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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






2. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






3. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






4. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






5. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






7. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






8. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






9. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






11. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






12. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






13. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






15. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






16. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






17. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






18. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






19. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






20. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






21. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






22. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






24. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






29. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






30. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






31. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






32. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






34. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






35. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






36. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






37. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






38. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






39. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






40. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






43. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






44. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






45. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






46. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






47. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






48. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






49. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing