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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






2. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






3. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






4. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






5. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






6. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






7. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






9. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






10. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






11. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






12. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






13. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






14. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






15. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






16. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






17. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






18. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






19. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






21. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






22. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






23. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






26. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






28. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






29. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






30. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






31. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






32. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






34. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






35. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






36. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






37. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






38. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






40. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






43. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






44. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






46. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






49. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






50. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis