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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Instinctual/innate behaviours
phenotypic expression
behavioral isolation
Waggle dance
2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Edward Thorndike
Navigation of animals
Star compass
3. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Sensitive or critical periods
Circadian rhythms
Animal aggression
Echolocation
4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Karl von Frisch
Mimicry
Fight or flight
Navigation of bees
5. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Fight or flight
isolation by season
Atmospheric pressure
Eric Kandel
6. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Gamete
Flower selection of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
isolation by season
7. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Harry Harlow
Instinctual drift (example)
Comparative psychology
8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Biological clocks
Altruism
Sensitive or critical periods
9. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Animal aggression
Karl von Frisch
Sun compass
Infrasound
10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Sun compass
Genes
Waggle dance
11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Star compass
Round dance
Eric Kandel
Stickleback fish
12. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Sexual selection
Phenotype
homeostasis
Mimicry
13. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Nikolaas Tinbergen
geographic isolation
Mating of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
14. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Gamete
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Fight or flight
geographic isolation
15. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sexual dimorphism
Fixed action patterns (example)
genotype
16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
homeostasis
Mimicry
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
17. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Cross fostering experiments
Stickleback fish
Zygote
Estrus
18. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Inclusive fitness
genotype
Star compass
19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Comparative psychology
Walter Cannon
Round dance
20. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Karl von Frisch
Round dance
Wolfgang Kohler
Flower selection of bees
21. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
geographic isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Biological clocks
phenotypic expression
22. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Konrad Lorenz
Ethology
Animal aggression
Walter Cannon
23. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Hierarchy of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Sexual selection
Natural selection
24. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Mimicry
phenotypic expression
Interaction between instinct and learning
Gamete
25. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
Inbreeding
26. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Waggle dance
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Courting
Wolfgang Kohler
27. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Gamete
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
Edward Thorndike
28. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
behavioral isolation
isolation by season
Navigation of bees
Altruism
29. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Flower selection of bees
Atmospheric pressure
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
behavioral isolation
30. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Hierarchy of bees
Karl von Frisch
Biological clocks
31. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Genes
Alleles
Communication of bees
Courting
32. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Imprinting
Wolfgang Kohler
Gamete
Magnetic sense
33. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inclusive fitness
34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Walter Cannon
Biological clocks
Eric Kandel
35. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Communication of bees
Pheromones
Supernormal sign stimulus
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
36. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genetic drift
Konrad Lorenz
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Genes
37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Pheromones
genotype
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual/innate behaviours
38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Sexual dimorphism
Zygote
Charles Darwin
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
39. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Herring gull chicks
Zygote
Fitness
Ethology
40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Sexual dimorphism
Flower selection of bees
Inbreeding
41. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Circadian rhythms
Inclusive fitness
Instrumental learning
42. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Gamete
Infrasound
Supernormal sign stimulus
Herring gull chicks
43. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Stickleback fish
Hearing of owls
Navigation cues
Harry Harlow
44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Imprinting
Polarized light
isolation by season
Walter Cannon
45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Zygote
Communication of bees
behavioral isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
46. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Biological clocks
Fight or flight
Sun compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Supernormal sign stimulus
Konrad Lorenz
Releasing stimuli
Wolfgang Kohler
48. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Stickleback fish
Ethology
Mimicry
Cross fostering experiments
49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Genes
Dominant and recessive gene
50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Inclusive fitness
phenotypic expression
Sexual dimorphism
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys