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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






4. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






5. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






6. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






9. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






10. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






11. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






12. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






15. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






16. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






17. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






18. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






19. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






20. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






21. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






22. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






24. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






25. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






26. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






27. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






28. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






29. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






30. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






31. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






32. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






33. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






34. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






35. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






36. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






38. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






40. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






42. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






43. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






44. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






45. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






46. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






47. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






48. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






49. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






50. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin