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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






2. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






3. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






4. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






6. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






7. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






8. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






9. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






11. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






14. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






15. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






18. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






21. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






22. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






26. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






27. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






28. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






30. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






31. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






32. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






33. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






34. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






35. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






36. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






38. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






39. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






40. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






41. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






42. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






44. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






45. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






46. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






47. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time