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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






2. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






4. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






5. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






6. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






7. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






12. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






13. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






15. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






16. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






17. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






18. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






21. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






23. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






24. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






25. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






26. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






27. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






34. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






35. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






37. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






39. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






42. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






43. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






44. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






46. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment