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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






4. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






5. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






6. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






7. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






8. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






9. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






10. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






12. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






15. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






16. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






17. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






18. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






19. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






20. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






21. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






22. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






24. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






25. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






26. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






27. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






28. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






29. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






30. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






31. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






32. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






33. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






34. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






35. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






36. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






37. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






38. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






39. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






43. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






44. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






45. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






46. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






47. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






48. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






49. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






50. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season