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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






3. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






4. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






5. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






7. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






8. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






9. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






12. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






13. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






14. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






15. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






16. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






18. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






22. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






24. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






25. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






26. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






27. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






28. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






29. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






30. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






32. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






33. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






34. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






35. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






36. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






37. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






38. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






40. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






41. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






42. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






43. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






44. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






45. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






46. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






48. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






49. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






50. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light