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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






4. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






5. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






6. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






7. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






8. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






9. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






10. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






11. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






12. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






13. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






15. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






16. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






17. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






18. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






19. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






20. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






21. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






22. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






23. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






24. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






25. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






26. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






27. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






28. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






29. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






30. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






32. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






35. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






37. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






38. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






39. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






40. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






41. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






43. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






44. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






45. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






46. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






47. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






48. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures