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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






3. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






6. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






7. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






8. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






9. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






12. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






13. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






14. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






15. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






17. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






18. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






19. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






20. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






21. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






23. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






24. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






25. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






26. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






29. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






30. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






31. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






32. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






33. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






34. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






35. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






36. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






37. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






38. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






40. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






42. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






44. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






45. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






46. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






47. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






49. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






50. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period