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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






2. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






4. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






5. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






7. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






9. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






11. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






12. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






13. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






14. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






16. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






17. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






18. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






19. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






20. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






22. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






23. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






25. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






26. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






29. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






31. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






32. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






33. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






34. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






35. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






36. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






37. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






39. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






40. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






42. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






43. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






44. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






45. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






47. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






49. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






50. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat