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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Atmospheric pressure
Inbreeding
Genetic drift
Charles Darwin
2. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Magnetic sense
Sexual selection
Zygote
3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Ethology
Estrus
Konrad Lorenz
Herring gull chicks
4. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Communication of bees
Inclusive fitness
5. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Atmospheric pressure
Releasing stimuli
R. C. Tyron
homeostasis
6. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Fitness
Genes
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
7. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Instinctual drift (example)
Hierarchy of bees
Flower selection of bees
8. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Phenotype
Stickleback fish
Pheromones
Comparative psychology
9. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Sexual selection
Imprinting
Infrasound
Walter Cannon
10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Hearing of owls
Instrumental learning
Herring gull chicks
Natural selection
11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Magnetic sense
Circadian rhythms
Supernormal sign stimulus
Releasing stimuli
12. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Sun compass
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Navigation cues
13. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Inbreeding
Animal aggression
Flower selection of bees
Navigation of bees
14. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Star compass
Zygote
Hierarchy of bees
Mimicry
15. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Ethology
Star compass
Infrasound
phenotypic expression
16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Comparative psychology
Selective breeding
Sensitive or critical periods
17. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Atmospheric pressure
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of animals
Round dance
18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Instrumental learning
isolation by season
Genes
Zygote
19. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sun compass
Ethology
Altruism
20. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Fight or flight
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
mechanical isolation
Walter Cannon
21. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Navigation of bees
R. C. Tyron
Biological clocks
Star compass
22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Imprinting
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
23. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Navigation of animals
Genes
Waggle dance
24. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Inclusive fitness
Sun compass
Echolocation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
25. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Star compass
geographic isolation
Navigation cues
26. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Hierarchy of bees
Round dance
Polarized light
Interaction between instinct and learning
27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Infrasound
Fight or flight
Inbreeding
Courting
28. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
geographic isolation
Stickleback fish
Interaction between instinct and learning
29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Mating of bees
Genetic drift
Genes
30. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
R. C. Tyron
Herring gull chicks
Communication of bees
Sexual dimorphism
31. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Konrad Lorenz
Fitness
Flower selection of bees
Atmospheric pressure
32. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Comparative psychology
Hearing of owls
Navigation cues
Cross fostering experiments
33. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Sensitive or critical periods
Sexual selection
Courting
Pheromones
34. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Herring gull chicks
Phenotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
35. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual drift (example)
Alleles
Releasing stimuli
36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Selective breeding
mechanical isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
37. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Interaction between instinct and learning
Polarized light
Echolocation
Courting
38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Selective breeding
Imprinting
Edward Thorndike
Herring gull chicks
39. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Herring gull chicks
Mimicry
Sun compass
Mating of bees
40. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Charles Darwin
Genes
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation cues
41. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Flower selection of bees
42. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
isolation by season
Comparative psychology
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual/innate behaviours
43. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
mechanical isolation
Comparative psychology
Phenotype
44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Wolfgang Kohler
Instrumental learning
Sun compass
Fight or flight
45. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Genes
Sexual selection
Polarized light
homeostasis
46. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Gamete
Releasing stimuli
47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Atmospheric pressure
Sun compass
Instinctual/innate behaviours
48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Pheromones
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
Polarized light
49. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Fitness
Infrasound
R. C. Tyron
mechanical isolation
50. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Circadian rhythms
isolation by season
Fixed action patterns (example)
Waggle dance