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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Comparative psychology
isolation by season
Harry Harlow
Sensitive or critical periods
2. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Dominant and recessive gene
Waggle dance
Atmospheric pressure
3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
mechanical isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Flower selection of bees
Genes
4. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Altruism
Phenotype
R. C. Tyron
5. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Dominant and recessive gene
Courting
Konrad Lorenz
6. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Dominant and recessive gene
Animal aggression
7. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Sexual selection
Zygote
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation cues
8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Konrad Lorenz
Stickleback fish
Inclusive fitness
9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Stickleback fish
Eric Kandel
Karl von Frisch
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Altruism
Mating of bees
11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Releasing stimuli
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
mechanical isolation
Magnetic sense
12. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Edward Thorndike
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
Communication of bees
13. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Navigation of bees
Mating of bees
Magnetic sense
14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Circadian rhythms
Altruism
Karl von Frisch
Imprinting
15. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz
Inclusive fitness
Fitness
16. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Ethology
Releasing stimuli
Inbreeding
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
17. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Zygote
Circadian rhythms
Magnetic sense
18. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Inbreeding
Animal aggression
Magnetic sense
Dominant and recessive gene
19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Ethology
Genetic drift
genotype
20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Genetic drift
isolation by season
Navigation of animals
21. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Instinctual drift (example)
Flower selection of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
genotype
Sexual selection
Alleles
Infrasound
23. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Wolfgang Kohler
genotype
phenotypic expression
24. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Charles Darwin
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
Fight or flight
25. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Hearing of owls
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Fixed action patterns (example)
Circadian rhythms
26. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Pheromones
Animal aggression
Biological clocks
Flower selection of bees
27. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Stickleback fish
Flower selection of bees
Mimicry
28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
genotype
Instinctual drift (example)
Communication of bees
Waggle dance
29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Dominant and recessive gene
Circadian rhythms
Waggle dance
Navigation cues
30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Echolocation
Polarized light
Courting
31. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Communication of bees
Comparative psychology
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Communication of bees
Hearing of owls
Walter Cannon
33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Fixed action patterns (example)
Zygote
Interaction between instinct and learning
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
34. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Fixed action patterns (example)
Pheromones
Dominant and recessive gene
Circadian rhythms
35. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
Selective breeding
Dominant and recessive gene
homeostasis
36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Inclusive fitness
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Walter Cannon
Mimicry
37. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
isolation by season
Releasing stimuli
Navigation of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Mating of bees
Edward Thorndike
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
39. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Fixed action patterns (example)
Animal aggression
Dominant and recessive gene
Phenotype
40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
R. C. Tyron
Charles Darwin
Imprinting
Dominant and recessive gene
41. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Estrus
Alleles
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual drift (example)
42. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
Charles Darwin
43. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Waggle dance
Hearing of owls
Phenotype
44. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Edward Thorndike
Polarized light
Sexual selection
45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Infrasound
Instrumental learning
Atmospheric pressure
Cross fostering experiments
46. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Phenotype
Zygote
Flower selection of bees
Echolocation
47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Eric Kandel
Sun compass
Waggle dance
isolation by season
48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Eric Kandel
Interaction between instinct and learning
homeostasis
Walter Cannon
49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Walter Cannon
Konrad Lorenz
Animal aggression
50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Fight or flight
Fitness
phenotypic expression
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys