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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






2. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






3. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






4. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






5. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






6. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






8. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






9. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






10. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






12. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






13. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






14. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






15. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






16. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






17. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






18. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






19. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






20. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






21. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






23. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






24. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






25. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






26. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






27. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






28. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






29. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






30. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






31. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






32. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






33. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






34. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






35. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






36. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






37. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






38. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






39. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






40. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






42. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






43. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






45. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






47. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






48. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






50. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)