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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






2. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






3. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






4. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






5. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






7. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






9. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






10. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






11. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






12. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






13. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






14. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






15. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






16. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






17. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






18. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






19. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






20. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






21. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






22. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






23. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






24. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






25. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






26. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






27. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






28. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






29. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






30. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






31. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






32. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






33. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






34. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






35. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






36. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






37. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






39. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






40. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






41. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






43. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






44. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






45. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






47. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






48. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






49. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards







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