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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






2. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






5. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






6. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






7. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






8. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






9. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






10. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






12. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






13. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






14. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






15. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






16. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






17. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






18. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






20. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






22. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






23. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






25. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






26. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






27. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






28. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






30. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






31. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






32. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






34. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






35. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






36. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






37. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






38. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






39. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






40. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






41. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






42. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






44. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






45. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






46. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






47. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






48. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards