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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






2. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






4. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






5. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






6. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






7. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






8. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






10. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






11. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






12. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






13. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






14. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






15. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






19. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






20. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






21. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






22. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






24. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






25. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






26. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






28. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






29. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






30. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






31. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






32. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






33. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






34. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






35. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






36. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






38. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






39. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






42. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






44. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






45. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






46. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






49. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






50. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids