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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
Hearing of owls
2. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Dominant and recessive gene
homeostasis
Atmospheric pressure
3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Flower selection of bees
Pheromones
Harry Harlow
Genes
4. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Echolocation
Hearing of owls
Supernormal sign stimulus
Selective breeding
5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Round dance
Walter Cannon
Inbreeding
Genetic drift
6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Altruism
Inbreeding
Charles Darwin
Cross fostering experiments
7. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Supernormal sign stimulus
Infrasound
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
8. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Harry Harlow
Cross fostering experiments
Biological clocks
phenotypic expression
9. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Ethology
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of bees
10. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Polarized light
homeostasis
Circadian rhythms
Cross fostering experiments
11. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Charles Darwin
Infrasound
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
12. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Walter Cannon
Altruism
Fixed action patterns (example)
Gamete
13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Genes
behavioral isolation
Konrad Lorenz
Communication of bees
14. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Dominant and recessive gene
Sun compass
Circadian rhythms
Atmospheric pressure
15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Cross fostering experiments
Interaction between instinct and learning
Star compass
Comparative psychology
16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Interaction between instinct and learning
Genetic drift
Estrus
17. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Karl von Frisch
Polarized light
Courting
18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Comparative psychology
Magnetic sense
Estrus
19. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Inbreeding
Infrasound
Star compass
Interaction between instinct and learning
20. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Gamete
phenotypic expression
Hierarchy of bees
21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Flower selection of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Nikolaas Tinbergen
mechanical isolation
22. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Karl von Frisch
Flower selection of bees
Sexual dimorphism
Hierarchy of bees
23. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
behavioral isolation
Natural selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Supernormal sign stimulus
24. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Inbreeding
Fitness
Waggle dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
25. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Walter Cannon
Altruism
Instrumental learning
Inclusive fitness
26. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Round dance
Altruism
27. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Biological clocks
Sensitive or critical periods
Sexual selection
isolation by season
28. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Communication of bees
Magnetic sense
Instinctual drift (example)
Supernormal sign stimulus
29. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Altruism
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual drift (example)
Sexual dimorphism
30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Charles Darwin
Pheromones
Mating of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Karl von Frisch
behavioral isolation
Round dance
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
32. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Navigation of animals
Wolfgang Kohler
Mimicry
mechanical isolation
33. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
phenotypic expression
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
34. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Walter Cannon
Alleles
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
mechanical isolation
35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Star compass
Mimicry
Nikolaas Tinbergen
36. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Communication of bees
Genes
Fitness
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Eric Kandel
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sexual dimorphism
Inclusive fitness
38. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Navigation of bees
Mating of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Zygote
39. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Sun compass
Gamete
Estrus
Mimicry
40. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Genes
Navigation of animals
Fitness
genotype
41. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Genes
Ethology
Mating of bees
mechanical isolation
42. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Karl von Frisch
Genes
Gamete
Stickleback fish
43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Imprinting
Charles Darwin
mechanical isolation
Communication of bees
44. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Cross fostering experiments
Altruism
Round dance
Fixed action patterns (example)
45. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Releasing stimuli
Infrasound
R. C. Tyron
Fitness
46. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Circadian rhythms
Estrus
Courting
Wolfgang Kohler
47. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation cues
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Charles Darwin
48. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
R. C. Tyron
Interaction between instinct and learning
Harry Harlow
49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
Navigation cues
50. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Genetic drift
Infrasound
Communication of bees