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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






2. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






3. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






4. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






5. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






6. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






7. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






9. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






10. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






12. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






13. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






15. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






16. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






18. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






19. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






20. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






21. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






22. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






23. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






24. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






26. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






27. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






28. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






29. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






30. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






31. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






32. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






34. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






35. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






36. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






37. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






38. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






39. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






40. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






41. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






42. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






44. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






45. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






46. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






50. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid