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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






2. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






3. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






4. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






5. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






6. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






7. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






8. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






9. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






10. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






11. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






12. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






13. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






14. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






16. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






17. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






18. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






19. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






20. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






21. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






22. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






25. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






26. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






28. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






29. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






32. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






34. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






35. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






36. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






37. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






38. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






39. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






40. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






41. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






44. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






45. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






46. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






48. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






49. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






50. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light