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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Walter Cannon
Biological clocks
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Alleles
2. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
geographic isolation
genotype
mechanical isolation
Pheromones
3. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
mechanical isolation
Herring gull chicks
Communication of bees
Polarized light
4. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Harry Harlow
Zygote
Round dance
Fitness
5. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Wolfgang Kohler
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
Circadian rhythms
6. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Genetic drift
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Navigation of bees
7. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
R. C. Tyron
Selective breeding
Infrasound
Karl von Frisch
8. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Echolocation
isolation by season
9. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Infrasound
Selective breeding
Cross fostering experiments
10. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
behavioral isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
phenotypic expression
11. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
12. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Comparative psychology
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
13. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Walter Cannon
Mimicry
Gamete
Harry Harlow
14. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
isolation by season
Hierarchy of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
15. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Sun compass
Sexual selection
Instrumental learning
Courting
16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Gamete
Sun compass
isolation by season
Fitness
17. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Alleles
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
18. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Fitness
Edward Thorndike
Mating of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
19. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
Phenotype
20. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Genes
Supernormal sign stimulus
phenotypic expression
21. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Cross fostering experiments
Star compass
Fitness
22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
genotype
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Round dance
23. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Walter Cannon
Navigation of bees
Gamete
Estrus
24. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Communication of bees
homeostasis
Ethology
Altruism
25. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Nikolaas Tinbergen
behavioral isolation
Walter Cannon
Navigation cues
26. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
isolation by season
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
Dominant and recessive gene
27. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
genotype
Fight or flight
Harry Harlow
28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Harry Harlow
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Imprinting
29. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Zygote
Sun compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
30. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Walter Cannon
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genes
31. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Navigation cues
Communication of bees
Hearing of owls
32. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Releasing stimuli
Imprinting
Circadian rhythms
Ethology
33. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Altruism
Mating of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Animal aggression
34. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Wolfgang Kohler
behavioral isolation
Sexual dimorphism
Flower selection of bees
35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Genes
mechanical isolation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Fixed action patterns (example)
36. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Dominant and recessive gene
Biological clocks
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sexual dimorphism
37. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Natural selection
Sun compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Zygote
38. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instrumental learning
39. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
mechanical isolation
Round dance
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
40. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Charles Darwin
geographic isolation
Inclusive fitness
41. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Sensitive or critical periods
Releasing stimuli
Eric Kandel
Magnetic sense
42. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Round dance
Waggle dance
Edward Thorndike
43. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Genes
Selective breeding
mechanical isolation
44. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation cues
Harry Harlow
Waggle dance
Navigation of animals
45. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Atmospheric pressure
Polarized light
Pheromones
46. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Imprinting
Edward Thorndike
Pheromones
47. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Charles Darwin
Imprinting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
48. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Selective breeding
Magnetic sense
Pheromones
Sensitive or critical periods
49. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Instrumental learning
isolation by season
Infrasound
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Harry Harlow
mechanical isolation
homeostasis