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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






5. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






7. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






8. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






10. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






12. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






14. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






16. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






19. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






20. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






21. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






23. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






24. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






25. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






27. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






28. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






29. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






30. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






31. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






33. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






34. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






36. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






37. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






40. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






44. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






45. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






46. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






47. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






48. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






49. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






50. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin