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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






2. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






3. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






6. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






7. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






8. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






9. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






10. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






11. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






12. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






13. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






15. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






18. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






19. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






20. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






21. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






22. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






24. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






25. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






26. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






28. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






29. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






30. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






31. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






32. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






33. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






34. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






35. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






38. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






39. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






40. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






41. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






43. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






44. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






47. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






48. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






49. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






50. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning







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