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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






2. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






3. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






4. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






6. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






7. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






8. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






9. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






10. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






11. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






13. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






14. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






15. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






16. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






17. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






18. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






19. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






20. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






21. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






22. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






24. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






26. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






27. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






28. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






29. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






30. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






31. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






32. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






33. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






34. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






35. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






36. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






37. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






38. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






39. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






41. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






42. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






43. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






44. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






45. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






46. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






47. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






48. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






50. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate