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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






2. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






3. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






6. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






7. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






8. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






9. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






11. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






12. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






13. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






14. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






15. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






16. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






17. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






19. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






21. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






22. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






23. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






24. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






25. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






26. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






27. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






30. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






31. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






32. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






33. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






34. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






36. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






38. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






39. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






40. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






44. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






45. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






46. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






47. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






48. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






49. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






50. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby