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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






2. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






3. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






4. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






5. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






6. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






7. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






8. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






9. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






10. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






12. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






13. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






14. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






15. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






16. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






17. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






20. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






21. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






22. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






23. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






25. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






26. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






27. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






29. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






30. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






33. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






34. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






35. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






36. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






37. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






38. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






39. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






41. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






42. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






43. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






45. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






46. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






47. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






48. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






49. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






50. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment