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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






3. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






4. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






5. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






6. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






7. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






8. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






9. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






10. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






11. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






12. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






13. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






15. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






16. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






17. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






18. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






20. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






21. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






22. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






23. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






24. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






25. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






26. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






27. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






28. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






29. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






30. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






32. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






33. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






34. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






37. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






38. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






39. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






40. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






42. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






43. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






44. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






45. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






47. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






48. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






50. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways