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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






2. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






3. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






5. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






7. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






8. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






10. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






11. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






12. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






13. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






14. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






15. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






16. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






17. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






18. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






19. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






20. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






21. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






22. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






23. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






26. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






27. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






29. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






30. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






32. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






34. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






35. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






36. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






37. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






38. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






39. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






40. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






41. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






42. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






44. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






45. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






46. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






47. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






48. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






49. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






50. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light