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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






2. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






3. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






4. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






5. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






6. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






7. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






8. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






10. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






11. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






12. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






13. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






16. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






18. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






21. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






23. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






26. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






27. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






30. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






31. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






32. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






33. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






34. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






35. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






39. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






40. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






41. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






42. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






43. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






44. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






45. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






46. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






47. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






48. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






50. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small