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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






3. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






4. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






5. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






7. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






8. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






9. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






10. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






11. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






12. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






13. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






14. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






15. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






16. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






17. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






18. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






22. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






25. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






28. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






29. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






30. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






31. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






32. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






33. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






34. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






35. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






36. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






38. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






39. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






40. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






41. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






42. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






44. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






45. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






46. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






48. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






49. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






50. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid