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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Karl von Frisch
Atmospheric pressure
2. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Atmospheric pressure
Round dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
3. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Mating of bees
phenotypic expression
Infrasound
Instinctual drift (example)
4. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Biological clocks
Magnetic sense
isolation by season
Estrus
5. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Cross fostering experiments
Edward Thorndike
Atmospheric pressure
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
6. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Stickleback fish
phenotypic expression
Mating of bees
Infrasound
7. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
R. C. Tyron
Mimicry
Comparative psychology
behavioral isolation
8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Karl von Frisch
Herring gull chicks
Estrus
9. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Dominant and recessive gene
Fight or flight
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Navigation cues
Dominant and recessive gene
Natural selection
Herring gull chicks
11. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
R. C. Tyron
Gamete
12. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Hearing of owls
homeostasis
Cross fostering experiments
Genes
13. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Fitness
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of animals
Sun compass
14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
phenotypic expression
Sexual selection
Wolfgang Kohler
homeostasis
15. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Harry Harlow
Inbreeding
Herring gull chicks
Infrasound
16. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Edward Thorndike
Biological clocks
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual drift (example)
17. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Genes
Mimicry
Communication of bees
18. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Star compass
Instinctual drift (example)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
19. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Walter Cannon
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Biological clocks
Genes
20. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Biological clocks
Genetic drift
Mimicry
Communication of bees
21. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Sexual dimorphism
geographic isolation
Sexual selection
Animal aggression
22. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Charles Darwin
Courting
Cross fostering experiments
Echolocation
23. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Mating of bees
Herring gull chicks
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
24. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Estrus
Releasing stimuli
Imprinting
Karl von Frisch
25. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Cross fostering experiments
Magnetic sense
Inclusive fitness
26. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Inclusive fitness
Gamete
Hearing of owls
R. C. Tyron
27. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Fixed action patterns (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Eric Kandel
Genetic drift
28. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Mimicry
Selective breeding
Genes
29. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation cues
Interaction between instinct and learning
homeostasis
30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Selective breeding
Interaction between instinct and learning
Comparative psychology
Circadian rhythms
31. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Mimicry
Genes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Biological clocks
32. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
genotype
behavioral isolation
Eric Kandel
Genes
33. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Instrumental learning
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
Flower selection of bees
34. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Navigation cues
Inbreeding
Eric Kandel
genotype
35. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation of bees
Harry Harlow
Cross fostering experiments
36. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
mechanical isolation
Infrasound
genotype
37. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Infrasound
Hearing of owls
Phenotype
Imprinting
38. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Sun compass
Walter Cannon
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
geographic isolation
39. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Dominant and recessive gene
Hierarchy of bees
Phenotype
Fixed action patterns (example)
40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Navigation cues
isolation by season
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Sun compass
Genes
Instrumental learning
Cross fostering experiments
42. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Edward Thorndike
Releasing stimuli
Round dance
43. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Star compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fitness
genotype
44. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
genotype
Gamete
Sensitive or critical periods
Stickleback fish
45. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Hierarchy of bees
Biological clocks
46. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Pheromones
Harry Harlow
Magnetic sense
47. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Round dance
R. C. Tyron
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Alleles
48. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Genetic drift
Fixed action patterns (example)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
49. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fitness
Comparative psychology
Imprinting
50. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Biological clocks
Zygote
Sexual selection
Magnetic sense