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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






2. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






4. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






5. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






6. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






9. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






10. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






11. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






12. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






13. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






14. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






16. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






17. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






18. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






19. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






20. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






21. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






23. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






25. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






26. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






27. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






29. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






30. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






33. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






34. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






35. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






36. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






37. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






38. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






39. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






40. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






41. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






42. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






43. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






44. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






45. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






46. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






47. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






48. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






49. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






50. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes