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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






3. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






4. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






5. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






6. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






8. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






9. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






12. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






15. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






16. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






17. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






18. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






21. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






23. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






24. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






25. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






26. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






27. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






30. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






31. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






32. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






33. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






34. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






36. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






37. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






40. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






41. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






42. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






44. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






45. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






46. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






48. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






49. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






50. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur