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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






2. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






3. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






4. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






5. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






6. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






7. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






9. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






10. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






11. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






13. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






14. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






15. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






16. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






17. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






18. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






20. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






21. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






22. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






24. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






25. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






26. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






28. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






29. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






31. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






32. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






33. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






34. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






35. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






36. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






37. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






38. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






40. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






41. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






42. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






43. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






45. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






46. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






47. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






48. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






49. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






50. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits