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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Echolocation
Instinctual drift (example)
Animal aggression
2. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
mechanical isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Charles Darwin
3. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Pheromones
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Echolocation
Sensitive or critical periods
4. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Hearing of owls
Navigation of animals
Phenotype
Sun compass
5. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Selective breeding
Imprinting
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Biological clocks
Inbreeding
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Edward Thorndike
7. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Altruism
Atmospheric pressure
Gamete
Star compass
8. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Altruism
Stickleback fish
Round dance
9. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Navigation cues
Wolfgang Kohler
Infrasound
Dominant and recessive gene
10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Dominant and recessive gene
Supernormal sign stimulus
Hierarchy of bees
Natural selection
11. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
genotype
Magnetic sense
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
12. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Altruism
phenotypic expression
Infrasound
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
13. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Navigation of animals
Dominant and recessive gene
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Altruism
geographic isolation
Charles Darwin
15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Cross fostering experiments
Sensitive or critical periods
Natural selection
Instinctual/innate behaviours
16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
phenotypic expression
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
17. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Comparative psychology
Stickleback fish
Cross fostering experiments
18. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Alleles
Inclusive fitness
Edward Thorndike
19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Flower selection of bees
Courting
Dominant and recessive gene
Comparative psychology
20. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Alleles
Instinctual drift (example)
Communication of bees
21. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Harry Harlow
Altruism
Phenotype
Biological clocks
22. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Walter Cannon
Releasing stimuli
Animal aggression
Hierarchy of bees
23. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Edward Thorndike
Flower selection of bees
Walter Cannon
Estrus
24. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Releasing stimuli
Comparative psychology
Eric Kandel
Courting
25. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Walter Cannon
Alleles
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting
26. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Ethology
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
genotype
Instinctual drift (example)
27. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Navigation cues
Walter Cannon
Fixed action patterns (example)
28. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Infrasound
Inclusive fitness
Inbreeding
Walter Cannon
29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Phenotype
homeostasis
Echolocation
behavioral isolation
30. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Communication of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
mechanical isolation
31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Comparative psychology
Mimicry
Altruism
32. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Star compass
Round dance
Courting
33. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Altruism
Hearing of owls
Imprinting
Eric Kandel
34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Pheromones
Edward Thorndike
Eric Kandel
35. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
isolation by season
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation cues
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Inclusive fitness
Estrus
Hierarchy of bees
37. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
Gamete
R. C. Tyron
38. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Karl von Frisch
Instrumental learning
Dominant and recessive gene
Polarized light
39. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Animal aggression
Hierarchy of bees
Imprinting
40. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Imprinting
Genes
Animal aggression
Magnetic sense
41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Mimicry
Instrumental learning
Comparative psychology
Communication of bees
42. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Fixed action patterns (example)
Eric Kandel
Ethology
Fight or flight
43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
genotype
Mimicry
Stickleback fish
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
Edward Thorndike
45. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Biological clocks
R. C. Tyron
Nikolaas Tinbergen
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Selective breeding
Altruism
geographic isolation
Circadian rhythms
47. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Biological clocks
Circadian rhythms
isolation by season
Fitness
48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Courting
homeostasis
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Karl von Frisch
49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Comparative psychology
Flower selection of bees
mechanical isolation
Alleles
50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Flower selection of bees
Harry Harlow
Supernormal sign stimulus