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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Cross fostering experiments
Round dance
Gamete
Pheromones
2. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Imprinting
Selective breeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
3. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Flower selection of bees
Courting
Supernormal sign stimulus
Eric Kandel
4. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Sexual dimorphism
Herring gull chicks
Charles Darwin
Sun compass
5. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Inclusive fitness
homeostasis
Estrus
geographic isolation
6. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Atmospheric pressure
Navigation of bees
Phenotype
Sensitive or critical periods
7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Comparative psychology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sensitive or critical periods
genotype
8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
R. C. Tyron
Polarized light
geographic isolation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Circadian rhythms
Sexual dimorphism
Sun compass
Walter Cannon
10. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Alleles
Comparative psychology
Zygote
Genes
11. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Cross fostering experiments
Mimicry
Biological clocks
Alleles
12. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Wolfgang Kohler
Stickleback fish
Mimicry
Polarized light
13. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Instinctual drift (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
genotype
Walter Cannon
14. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Fight or flight
Inbreeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
15. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
mechanical isolation
Mating of bees
Stickleback fish
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
16. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
geographic isolation
Cross fostering experiments
Eric Kandel
Magnetic sense
17. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Ethology
Instrumental learning
geographic isolation
18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Mating of bees
Sexual dimorphism
Waggle dance
Zygote
19. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Walter Cannon
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sexual selection
20. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Herring gull chicks
Ethology
isolation by season
Fitness
21. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Comparative psychology
R. C. Tyron
Imprinting
Inclusive fitness
22. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Round dance
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual drift (example)
23. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Star compass
Wolfgang Kohler
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation cues
24. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Sexual selection
Genes
Circadian rhythms
mechanical isolation
25. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mimicry
Mating of bees
Gamete
26. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Walter Cannon
Polarized light
Natural selection
27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Sexual selection
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Estrus
Polarized light
28. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Gamete
Polarized light
Instrumental learning
Navigation of animals
29. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fitness
Navigation cues
Hearing of owls
30. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
genotype
Dominant and recessive gene
Biological clocks
Navigation of animals
31. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
Magnetic sense
32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Genes
Atmospheric pressure
Nikolaas Tinbergen
33. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
genotype
phenotypic expression
Releasing stimuli
Navigation of bees
34. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Imprinting
Round dance
Waggle dance
35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Animal aggression
Karl von Frisch
isolation by season
36. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Charles Darwin
Magnetic sense
37. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Releasing stimuli
Supernormal sign stimulus
Cross fostering experiments
Fitness
38. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Supernormal sign stimulus
Dominant and recessive gene
Atmospheric pressure
Echolocation
39. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Supernormal sign stimulus
Magnetic sense
Animal aggression
geographic isolation
40. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Hearing of owls
Fixed action patterns (example)
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Estrus
behavioral isolation
Walter Cannon
Instinctual/innate behaviours
42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Estrus
Navigation of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Round dance
43. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Phenotype
Fight or flight
Fixed action patterns (example)
44. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation cues
Instinctual drift (example)
Echolocation
45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Walter Cannon
Harry Harlow
Konrad Lorenz
46. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Wolfgang Kohler
Hearing of owls
47. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Sensitive or critical periods
Altruism
geographic isolation
Genes
48. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Cross fostering experiments
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Hierarchy of bees
Sun compass
49. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Hierarchy of bees
Inclusive fitness
Pheromones
Magnetic sense
50. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Mimicry
Fixed action patterns (example)
Karl von Frisch
Cross fostering experiments