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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Walter Cannon
Polarized light
Mating of bees
Zygote
2. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Estrus
Wolfgang Kohler
homeostasis
Star compass
3. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Infrasound
Estrus
Comparative psychology
4. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Communication of bees
Genes
Sun compass
isolation by season
5. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Imprinting
Fitness
Karl von Frisch
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
6. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Sexual selection
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Selective breeding
Konrad Lorenz
7. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Fitness
Genes
phenotypic expression
Selective breeding
8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Animal aggression
Echolocation
Polarized light
Zygote
9. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Polarized light
Wolfgang Kohler
Animal aggression
10. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Altruism
Comparative psychology
R. C. Tyron
Round dance
11. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
mechanical isolation
Sexual dimorphism
behavioral isolation
12. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Animal aggression
Interaction between instinct and learning
13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Fixed action patterns (example)
Courting
Genetic drift
14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Inbreeding
Fitness
geographic isolation
genotype
15. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Circadian rhythms
Selective breeding
mechanical isolation
Flower selection of bees
16. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Altruism
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instrumental learning
Imprinting
17. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Cross fostering experiments
Walter Cannon
R. C. Tyron
geographic isolation
18. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Star compass
isolation by season
Circadian rhythms
Fight or flight
19. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Cross fostering experiments
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
20. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Hearing of owls
Echolocation
21. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Alleles
Charles Darwin
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
22. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Dominant and recessive gene
Fixed action patterns (example)
Comparative psychology
Herring gull chicks
23. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
behavioral isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
24. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Genes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
Altruism
25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instinctual drift (example)
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Altruism
Phenotype
27. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation of animals
Zygote
Releasing stimuli
28. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Mating of bees
mechanical isolation
Communication of bees
Sexual selection
29. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation cues
Courting
30. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Star compass
Zygote
Konrad Lorenz
31. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Biological clocks
Polarized light
Ethology
Fixed action patterns (example)
32. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Karl von Frisch
Sexual selection
Animal aggression
Dominant and recessive gene
33. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
R. C. Tyron
Edward Thorndike
Hierarchy of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
34. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Communication of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
Konrad Lorenz
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Ethology
Navigation cues
isolation by season
Fitness
37. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
phenotypic expression
Selective breeding
Communication of bees
38. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Hierarchy of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Mimicry
Round dance
39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Inbreeding
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Hearing of owls
Eric Kandel
40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
genotype
Courting
Altruism
41. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Edward Thorndike
Courting
Dominant and recessive gene
42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Interaction between instinct and learning
Ethology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
mechanical isolation
Stickleback fish
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Fitness
44. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Mimicry
Cross fostering experiments
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of bees
45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Mating of bees
Waggle dance
Fight or flight
Harry Harlow
46. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Harry Harlow
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Polarized light
Biological clocks
47. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Gamete
Atmospheric pressure
Inclusive fitness
Instrumental learning
48. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Courting
Natural selection
Dominant and recessive gene
Animal aggression
49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Alleles
Supernormal sign stimulus
Star compass
50. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Sexual selection
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Charles Darwin
mechanical isolation