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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






2. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






3. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






4. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






6. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






8. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






11. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






12. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






13. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






14. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






15. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






16. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






17. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






20. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






21. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






22. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






23. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






24. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






25. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






26. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






28. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






30. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






31. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






32. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






33. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






35. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






36. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






37. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






39. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






40. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






41. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






42. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






43. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






45. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






46. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






47. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






48. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks







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