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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






3. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






4. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






5. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






7. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






8. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






9. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






10. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






12. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






13. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






14. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






18. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






20. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






22. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






23. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






24. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






25. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






26. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






27. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






29. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






30. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






31. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






32. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






33. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






34. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






35. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






36. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






38. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






39. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






40. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






41. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






42. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






45. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






46. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






47. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






50. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even