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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






3. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






4. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






5. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






7. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






10. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






11. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






12. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






13. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






14. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






15. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






16. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






17. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






18. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






19. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






20. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






22. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






24. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






25. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






27. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






28. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






30. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






31. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






32. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






35. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






37. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






40. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






41. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






42. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






43. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






44. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






45. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






46. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






47. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






48. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






49. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






50. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur