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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






2. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






3. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






4. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






6. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






7. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






8. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






10. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






12. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






14. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






16. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






17. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






18. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






19. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






20. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






21. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






22. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






24. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






25. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






27. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






28. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






29. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






30. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






31. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






34. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






35. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






36. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






37. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






39. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






40. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






42. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






43. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






44. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






45. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






46. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






47. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections







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