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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






2. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






3. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






4. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






5. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






7. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






8. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






9. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






10. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






11. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






12. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






15. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






16. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






17. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






18. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






19. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






20. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






21. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






22. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






24. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






27. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






28. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






29. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






30. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






31. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






32. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






33. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






35. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






38. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






39. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






40. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






41. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






42. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






43. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






44. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






45. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






46. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






47. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






48. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






50. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like