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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






2. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






3. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






4. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






5. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






6. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






7. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






8. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






11. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






12. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






13. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






15. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






16. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






17. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






18. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






21. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






22. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






23. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






24. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






25. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






26. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






27. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






28. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






29. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






30. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






31. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






32. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






33. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






34. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






36. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






37. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






38. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






39. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






41. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






43. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






44. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






45. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






46. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






47. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures