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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Magnetic sense
Courting
Navigation of bees
2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
homeostasis
mechanical isolation
Herring gull chicks
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
3. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
behavioral isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Estrus
4. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Harry Harlow
Edward Thorndike
Instrumental learning
Selective breeding
5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Sexual dimorphism
Edward Thorndike
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Instinctual drift (example)
6. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Dominant and recessive gene
Sensitive or critical periods
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of bees
7. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Estrus
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
Herring gull chicks
8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Comparative psychology
Instinctual drift (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
9. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Walter Cannon
Imprinting
phenotypic expression
Animal aggression
10. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Hearing of owls
Instrumental learning
Konrad Lorenz
11. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Wolfgang Kohler
Mimicry
R. C. Tyron
12. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of animals
13. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Inclusive fitness
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Biological clocks
14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Circadian rhythms
Zygote
Selective breeding
Wolfgang Kohler
15. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Natural selection
Cross fostering experiments
Hierarchy of bees
Harry Harlow
16. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Communication of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fixed action patterns (example)
Eric Kandel
17. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
genotype
Fight or flight
Selective breeding
Pheromones
18. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Wolfgang Kohler
Natural selection
Biological clocks
19. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
isolation by season
Atmospheric pressure
geographic isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
20. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Navigation of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Waggle dance
Fight or flight
21. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mating of bees
Inbreeding
22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
phenotypic expression
Herring gull chicks
23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Pheromones
Navigation cues
R. C. Tyron
Cross fostering experiments
24. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Comparative psychology
Animal aggression
Instinctual/innate behaviours
mechanical isolation
25. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Magnetic sense
Echolocation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
26. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Animal aggression
Ethology
Genes
Dominant and recessive gene
27. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Alleles
isolation by season
Pheromones
Walter Cannon
28. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Ethology
Communication of bees
Estrus
Dominant and recessive gene
29. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
geographic isolation
Gamete
Echolocation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
30. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Ethology
isolation by season
Charles Darwin
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Inclusive fitness
Fitness
Konrad Lorenz
isolation by season
32. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Star compass
Hierarchy of bees
Inbreeding
Gamete
33. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Communication of bees
Walter Cannon
Navigation of bees
Konrad Lorenz
34. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Animal aggression
Zygote
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Flower selection of bees
Comparative psychology
Cross fostering experiments
Inbreeding
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Edward Thorndike
Mimicry
Sensitive or critical periods
behavioral isolation
37. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Hierarchy of bees
Fight or flight
Atmospheric pressure
38. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Pheromones
Magnetic sense
Echolocation
Gamete
39. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Genetic drift
Hearing of owls
Circadian rhythms
mechanical isolation
40. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Mimicry
Instrumental learning
Magnetic sense
41. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Zygote
phenotypic expression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
42. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Mimicry
Magnetic sense
Waggle dance
Eric Kandel
43. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Polarized light
Magnetic sense
Biological clocks
44. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
Stickleback fish
45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Waggle dance
Releasing stimuli
Courting
46. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Magnetic sense
Inclusive fitness
Zygote
Gamete
47. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Inbreeding
Mimicry
mechanical isolation
48. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Circadian rhythms
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
Walter Cannon
49. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Fitness
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of bees
50. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Hierarchy of bees
Altruism
Biological clocks
Charles Darwin