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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Genetic drift
Round dance
Sun compass
Comparative psychology
2. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
behavioral isolation
Animal aggression
Fitness
3. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Wolfgang Kohler
Navigation of bees
Instrumental learning
Stickleback fish
4. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
isolation by season
Interaction between instinct and learning
Fitness
Estrus
5. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Navigation of bees
Imprinting
Eric Kandel
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Infrasound
Navigation cues
isolation by season
Karl von Frisch
7. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Navigation of animals
8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Waggle dance
Star compass
Wolfgang Kohler
9. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Communication of bees
Round dance
Navigation cues
geographic isolation
10. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Interaction between instinct and learning
Hearing of owls
Navigation cues
Estrus
11. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Eric Kandel
Herring gull chicks
Inbreeding
Altruism
12. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
Round dance
Fixed action patterns (example)
13. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Echolocation
Zygote
Selective breeding
14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
isolation by season
Echolocation
homeostasis
Wolfgang Kohler
15. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Charles Darwin
Konrad Lorenz
Phenotype
16. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Gamete
Sexual dimorphism
isolation by season
17. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Alleles
Selective breeding
18. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
geographic isolation
Estrus
Hierarchy of bees
Biological clocks
19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
Waggle dance
Navigation of animals
20. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Ethology
Harry Harlow
mechanical isolation
21. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Stickleback fish
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
22. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Walter Cannon
Navigation of animals
Flower selection of bees
Altruism
23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Dominant and recessive gene
behavioral isolation
Inclusive fitness
Sun compass
24. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Courting
phenotypic expression
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Mating of bees
25. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Animal aggression
Sun compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
26. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Sexual selection
Mimicry
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
27. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Herring gull chicks
Natural selection
Flower selection of bees
28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Navigation cues
Pheromones
Edward Thorndike
Hierarchy of bees
29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Herring gull chicks
Selective breeding
Round dance
Navigation of animals
30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
isolation by season
behavioral isolation
Hierarchy of bees
Fight or flight
31. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Genetic drift
Alleles
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Biological clocks
Sun compass
mechanical isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
33. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Flower selection of bees
genotype
34. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Echolocation
Charles Darwin
Communication of bees
R. C. Tyron
35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Edward Thorndike
Stickleback fish
Instinctual drift (example)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
36. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Cross fostering experiments
isolation by season
37. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Charles Darwin
Karl von Frisch
Mimicry
38. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Karl von Frisch
isolation by season
Alleles
Instinctual drift (example)
39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Sensitive or critical periods
Interaction between instinct and learning
Infrasound
40. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Eric Kandel
Charles Darwin
Navigation cues
Natural selection
41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
mechanical isolation
Selective breeding
Imprinting
Zygote
42. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Animal aggression
Herring gull chicks
Genetic drift
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
43. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Magnetic sense
R. C. Tyron
Cross fostering experiments
44. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Instrumental learning
Natural selection
isolation by season
Echolocation
45. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
phenotypic expression
Star compass
Sexual selection
Infrasound
46. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
homeostasis
Star compass
Gamete
Cross fostering experiments
47. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Round dance
Navigation cues
Imprinting
Instrumental learning
48. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Communication of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
Selective breeding
Mimicry
49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Navigation of animals
Interaction between instinct and learning
Biological clocks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
50. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Atmospheric pressure
Instinctual drift (example)
Phenotype
Hierarchy of bees