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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






2. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






3. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






6. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






7. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






9. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






10. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






11. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






12. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






13. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






14. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






15. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






17. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






18. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






21. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






22. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






23. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






28. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






29. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






30. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






31. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






32. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






33. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






34. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






35. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






36. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






37. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






38. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






41. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






46. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






47. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






48. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






49. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue