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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






2. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






3. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






4. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






5. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






6. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






7. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






8. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






10. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






11. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






12. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






13. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






14. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






16. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






17. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






19. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






20. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






21. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






22. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






23. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






24. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






25. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






26. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






27. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






28. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






29. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






30. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






31. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






32. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






35. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






37. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






40. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






42. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






43. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






44. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






45. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






46. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






47. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






48. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






50. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur