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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






2. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






3. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






4. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






5. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






7. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






8. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






9. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






10. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






11. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






12. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






13. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






14. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






16. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






17. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






18. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






22. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






24. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






25. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






26. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






27. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






28. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






29. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






30. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






32. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






33. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






35. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






36. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






37. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






38. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






39. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






40. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






41. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






42. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






43. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






44. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






45. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






46. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






47. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






48. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






49. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






50. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears