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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






3. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






4. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






5. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






6. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






7. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






9. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






10. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






11. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






12. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






13. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






14. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






19. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






20. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






21. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






22. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






23. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






25. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






28. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






29. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






30. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






31. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






32. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






33. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






34. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






35. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






36. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






37. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






38. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






39. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






40. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






41. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






42. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






44. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






45. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






46. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






47. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






48. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






49. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






50. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period