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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






2. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






3. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






4. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






5. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






7. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






10. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






11. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






12. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






13. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






14. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






15. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






17. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






18. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






19. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






20. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






21. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






22. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






24. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






26. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






28. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






29. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






30. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






31. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






32. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






33. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






34. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






35. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






36. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






37. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






39. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






41. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






43. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






45. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






46. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






47. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






49. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections







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