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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






2. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






3. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






4. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






5. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






6. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






8. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






9. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






10. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






11. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






12. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






13. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






14. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






15. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






16. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






17. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






18. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






19. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






20. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






21. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






22. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






24. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






26. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






27. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






28. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






29. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






30. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






31. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






32. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






33. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






34. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






35. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






36. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






37. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






38. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






39. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






40. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






42. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






43. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






44. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






46. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






47. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






50. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models