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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






2. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






3. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






4. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






5. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






6. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






8. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






10. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






12. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






13. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






14. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






15. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






17. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






18. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






19. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






20. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






21. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






23. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






24. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






25. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






26. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






27. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






28. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






29. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






30. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






31. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






32. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






33. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






34. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






35. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






36. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






38. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






39. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






40. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






41. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






42. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






43. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






44. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






45. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






46. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






48. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






49. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






50. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes