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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






2. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






6. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






8. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






10. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






11. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






12. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






13. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






14. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






15. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






16. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






17. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






18. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






19. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






22. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






24. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






25. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






26. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






27. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






28. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






29. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






30. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






31. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






32. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






33. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






34. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






35. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






37. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






38. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






39. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






40. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






42. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






43. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






44. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






47. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






50. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds