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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






2. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






3. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






4. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






5. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






6. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






7. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






9. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






10. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






11. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






12. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






13. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






14. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






15. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






16. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






17. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






18. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






20. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






21. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






22. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






25. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






28. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






29. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






30. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






31. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






32. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






33. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






34. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






35. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






36. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






39. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






40. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






42. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






43. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






47. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






48. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






49. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections