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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
Flower selection of bees
2. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Flower selection of bees
Fitness
homeostasis
Estrus
3. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Natural selection
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Supernormal sign stimulus
Star compass
4. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
genotype
Comparative psychology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Inbreeding
Navigation of bees
Fitness
6. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
isolation by season
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Herring gull chicks
Instinctual drift (example)
7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Altruism
Charles Darwin
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
8. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Round dance
Genetic drift
Phenotype
9. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Star compass
Ethology
Instrumental learning
Animal aggression
10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Polarized light
Stickleback fish
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
11. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Interaction between instinct and learning
phenotypic expression
homeostasis
Fixed action patterns (example)
12. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Harry Harlow
Sensitive or critical periods
Magnetic sense
13. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
Animal aggression
Wolfgang Kohler
14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Walter Cannon
Gamete
Comparative psychology
Infrasound
15. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
behavioral isolation
Waggle dance
geographic isolation
16. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Sexual selection
Harry Harlow
Circadian rhythms
Altruism
17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
geographic isolation
Mimicry
Edward Thorndike
Altruism
18. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
phenotypic expression
Edward Thorndike
Herring gull chicks
19. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Wolfgang Kohler
Genetic drift
mechanical isolation
Zygote
20. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Fitness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Sun compass
21. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
Polarized light
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Biological clocks
Comparative psychology
Flower selection of bees
isolation by season
23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Sexual dimorphism
Fight or flight
Inclusive fitness
Mimicry
24. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Phenotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Biological clocks
Navigation of animals
25. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Fitness
Edward Thorndike
Supernormal sign stimulus
Gamete
26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Natural selection
Courting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation of animals
27. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Interaction between instinct and learning
Charles Darwin
Wolfgang Kohler
Circadian rhythms
28. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Instrumental learning
phenotypic expression
Echolocation
Flower selection of bees
29. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Circadian rhythms
Animal aggression
Alleles
30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Navigation of bees
R. C. Tyron
Waggle dance
31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genetic drift
Imprinting
mechanical isolation
32. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Navigation of animals
Alleles
Flower selection of bees
Instrumental learning
33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Sexual dimorphism
Phenotype
homeostasis
behavioral isolation
34. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Charles Darwin
Gamete
Inbreeding
genotype
35. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Walter Cannon
mechanical isolation
Karl von Frisch
Interaction between instinct and learning
36. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Sexual dimorphism
Inbreeding
Sun compass
37. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Genes
isolation by season
Round dance
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
38. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Gamete
Supernormal sign stimulus
mechanical isolation
39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Round dance
Sensitive or critical periods
Alleles
Imprinting
40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Genetic drift
Magnetic sense
Releasing stimuli
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
41. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Supernormal sign stimulus
Phenotype
Releasing stimuli
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Circadian rhythms
Polarized light
Fixed action patterns (example)
Gamete
43. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Phenotype
Instinctual drift (example)
Fight or flight
44. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Cross fostering experiments
Imprinting
Genes
Herring gull chicks
45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
behavioral isolation
Fight or flight
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Eric Kandel
46. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Circadian rhythms
Hearing of owls
Sexual selection
Sensitive or critical periods
47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Mimicry
Gamete
48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Navigation of bees
Comparative psychology
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
49. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Edward Thorndike
Zygote
Magnetic sense
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Ethology
mechanical isolation
homeostasis
Nikolaas Tinbergen