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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Comparative psychology
Pheromones
Polarized light
2. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Hierarchy of bees
Echolocation
Dominant and recessive gene
3. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Flower selection of bees
Animal aggression
4. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Navigation of animals
Stickleback fish
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Polarized light
5. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
geographic isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Dominant and recessive gene
6. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Mimicry
Polarized light
Echolocation
7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Sun compass
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
genotype
Sensitive or critical periods
8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
homeostasis
Navigation of animals
Eric Kandel
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
9. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
behavioral isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Ethology
10. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Star compass
Edward Thorndike
Communication of bees
Inbreeding
11. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Supernormal sign stimulus
Waggle dance
Animal aggression
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
12. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
genotype
Interaction between instinct and learning
Charles Darwin
13. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Gamete
Circadian rhythms
Alleles
Atmospheric pressure
14. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Natural selection
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
Stickleback fish
15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Selective breeding
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Releasing stimuli
geographic isolation
Stickleback fish
Karl von Frisch
17. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Genetic drift
Courting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
18. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Karl von Frisch
Magnetic sense
Echolocation
Pheromones
19. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Infrasound
Echolocation
Releasing stimuli
Genetic drift
20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Magnetic sense
Estrus
21. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Interaction between instinct and learning
Courting
Magnetic sense
22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Fitness
23. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Herring gull chicks
Genes
phenotypic expression
Communication of bees
24. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Courting
Star compass
Waggle dance
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
25. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sensitive or critical periods
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
26. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Polarized light
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Mating of bees
27. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Pheromones
Instrumental learning
Atmospheric pressure
Alleles
28. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Wolfgang Kohler
Imprinting
Dominant and recessive gene
Altruism
29. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Imprinting
behavioral isolation
Hearing of owls
Wolfgang Kohler
30. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Releasing stimuli
Zygote
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Cross fostering experiments
Round dance
Gamete
Polarized light
32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Instinctual/innate behaviours
mechanical isolation
Mimicry
Comparative psychology
33. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Genetic drift
Harry Harlow
Hearing of owls
Fight or flight
34. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
behavioral isolation
Waggle dance
Sexual selection
35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Fight or flight
Altruism
Instrumental learning
Waggle dance
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sexual selection
Estrus
37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Hierarchy of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Zygote
Edward Thorndike
38. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Ethology
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
mechanical isolation
39. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Fitness
Hierarchy of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
40. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Navigation of animals
Atmospheric pressure
Herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
41. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Mimicry
Polarized light
Mating of bees
42. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
Sexual dimorphism
Dominant and recessive gene
43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Altruism
Polarized light
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Navigation of bees
genotype
Round dance
Altruism
45. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Navigation of animals
Courting
Genetic drift
46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Navigation cues
Natural selection
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
47. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Star compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
Hearing of owls
48. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instrumental learning
Navigation of animals
behavioral isolation
49. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Atmospheric pressure
Navigation of bees
phenotypic expression
50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Alleles
Sun compass
Instinctual drift (example)