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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






2. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






5. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






6. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






7. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






8. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






9. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






10. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






11. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






12. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






13. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






15. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






16. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






17. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






18. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






19. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






20. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






21. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






22. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






24. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






26. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






27. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






29. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






30. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






31. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






34. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






35. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






36. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






37. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






38. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






39. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






40. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






41. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






42. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






43. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






44. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






47. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






48. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






49. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






50. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes