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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






3. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






4. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






5. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






6. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






8. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






9. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






10. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






11. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






12. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






13. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






14. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






17. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






18. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






19. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






20. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






21. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






22. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






23. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






24. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






25. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






26. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






27. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






28. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






30. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






31. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






32. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






35. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






36. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






37. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






38. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






40. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






41. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






42. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






43. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






45. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






46. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






47. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






49. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






50. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate