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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






2. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






3. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






4. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






6. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






9. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






10. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






11. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






12. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






13. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






15. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






16. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






17. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






18. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






19. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






20. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






21. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






23. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






24. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






25. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






26. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






27. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






28. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






29. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






30. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






31. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






33. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






34. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






36. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






37. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






38. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






41. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






42. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






45. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






46. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






47. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






48. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






49. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections