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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






3. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






4. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






5. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






6. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






8. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






9. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






10. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






12. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






14. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






15. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






17. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






18. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






19. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






21. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






22. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






23. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






24. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






25. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






26. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






29. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






30. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






32. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






33. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






34. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






35. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






36. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






38. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






39. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






40. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






42. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






43. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






44. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






45. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






46. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






47. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






48. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






49. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






50. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes