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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






2. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






3. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






4. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






7. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






8. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






9. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






10. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






11. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






12. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






13. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






14. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






17. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






18. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






19. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






21. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






22. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






23. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






24. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






25. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






26. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






30. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






32. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






33. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






35. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






36. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






38. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






39. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






40. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






42. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






43. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






44. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






46. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






47. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






49. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)