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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






2. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






4. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






5. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






6. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






7. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






8. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






9. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






10. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






11. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






12. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






13. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






14. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






16. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






17. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






18. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






19. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






20. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






21. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






23. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






24. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






25. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






27. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






28. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






33. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






34. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






36. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






37. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






38. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






39. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






40. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






43. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






45. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






46. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






47. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






48. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






49. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)