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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






3. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






4. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






5. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






7. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






8. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






9. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






10. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






11. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






12. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






13. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






15. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






16. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






17. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






19. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






20. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






21. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






22. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






23. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






24. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






25. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






26. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






27. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






28. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






30. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






31. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






32. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






33. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






35. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






36. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






37. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






38. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






40. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






41. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






43. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






44. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






45. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






46. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






47. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks