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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






2. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






3. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






4. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






5. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






6. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






7. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






8. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






10. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






12. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






13. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






14. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






15. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






17. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






18. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






19. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






20. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






21. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






22. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






23. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






24. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






27. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






28. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






29. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






30. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






31. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






32. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






35. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






36. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






37. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






38. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






39. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






40. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






41. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






42. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






43. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






44. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






46. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






47. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






48. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






49. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






50. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away