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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






2. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






3. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






4. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






5. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






6. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






7. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






10. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






11. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






12. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






14. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






15. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






16. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






17. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






18. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






20. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






21. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






22. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






23. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






25. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






26. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






27. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






28. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






29. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






31. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






32. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






33. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






34. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






35. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






36. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






37. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






39. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






40. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






41. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






42. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






44. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






45. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






46. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






47. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






48. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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