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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






3. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






4. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






5. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






6. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






8. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






9. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






10. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






11. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






12. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






13. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






16. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






17. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






18. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






19. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






20. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






22. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






23. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






25. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






26. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






28. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






31. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






32. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






33. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






34. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






35. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






36. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






37. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






38. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






39. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






40. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






43. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






44. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






45. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






46. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






47. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






49. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






50. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby