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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






3. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






5. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






6. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






7. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






9. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






12. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






13. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






14. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






15. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






18. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






20. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






21. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






22. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






23. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






24. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






25. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






26. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






27. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






28. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






29. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






30. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






31. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






32. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






33. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






35. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






36. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






39. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






41. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






42. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






43. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






48. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections