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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






2. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






3. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






4. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






5. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






7. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






8. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






11. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






12. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






13. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






14. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






15. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






16. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






17. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






18. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






19. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






20. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






21. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






22. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






24. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






27. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






28. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






29. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






30. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






32. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






33. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






34. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






35. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






38. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






39. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






40. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






41. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






42. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






43. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






44. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






45. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






46. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






47. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






48. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






49. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






50. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits