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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






3. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






4. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






5. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






6. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






7. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






8. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






11. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






12. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






14. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






16. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






17. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






18. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






20. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






21. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






22. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






23. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






24. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






25. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






27. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






30. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






31. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






32. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






33. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






34. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






36. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






37. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






38. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






39. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






40. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






41. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






43. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






44. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






45. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






46. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






47. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






48. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






49. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






50. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)