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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






2. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






6. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






7. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






8. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






9. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






10. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






11. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






12. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






15. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






16. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






17. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






18. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






19. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






22. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






23. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






24. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






25. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






26. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






27. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






28. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






29. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






30. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






31. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






32. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






37. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






41. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






42. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






43. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






44. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






45. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






47. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






49. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






50. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on