Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






3. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






4. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






5. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






7. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






8. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






11. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






12. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






13. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






16. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






17. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






18. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






19. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






21. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






22. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






23. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






24. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






25. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






26. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






27. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






28. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






29. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






30. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






32. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






33. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






34. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






37. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






38. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






41. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






44. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






46. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






47. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






48. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






49. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






50. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience