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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Phenotype
Sexual dimorphism
Comparative psychology
Navigation of bees
2. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Stickleback fish
Flower selection of bees
mechanical isolation
3. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Karl von Frisch
Zygote
Eric Kandel
4. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Releasing stimuli
homeostasis
Wolfgang Kohler
Fitness
5. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Mimicry
Dominant and recessive gene
Stickleback fish
Navigation of animals
6. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Navigation of animals
Navigation of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Wolfgang Kohler
7. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Sexual dimorphism
Phenotype
Imprinting
R. C. Tyron
8. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Mating of bees
Courting
Sensitive or critical periods
Karl von Frisch
9. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Ethology
Eric Kandel
Cross fostering experiments
Edward Thorndike
10. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Wolfgang Kohler
homeostasis
Releasing stimuli
11. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genes
Releasing stimuli
Selective breeding
Genetic drift
12. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Walter Cannon
geographic isolation
Phenotype
Ethology
13. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Instrumental learning
Ethology
Karl von Frisch
14. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Sexual selection
Sensitive or critical periods
Round dance
Mimicry
15. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Altruism
Selective breeding
Pheromones
Harry Harlow
16. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Sexual dimorphism
Fight or flight
Instinctual/innate behaviours
mechanical isolation
17. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Navigation cues
Hierarchy of bees
18. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Phenotype
Echolocation
Instrumental learning
Hierarchy of bees
19. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Imprinting
phenotypic expression
Comparative psychology
Fixed action patterns (example)
20. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
Communication of bees
Ethology
21. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Pheromones
Nikolaas Tinbergen
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
22. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Wolfgang Kohler
Inbreeding
mechanical isolation
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
23. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Infrasound
Magnetic sense
Selective breeding
Altruism
24. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Echolocation
Harry Harlow
Alleles
Interaction between instinct and learning
25. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
R. C. Tyron
26. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Charles Darwin
Stickleback fish
Eric Kandel
Phenotype
27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Echolocation
Phenotype
Sexual dimorphism
Inclusive fitness
28. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Instinctual drift (example)
mechanical isolation
Edward Thorndike
29. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
Konrad Lorenz
Sexual selection
30. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Herring gull chicks
Charles Darwin
Genetic drift
Phenotype
31. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
genotype
Circadian rhythms
Genes
Sun compass
32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Fixed action patterns (example)
Karl von Frisch
Navigation cues
behavioral isolation
33. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Stickleback fish
Waggle dance
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
34. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Cross fostering experiments
Inbreeding
Imprinting
Supernormal sign stimulus
35. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Mimicry
Zygote
Walter Cannon
Interaction between instinct and learning
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Imprinting
mechanical isolation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
37. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Echolocation
Courting
Interaction between instinct and learning
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Interaction between instinct and learning
Round dance
Herring gull chicks
Circadian rhythms
39. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
isolation by season
Infrasound
Navigation cues
40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Navigation cues
Magnetic sense
Cross fostering experiments
Hearing of owls
41. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Phenotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Gamete
Altruism
42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Pheromones
geographic isolation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Flower selection of bees
43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Round dance
Echolocation
phenotypic expression
Instrumental learning
44. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Walter Cannon
geographic isolation
Sun compass
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
45. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Sexual selection
Konrad Lorenz
Inbreeding
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
46. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Fixed action patterns (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
mechanical isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Mimicry
Estrus
Mating of bees
Eric Kandel
48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Instinctual drift (example)
Imprinting
Sensitive or critical periods
Polarized light
49. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Supernormal sign stimulus
behavioral isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
50. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Altruism
Courting
Walter Cannon
Instinctual/innate behaviours