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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






2. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






3. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






4. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






5. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






6. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






8. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






9. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






10. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






11. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






12. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






15. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






16. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






17. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






18. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






21. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






22. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






23. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






24. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






25. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






26. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






27. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






28. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






29. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






30. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






31. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






32. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






34. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






36. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






37. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






40. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






45. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






46. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






48. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






49. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






50. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour