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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






2. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






3. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






4. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






5. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






7. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






8. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






9. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






10. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






11. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






12. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






13. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






15. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






16. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






20. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






21. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






22. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






23. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






24. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






25. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






27. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






32. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






33. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






34. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






35. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






36. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






37. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






39. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






40. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






41. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






42. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






43. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






44. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






47. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






49. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






50. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate