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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






2. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






3. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






4. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






6. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






7. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






8. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






11. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






12. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






13. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






14. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






15. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






16. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






18. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






19. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






20. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






22. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






23. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






24. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






25. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






26. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






31. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






33. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






34. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






35. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






36. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






37. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






38. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






41. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






42. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






43. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






44. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






45. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






46. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






47. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks