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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






2. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






3. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






4. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






5. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






6. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






7. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






8. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






9. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






10. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






12. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






15. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






17. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






18. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






19. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






20. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






21. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






22. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






25. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






26. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






27. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






28. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






31. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






32. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






33. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






35. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






36. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






38. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






40. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






41. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






42. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






43. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






44. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






45. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






46. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






47. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






48. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






49. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






50. Bees dance to indicate food is far away