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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Karl von Frisch
Inbreeding
Mimicry
Phenotype
2. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
homeostasis
Flower selection of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
3. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Echolocation
Inclusive fitness
isolation by season
Circadian rhythms
4. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hierarchy of bees
Phenotype
Hearing of owls
Herring gull chicks
5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Mating of bees
Genes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Polarized light
6. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Genetic drift
Dominant and recessive gene
Inclusive fitness
7. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Atmospheric pressure
Wolfgang Kohler
Karl von Frisch
8. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Wolfgang Kohler
Comparative psychology
Natural selection
Waggle dance
9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Charles Darwin
Mating of bees
Magnetic sense
Wolfgang Kohler
10. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Flower selection of bees
isolation by season
Herring gull chicks
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sun compass
mechanical isolation
Fight or flight
12. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Pheromones
Mimicry
Navigation cues
Inclusive fitness
13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Inbreeding
Zygote
Echolocation
14. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Altruism
Harry Harlow
isolation by season
15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Echolocation
Inbreeding
Imprinting
Genes
16. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
Instrumental learning
Magnetic sense
17. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Mimicry
Wolfgang Kohler
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
18. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
Releasing stimuli
Wolfgang Kohler
19. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Sun compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Edward Thorndike
Instinctual/innate behaviours
20. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Selective breeding
Alleles
Infrasound
Star compass
21. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Gamete
Konrad Lorenz
Communication of bees
Estrus
22. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
homeostasis
Animal aggression
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Waggle dance
23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Magnetic sense
Dominant and recessive gene
behavioral isolation
isolation by season
24. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Hearing of owls
Mimicry
25. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Biological clocks
Round dance
Selective breeding
26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Dominant and recessive gene
Courting
Zygote
27. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Walter Cannon
Genetic drift
Sensitive or critical periods
Animal aggression
28. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
genotype
Navigation of animals
Releasing stimuli
Communication of bees
29. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Konrad Lorenz
Mating of bees
Natural selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
30. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Comparative psychology
Biological clocks
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of bees
31. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
Courting
Echolocation
32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
isolation by season
Alleles
Echolocation
Genes
33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Comparative psychology
Sexual selection
Courting
34. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Atmospheric pressure
Selective breeding
Navigation of bees
Sexual selection
35. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Star compass
Flower selection of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Estrus
36. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Edward Thorndike
Hierarchy of bees
Estrus
Walter Cannon
37. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Gamete
Releasing stimuli
homeostasis
Charles Darwin
38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Cross fostering experiments
behavioral isolation
Courting
geographic isolation
39. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Sexual selection
Fixed action patterns (example)
Charles Darwin
40. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Flower selection of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Eric Kandel
Comparative psychology
41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Alleles
R. C. Tyron
Communication of bees
Konrad Lorenz
42. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Releasing stimuli
Konrad Lorenz
Hierarchy of bees
Pheromones
43. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Atmospheric pressure
Charles Darwin
Flower selection of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
44. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Hearing of owls
Instinctual drift (example)
Inbreeding
Eric Kandel
45. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Mimicry
Polarized light
46. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Waggle dance
genotype
Zygote
47. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Flower selection of bees
Navigation cues
Supernormal sign stimulus
Pheromones
48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Dominant and recessive gene
Instinctual drift (example)
Sensitive or critical periods
Flower selection of bees
49. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Altruism
Natural selection
Waggle dance
50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Releasing stimuli
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
behavioral isolation
Sexual dimorphism
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