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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
Charles Darwin
Atmospheric pressure
2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Animal aggression
Inbreeding
Sexual dimorphism
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
3. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Karl von Frisch
Estrus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
4. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Edward Thorndike
Herring gull chicks
Harry Harlow
Konrad Lorenz
5. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
Gamete
Ethology
6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
isolation by season
Navigation of animals
Alleles
7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Gamete
Herring gull chicks
Flower selection of bees
Walter Cannon
8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Hearing of owls
Mimicry
Round dance
Eric Kandel
9. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Waggle dance
Ethology
Wolfgang Kohler
Nikolaas Tinbergen
10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Pheromones
Circadian rhythms
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
11. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Navigation of bees
Polarized light
Dominant and recessive gene
Konrad Lorenz
12. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Imprinting
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
13. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Animal aggression
Atmospheric pressure
14. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Inbreeding
Fight or flight
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
15. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Imprinting
Estrus
Magnetic sense
Fight or flight
16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Herring gull chicks
mechanical isolation
Genetic drift
Dominant and recessive gene
17. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Biological clocks
Cross fostering experiments
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of animals
18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Interaction between instinct and learning
Communication of bees
Atmospheric pressure
Hierarchy of bees
19. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Sun compass
geographic isolation
Navigation cues
Stickleback fish
20. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Wolfgang Kohler
Animal aggression
Genetic drift
Instinctual drift (example)
21. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Altruism
Courting
Cross fostering experiments
Imprinting
22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Estrus
Alleles
Circadian rhythms
Natural selection
23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Alleles
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
mechanical isolation
Navigation of animals
24. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Sexual selection
Pheromones
Dominant and recessive gene
Animal aggression
25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Alleles
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Courting
Walter Cannon
26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
genotype
Round dance
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
27. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Interaction between instinct and learning
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Genes
28. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Gamete
Fitness
Karl von Frisch
Fixed action patterns (example)
29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Infrasound
Echolocation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
mechanical isolation
30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Imprinting
behavioral isolation
Genetic drift
Sun compass
31. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Sexual selection
Supernormal sign stimulus
32. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
isolation by season
Dominant and recessive gene
Fixed action patterns (example)
Flower selection of bees
33. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
geographic isolation
Ethology
Genetic drift
34. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Wolfgang Kohler
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Supernormal sign stimulus
Communication of bees
35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Stickleback fish
Fitness
homeostasis
isolation by season
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
homeostasis
geographic isolation
Hearing of owls
Walter Cannon
37. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Inbreeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
mechanical isolation
homeostasis
38. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
behavioral isolation
Cross fostering experiments
Star compass
Mimicry
39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Selective breeding
isolation by season
Fixed action patterns (example)
Hearing of owls
40. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Navigation of bees
Sun compass
Edward Thorndike
Infrasound
41. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Nikolaas Tinbergen
isolation by season
Star compass
Mating of bees
42. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Zygote
Dominant and recessive gene
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
43. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Instinctual drift (example)
Genetic drift
Flower selection of bees
Natural selection
44. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Fitness
Star compass
Natural selection
Hearing of owls
45. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Comparative psychology
Gamete
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Flower selection of bees
46. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Instrumental learning
Harry Harlow
Navigation of bees
Navigation of animals
47. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
homeostasis
Hierarchy of bees
Waggle dance
R. C. Tyron
48. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Inclusive fitness
Gamete
Sexual dimorphism
Comparative psychology
49. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Harry Harlow
geographic isolation
Biological clocks
Circadian rhythms
50. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sexual dimorphism
Eric Kandel