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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






2. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






3. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






4. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






5. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






7. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






8. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






9. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






12. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






13. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






14. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






15. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






16. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






17. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






18. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






19. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






20. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






21. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






24. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






25. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






26. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






28. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






30. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






31. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






32. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






33. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






34. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






35. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






36. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






39. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






41. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






42. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






44. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






45. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






46. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






47. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






50. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience