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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






2. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






3. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






4. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






5. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






6. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






7. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






8. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






9. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






10. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






11. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






12. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






13. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






16. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






17. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






18. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






19. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






20. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






21. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






22. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






23. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






25. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






28. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






29. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






30. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






31. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






32. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






33. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






34. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






36. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






37. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






39. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






40. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






41. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






42. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






43. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






45. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






46. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






47. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






49. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






50. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models