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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






3. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






4. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






5. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






6. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






7. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






8. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






9. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






10. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






11. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






12. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






13. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






14. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






15. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






18. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






21. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






23. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






24. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






26. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






27. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






29. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






30. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






31. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






33. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






34. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






35. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






36. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






37. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






38. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






40. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






41. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






45. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






46. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






47. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






48. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






49. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






50. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






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