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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






2. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






3. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






4. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






5. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






6. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






7. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






9. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






10. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






11. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






12. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






13. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






14. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






15. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






17. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






18. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






19. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






20. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






21. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






22. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






23. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






24. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






25. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






28. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






29. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






30. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






31. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






32. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






35. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






36. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






37. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






39. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






40. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






41. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






42. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






43. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






44. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






45. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






46. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






47. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






48. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time