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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






2. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






3. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






4. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






5. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






6. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






7. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






8. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






10. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






11. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






12. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






13. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






14. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






16. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






17. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






19. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






20. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






21. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






22. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






23. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






25. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






26. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






27. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






28. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






31. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






33. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






34. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






35. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






37. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






38. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






40. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






43. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






44. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






45. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






46. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






47. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






50. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species