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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
behavioral isolation
Polarized light
Herring gull chicks
isolation by season
2. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Inbreeding
genotype
Biological clocks
Circadian rhythms
3. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Ethology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Interaction between instinct and learning
4. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Interaction between instinct and learning
phenotypic expression
Atmospheric pressure
Imprinting
5. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Imprinting
behavioral isolation
Konrad Lorenz
6. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Polarized light
Estrus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
mechanical isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Hierarchy of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
8. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Biological clocks
isolation by season
Hearing of owls
9. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Altruism
isolation by season
Fixed action patterns (example)
geographic isolation
10. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Star compass
Navigation of animals
Interaction between instinct and learning
Natural selection
11. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
Flower selection of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
12. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Gamete
homeostasis
Fitness
Polarized light
13. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Dominant and recessive gene
Mating of bees
Karl von Frisch
Sensitive or critical periods
14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of animals
Sun compass
15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Echolocation
Karl von Frisch
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Navigation of animals
Atmospheric pressure
Instinctual drift (example)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
17. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Wolfgang Kohler
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual drift (example)
Zygote
18. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Estrus
Star compass
Walter Cannon
Inclusive fitness
19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Karl von Frisch
Hearing of owls
Estrus
genotype
20. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Infrasound
Releasing stimuli
Selective breeding
Polarized light
21. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Inbreeding
Genes
Instinctual drift (example)
Eric Kandel
22. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Comparative psychology
Gamete
isolation by season
Magnetic sense
23. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Edward Thorndike
Star compass
Instinctual/innate behaviours
24. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Navigation of animals
Mating of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
25. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Comparative psychology
Altruism
Round dance
Sensitive or critical periods
26. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Animal aggression
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Genetic drift
Sexual dimorphism
Charles Darwin
Navigation cues
28. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Karl von Frisch
Sun compass
Circadian rhythms
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
29. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Comparative psychology
Navigation of bees
Eric Kandel
30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
Interaction between instinct and learning
Infrasound
31. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Echolocation
Navigation of bees
Sexual selection
32. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Altruism
genotype
Alleles
Genes
33. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Navigation of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inbreeding
Biological clocks
34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Imprinting
Flower selection of bees
Eric Kandel
35. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
behavioral isolation
Polarized light
Phenotype
Courting
36. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
behavioral isolation
Supernormal sign stimulus
Hearing of owls
37. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Alleles
Sexual selection
Fitness
38. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Altruism
Imprinting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Biological clocks
39. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Genetic drift
Round dance
Inbreeding
Selective breeding
40. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
Mimicry
Genes
41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Wolfgang Kohler
Infrasound
Fitness
Releasing stimuli
42. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
mechanical isolation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Hierarchy of bees
Cross fostering experiments
43. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Edward Thorndike
Echolocation
Herring gull chicks
44. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
mechanical isolation
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual drift (example)
Mating of bees
45. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
mechanical isolation
Mating of bees
genotype
Supernormal sign stimulus
46. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Animal aggression
Zygote
Eric Kandel
Gamete
47. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Hierarchy of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
48. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Charles Darwin
Atmospheric pressure
Polarized light
Fixed action patterns (example)
49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Instinctual drift (example)
Animal aggression
Flower selection of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
50. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Selective breeding
Hearing of owls
Zygote
Releasing stimuli
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