
48. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Harry Harlow
Wolfgang Kohler
Gamete
Sexual dimorphism
49. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Supernormal sign stimulus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Infrasound
50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Walter Cannon
Pheromones
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys