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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






3. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






4. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






6. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






7. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






8. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






9. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






10. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






11. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






12. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






13. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






14. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






15. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






16. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






17. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






18. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






19. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






20. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






21. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






22. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






24. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






25. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






26. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






27. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






30. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






31. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






32. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






33. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






34. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






35. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






36. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






37. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






38. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






39. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






40. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






41. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






43. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






44. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






45. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






46. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






48. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






49. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






50. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models