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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






3. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






5. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






6. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






7. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






8. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






9. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






10. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






11. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






13. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






14. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






15. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






18. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






19. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






20. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






21. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






22. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






23. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






24. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






26. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






28. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






30. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






31. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






32. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






33. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






34. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






35. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






36. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






37. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






38. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






39. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






40. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






41. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






42. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






43. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






45. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






47. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






49. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






50. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)