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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






2. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






3. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






4. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






5. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






6. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






8. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






9. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






10. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






12. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






13. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






14. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






15. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






16. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






17. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






18. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






19. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






22. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






23. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






24. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






28. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






30. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






31. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






32. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






33. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






34. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






35. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






36. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






37. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






38. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






39. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






41. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






42. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






43. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






44. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






45. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






46. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






47. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






48. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






49. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






50. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models