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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






3. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






6. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






7. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






9. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






13. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






14. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






18. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






19. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






20. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






24. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






25. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






26. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






27. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






28. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






31. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






34. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






35. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






36. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






37. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






38. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






40. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






41. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






43. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






44. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






45. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






46. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






49. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






50. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species