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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






3. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






4. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






6. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






8. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






9. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






11. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






12. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






15. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






16. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






17. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






18. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






19. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






20. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






21. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






22. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






23. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






25. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






26. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






27. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






29. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






33. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






34. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






35. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






36. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






37. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






39. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






40. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






41. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






42. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






43. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






45. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






46. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






48. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






49. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






50. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms