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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






3. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






4. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






5. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






6. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






8. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






9. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






12. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






13. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






16. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






20. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






22. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






23. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






24. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






25. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






26. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






27. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






28. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






29. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






30. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






31. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






32. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






35. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






36. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






37. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






38. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






40. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






41. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






42. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






43. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






44. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






47. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






50. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there