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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Instrumental learning
behavioral isolation
2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inclusive fitness
Animal aggression
Natural selection
3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Karl von Frisch
Imprinting
isolation by season
Dominant and recessive gene
4. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
behavioral isolation
homeostasis
Infrasound
Zygote
5. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Mimicry
Polarized light
Walter Cannon
R. C. Tyron
6. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
behavioral isolation
Hearing of owls
Round dance
Edward Thorndike
7. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Sexual dimorphism
Round dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
geographic isolation
8. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Imprinting
Navigation of bees
Hierarchy of bees
9. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
isolation by season
Mating of bees
Star compass
10. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Gamete
Altruism
Navigation of animals
Instinctual/innate behaviours
11. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Ethology
genotype
Polarized light
12. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Comparative psychology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Pheromones
phenotypic expression
13. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Harry Harlow
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
behavioral isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
14. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Fitness
Communication of bees
Round dance
Releasing stimuli
15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Altruism
Hearing of owls
Karl von Frisch
16. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
homeostasis
genotype
Communication of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Communication of bees
Stickleback fish
Courting
18. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
behavioral isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
Stickleback fish
Phenotype
19. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Karl von Frisch
Sensitive or critical periods
Releasing stimuli
Edward Thorndike
20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Hearing of owls
Herring gull chicks
Ethology
21. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Flower selection of bees
Selective breeding
genotype
22. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Cross fostering experiments
phenotypic expression
Navigation of bees
23. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Stickleback fish
genotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Zygote
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sexual selection
Navigation of bees
25. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
homeostasis
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual drift (example)
Imprinting
26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
behavioral isolation
Biological clocks
Imprinting
Estrus
27. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Echolocation
geographic isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
28. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Wolfgang Kohler
Instinctual drift (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Circadian rhythms
29. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Navigation cues
Flower selection of bees
Hierarchy of bees
30. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Karl von Frisch
Animal aggression
Mimicry
Dominant and recessive gene
31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Inbreeding
Eric Kandel
Instinctual drift (example)
isolation by season
32. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Estrus
Zygote
Supernormal sign stimulus
Round dance
33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instinctual drift (example)
34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Inclusive fitness
Mating of bees
35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Flower selection of bees
Star compass
Charles Darwin
36. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Mating of bees
Selective breeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Navigation of bees
Sexual selection
Nikolaas Tinbergen
38. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Mating of bees
phenotypic expression
Echolocation
Instrumental learning
39. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
mechanical isolation
Selective breeding
Hierarchy of bees
Sexual selection
40. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Phenotype
Herring gull chicks
Echolocation
Zygote
41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Navigation of animals
Walter Cannon
Zygote
Nikolaas Tinbergen
42. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Round dance
Gamete
Sensitive or critical periods
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Waggle dance
Herring gull chicks
R. C. Tyron
Magnetic sense
44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Sexual selection
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Comparative psychology
45. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Polarized light
Selective breeding
Hearing of owls
Magnetic sense
46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Fitness
Stickleback fish
Genes
Natural selection
47. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Sexual dimorphism
Genes
Gamete
Animal aggression
48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Animal aggression
homeostasis
Sexual dimorphism
behavioral isolation
49. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Hierarchy of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Cross fostering experiments
Genetic drift
50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Ethology
Genetic drift
Herring gull chicks
Natural selection