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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






2. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






3. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






4. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






5. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






6. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






7. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






8. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






11. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






12. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






13. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






14. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






15. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






16. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






17. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






19. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






20. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






21. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






22. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






23. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






24. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






25. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






26. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






27. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






28. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






29. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






30. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






31. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






32. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






33. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






34. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






35. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






36. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






37. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






38. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






39. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






41. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






42. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






43. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






44. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






45. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






47. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






48. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






49. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






50. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns