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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






4. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






5. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






6. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






8. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






9. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






10. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






11. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






12. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






13. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






14. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






15. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






16. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






17. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






18. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






19. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






20. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






21. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






22. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






25. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






26. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






28. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






29. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






30. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






31. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






32. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






33. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






34. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






35. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






37. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






38. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






39. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






40. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






41. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






42. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






43. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






44. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






45. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






47. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






48. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






50. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness