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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






2. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






5. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






6. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






8. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






12. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






13. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






14. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






15. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






16. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






17. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






18. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






19. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






20. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






23. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






24. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






27. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






28. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






29. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






30. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






31. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






32. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






33. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






34. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






35. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






36. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






37. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






39. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






44. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






45. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






46. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






48. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






49. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)