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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






2. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






4. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






6. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






8. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






9. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






10. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






11. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






12. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






14. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






15. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






17. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






18. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






22. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






23. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






24. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






25. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






26. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






28. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






29. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






30. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






31. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






32. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






33. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






34. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






35. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






37. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






38. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






39. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






41. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






42. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






43. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






45. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






47. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






48. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






49. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






50. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment