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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






2. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






4. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






6. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






7. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






8. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






9. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






11. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






12. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






14. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






15. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






16. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






17. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






18. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






19. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






20. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






21. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






22. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






23. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






24. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






25. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






26. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






27. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






28. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






30. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






31. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






32. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






33. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






34. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






36. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






37. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






39. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






41. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






44. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






45. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






47. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






48. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






49. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






50. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits