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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






3. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






5. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






6. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






7. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






8. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






9. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






10. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






11. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






12. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






13. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






14. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






16. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






17. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






19. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






20. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






21. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






22. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






23. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






24. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






25. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






26. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






27. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






28. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






29. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






30. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






31. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






32. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






34. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






35. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






36. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






37. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






38. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






39. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






40. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






41. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






43. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






44. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






45. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






46. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






47. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






48. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






49. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






50. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial