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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






2. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






3. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






4. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






6. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






7. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






8. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






9. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






10. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






11. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






12. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






13. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






14. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






15. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






16. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






17. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






18. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






19. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






20. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






21. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






22. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






23. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






24. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






25. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






26. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






27. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






29. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






30. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






31. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






32. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






33. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






34. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






35. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






36. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






40. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






46. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






47. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






48. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






50. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns