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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






2. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






3. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






5. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






6. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






7. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






8. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






10. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






11. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






12. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






13. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






15. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






16. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






17. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






19. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






20. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






21. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






22. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






25. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






26. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






27. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






28. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






29. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






30. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






31. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






33. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






34. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






38. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






39. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






40. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






41. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






43. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






44. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






45. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






46. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






47. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






48. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






49. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






50. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue