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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






3. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






4. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






5. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






6. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






7. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






8. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






9. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






10. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






11. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






12. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






13. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






14. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






15. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






16. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






17. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






20. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






21. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






22. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






23. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






24. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






25. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






26. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






28. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






29. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






30. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






31. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






32. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






33. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






34. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






36. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






38. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






39. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






40. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






41. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






42. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






43. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






44. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






45. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






46. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






47. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






48. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






50. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on