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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






2. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






3. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






4. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






5. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






7. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






8. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






9. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






10. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






11. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






12. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






13. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






15. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






16. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






17. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






18. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






19. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






20. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






21. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






22. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






23. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






24. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






25. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






26. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






27. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






28. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






29. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






30. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






31. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






32. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






33. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






34. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






35. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






36. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






37. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






38. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






39. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






41. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






43. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






44. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






45. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






46. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






47. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






48. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






49. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






50. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue