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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Sexual dimorphism
Ethology
Courting
Flower selection of bees
2. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Animal aggression
Interaction between instinct and learning
3. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Hierarchy of bees
Konrad Lorenz
isolation by season
genotype
4. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Hierarchy of bees
Courting
Natural selection
5. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Harry Harlow
Walter Cannon
Courting
Sexual dimorphism
6. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Sexual dimorphism
Stickleback fish
Interaction between instinct and learning
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
7. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Genes
Stickleback fish
Genetic drift
Biological clocks
8. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Charles Darwin
Courting
homeostasis
Stickleback fish
9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation cues
Round dance
10. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Waggle dance
Dominant and recessive gene
Estrus
Imprinting
11. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Walter Cannon
phenotypic expression
Comparative psychology
Genetic drift
12. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Navigation of animals
Stickleback fish
Navigation cues
Inbreeding
13. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Fight or flight
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
14. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Polarized light
Magnetic sense
Edward Thorndike
Inclusive fitness
15. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Charles Darwin
mechanical isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
homeostasis
16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
genotype
Imprinting
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Star compass
17. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Fitness
behavioral isolation
Estrus
Releasing stimuli
18. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Imprinting
Round dance
Supernormal sign stimulus
Infrasound
19. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Sexual dimorphism
Altruism
Animal aggression
Sexual selection
20. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
homeostasis
Genes
Herring gull chicks
21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Flower selection of bees
Eric Kandel
Nikolaas Tinbergen
22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Zygote
Round dance
Mating of bees
Polarized light
23. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Hearing of owls
Communication of bees
behavioral isolation
Round dance
24. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fight or flight
Altruism
Fixed action patterns (example)
Eric Kandel
25. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Star compass
Alleles
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Circadian rhythms
Phenotype
isolation by season
homeostasis
27. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation cues
Instrumental learning
Genes
28. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Alleles
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Ethology
29. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Courting
Edward Thorndike
Circadian rhythms
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
30. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Mating of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Inbreeding
Eric Kandel
31. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Stickleback fish
Magnetic sense
Navigation of animals
32. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sensitive or critical periods
Instinctual drift (example)
Cross fostering experiments
33. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Infrasound
Star compass
34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Cross fostering experiments
Animal aggression
Dominant and recessive gene
Atmospheric pressure
35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Zygote
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Harry Harlow
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
36. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Edward Thorndike
Harry Harlow
Navigation of animals
Eric Kandel
37. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Hearing of owls
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
mechanical isolation
Stickleback fish
Navigation cues
Hierarchy of bees
39. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Hearing of owls
Dominant and recessive gene
Phenotype
40. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Genetic drift
Estrus
41. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Konrad Lorenz
Instinctual drift (example)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
42. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Atmospheric pressure
Polarized light
Phenotype
Supernormal sign stimulus
43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Waggle dance
Round dance
Sexual dimorphism
Gamete
44. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Cross fostering experiments
Hierarchy of bees
Instrumental learning
Navigation cues
45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Phenotype
Magnetic sense
Releasing stimuli
geographic isolation
46. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Natural selection
R. C. Tyron
Flower selection of bees
Navigation of animals
47. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
Mating of bees
Circadian rhythms
48. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
genotype
Sexual selection
49. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
behavioral isolation
isolation by season
mechanical isolation
Gamete
50. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Star compass
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Konrad Lorenz