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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






2. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






3. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






4. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






5. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






7. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






8. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






9. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






10. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






11. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






12. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






13. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






14. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






15. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






17. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






18. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






19. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






20. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






21. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






22. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






23. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






25. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






26. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






27. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






30. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






32. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






33. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






34. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






37. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






38. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






39. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






40. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






41. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






43. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






44. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






45. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






46. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






47. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






48. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






49. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






50. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial