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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






2. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






3. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






4. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






5. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






6. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






7. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






8. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






9. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






10. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






11. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






12. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






13. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






14. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






15. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






16. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






19. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






22. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






24. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






25. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






26. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






27. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






29. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






30. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






31. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






32. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






33. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






34. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






35. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






37. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






38. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






39. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






40. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






42. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






43. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






45. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






46. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






47. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






48. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






50. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis