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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






2. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






3. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






4. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






6. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






7. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






8. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






9. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






10. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






11. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






12. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






13. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






14. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






16. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






17. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






20. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






21. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






22. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






24. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






26. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






27. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






28. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






29. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






30. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






31. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






35. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






36. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






38. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






39. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






40. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






41. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






42. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






44. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






45. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






46. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






48. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






49. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






50. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue







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