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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






2. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






3. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






4. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






5. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






7. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






9. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






10. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






11. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






12. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






13. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






15. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






16. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






17. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






18. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






20. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






21. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






22. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






24. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






25. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






26. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






27. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






31. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






33. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






34. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






36. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






37. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






38. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






40. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






42. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






43. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






44. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






45. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






46. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






47. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






48. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






50. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee