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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






2. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






3. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






4. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






5. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






6. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






7. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






9. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






10. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






11. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






12. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






15. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






16. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






17. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






20. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






21. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






22. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






26. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






27. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






28. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






29. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






31. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






32. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






33. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






34. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






36. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






37. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






41. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






43. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






44. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






47. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






48. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






49. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






50. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes