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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






2. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






4. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






5. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






6. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






7. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






8. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






9. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






10. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






11. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






12. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






13. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






14. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






15. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






16. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






17. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






18. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






19. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






20. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






21. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






22. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






24. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






25. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






26. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






27. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






28. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






30. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






31. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






32. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






33. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






35. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






36. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






37. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






39. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






40. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






42. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






43. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






44. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






45. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






46. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






47. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






48. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






49. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






50. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)