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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






2. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






3. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






4. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






6. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






7. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






8. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






9. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






10. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






11. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






12. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






13. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






15. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






16. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






17. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






18. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






19. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






20. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






21. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






22. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






23. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






24. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






25. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






26. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






27. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






29. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






30. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






32. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






35. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






36. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






37. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






38. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






39. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






40. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






42. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






44. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






45. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






46. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






47. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






49. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






50. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic