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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Inclusive fitness
Communication of bees
Karl von Frisch
2. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
Alleles
3. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
Phenotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Echolocation
Fitness
geographic isolation
Sexual dimorphism
5. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Circadian rhythms
Instinctual drift (example)
Ethology
Konrad Lorenz
6. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Genetic drift
Echolocation
mechanical isolation
Alleles
7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Polarized light
Navigation of bees
Sexual dimorphism
homeostasis
8. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Animal aggression
Hearing of owls
Releasing stimuli
9. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
behavioral isolation
Cross fostering experiments
Edward Thorndike
10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Imprinting
Hierarchy of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Circadian rhythms
Supernormal sign stimulus
Infrasound
Konrad Lorenz
12. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Instinctual drift (example)
Atmospheric pressure
genotype
behavioral isolation
13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
behavioral isolation
Zygote
14. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Dominant and recessive gene
Gamete
Hearing of owls
Flower selection of bees
15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Inbreeding
Biological clocks
Releasing stimuli
16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Cross fostering experiments
Comparative psychology
Karl von Frisch
17. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Star compass
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Magnetic sense
18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Fight or flight
Cross fostering experiments
homeostasis
19. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Infrasound
Zygote
Circadian rhythms
Phenotype
20. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
phenotypic expression
Waggle dance
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Dominant and recessive gene
21. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Biological clocks
Alleles
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
22. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
R. C. Tyron
Communication of bees
Echolocation
Konrad Lorenz
23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Instrumental learning
Alleles
Walter Cannon
Navigation of animals
24. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Supernormal sign stimulus
Instinctual drift (example)
Natural selection
Releasing stimuli
25. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Cross fostering experiments
Instrumental learning
homeostasis
Fight or flight
26. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Inclusive fitness
Polarized light
Interaction between instinct and learning
Phenotype
27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Hierarchy of bees
Sun compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
Selective breeding
28. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Edward Thorndike
Wolfgang Kohler
29. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Imprinting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sexual selection
Pheromones
30. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Alleles
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Wolfgang Kohler
31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Charles Darwin
Polarized light
Gamete
Magnetic sense
32. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Animal aggression
Edward Thorndike
Mating of bees
Imprinting
33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Sensitive or critical periods
Genetic drift
Zygote
Navigation cues
34. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Atmospheric pressure
Sensitive or critical periods
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
35. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Sexual dimorphism
Navigation of animals
Hierarchy of bees
36. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
Atmospheric pressure
Magnetic sense
37. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Altruism
Charles Darwin
Natural selection
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
38. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Biological clocks
Cross fostering experiments
Herring gull chicks
Hierarchy of bees
39. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Walter Cannon
Magnetic sense
Eric Kandel
Harry Harlow
40. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Selective breeding
Flower selection of bees
Inbreeding
Round dance
41. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Imprinting
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
42. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Mimicry
Biological clocks
Genetic drift
43. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Supernormal sign stimulus
Navigation of bees
Herring gull chicks
Releasing stimuli
44. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Imprinting
Fight or flight
Sexual selection
Dominant and recessive gene
45. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Sexual selection
R. C. Tyron
Karl von Frisch
Dominant and recessive gene
46. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genetic drift
Fitness
Courting
47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Pheromones
Stickleback fish
Genetic drift
Biological clocks
48. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Magnetic sense
Mimicry
Circadian rhythms
Estrus
49. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Alleles
Interaction between instinct and learning
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Flower selection of bees
50. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Mimicry