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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






2. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






3. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






4. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






5. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






6. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






7. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






8. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






10. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






11. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






12. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






13. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






14. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






15. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






16. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






17. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






18. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






20. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






21. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






22. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






23. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






24. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






25. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






26. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






27. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






28. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






30. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






31. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






32. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






33. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






34. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






38. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






39. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






42. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






44. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






45. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






46. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






47. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






48. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






50. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience