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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






3. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






4. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






5. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






7. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






8. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






9. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






10. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






12. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






14. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






15. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






16. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






17. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






18. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






19. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






20. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






22. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






24. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






25. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






26. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






27. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






29. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






30. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






31. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






33. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






34. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






36. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






37. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






38. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






39. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






40. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






41. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






42. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






45. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






46. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






49. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






50. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season