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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Round dance
Herring gull chicks
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
2. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation cues
Waggle dance
Navigation of animals
Pheromones
3. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Instrumental learning
Flower selection of bees
phenotypic expression
Supernormal sign stimulus
4. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Sexual selection
Harry Harlow
Instrumental learning
Phenotype
5. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Biological clocks
Inbreeding
6. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Genetic drift
Navigation of animals
Fight or flight
Phenotype
7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Imprinting
Wolfgang Kohler
Sensitive or critical periods
Konrad Lorenz
8. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Polarized light
Konrad Lorenz
isolation by season
genotype
9. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Genes
R. C. Tyron
Harry Harlow
10. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
phenotypic expression
Altruism
Selective breeding
Sexual selection
11. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Courting
Dominant and recessive gene
Comparative psychology
phenotypic expression
12. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Stickleback fish
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instrumental learning
Interaction between instinct and learning
13. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
geographic isolation
Altruism
14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
R. C. Tyron
Pheromones
homeostasis
Echolocation
15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Mimicry
Instrumental learning
Herring gull chicks
16. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Phenotype
Gamete
Hierarchy of bees
17. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Edward Thorndike
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
Animal aggression
18. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sexual selection
Biological clocks
homeostasis
19. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Konrad Lorenz
Sexual selection
Stickleback fish
Infrasound
20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Flower selection of bees
Infrasound
Eric Kandel
21. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Altruism
Releasing stimuli
Gamete
Navigation cues
22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Stickleback fish
Star compass
Mating of bees
Phenotype
23. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Communication of bees
Inclusive fitness
Natural selection
Alleles
24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Biological clocks
Star compass
R. C. Tyron
Navigation cues
25. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Hierarchy of bees
Sexual dimorphism
Nikolaas Tinbergen
26. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Inbreeding
Communication of bees
Ethology
Mimicry
27. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Wolfgang Kohler
Genetic drift
Circadian rhythms
Charles Darwin
28. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Animal aggression
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sexual dimorphism
Biological clocks
29. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Harry Harlow
Imprinting
mechanical isolation
30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
homeostasis
geographic isolation
Sun compass
31. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Wolfgang Kohler
Hearing of owls
Phenotype
Comparative psychology
32. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Sexual selection
Courting
behavioral isolation
genotype
33. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Animal aggression
isolation by season
Interaction between instinct and learning
Walter Cannon
34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Star compass
Communication of bees
Cross fostering experiments
Hierarchy of bees
35. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Comparative psychology
Wolfgang Kohler
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sexual dimorphism
36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Harry Harlow
Cross fostering experiments
phenotypic expression
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
37. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Imprinting
Inclusive fitness
Pheromones
38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Biological clocks
Fixed action patterns (example)
Mating of bees
Edward Thorndike
39. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Fight or flight
Round dance
Navigation cues
Hierarchy of bees
40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Flower selection of bees
Cross fostering experiments
Hearing of owls
isolation by season
41. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Genetic drift
Navigation cues
Gamete
42. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sexual selection
Communication of bees
Imprinting
Sun compass
43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Harry Harlow
Hierarchy of bees
geographic isolation
Releasing stimuli
44. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Phenotype
Eric Kandel
Interaction between instinct and learning
45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Estrus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
Fitness
46. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
geographic isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Pheromones
47. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instrumental learning
Karl von Frisch
48. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
geographic isolation
R. C. Tyron
Hierarchy of bees
Sun compass
49. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Estrus
Imprinting
Fight or flight
Eric Kandel
50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Wolfgang Kohler
Sexual dimorphism
Sensitive or critical periods
Phenotype