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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






2. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






3. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






4. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






5. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






6. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






7. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






8. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






9. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






10. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






11. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






13. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






15. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






17. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






19. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






20. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






21. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






22. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






23. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






24. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






27. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






29. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






32. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






33. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






34. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






36. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






38. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






39. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






42. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






43. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






44. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






45. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






46. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






47. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






48. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






49. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






50. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)