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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






2. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






3. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






6. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






7. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






9. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






10. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






11. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






12. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






15. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






16. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






18. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






19. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






20. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






22. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






23. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






24. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






26. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






28. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






29. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






30. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






31. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






32. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






33. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






34. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






35. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






37. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






39. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






40. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






41. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






42. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






43. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






44. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






45. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






47. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






50. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn