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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Circadian rhythms
Herring gull chicks
Comparative psychology
Natural selection
2. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Inclusive fitness
homeostasis
Eric Kandel
Instrumental learning
3. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Echolocation
Estrus
Cross fostering experiments
Star compass
4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Round dance
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Hierarchy of bees
5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Biological clocks
Ethology
Edward Thorndike
Walter Cannon
6. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Infrasound
Sun compass
Walter Cannon
7. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Supernormal sign stimulus
Inclusive fitness
Mating of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Konrad Lorenz
Courting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fixed action patterns (example)
9. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
phenotypic expression
Genetic drift
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sun compass
10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Waggle dance
Polarized light
phenotypic expression
12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Hierarchy of bees
Animal aggression
Infrasound
Estrus
13. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
14. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Edward Thorndike
Instinctual drift (example)
Mating of bees
Releasing stimuli
15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Comparative psychology
Genetic drift
Waggle dance
Echolocation
16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Inbreeding
Navigation cues
Wolfgang Kohler
Hierarchy of bees
17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Wolfgang Kohler
Hearing of owls
Echolocation
Supernormal sign stimulus
18. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Biological clocks
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
Harry Harlow
19. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
phenotypic expression
Mimicry
Genes
20. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Round dance
Circadian rhythms
Instinctual/innate behaviours
21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Releasing stimuli
genotype
Genetic drift
Genes
22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Interaction between instinct and learning
behavioral isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
Pheromones
23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Interaction between instinct and learning
Walter Cannon
Hearing of owls
Polarized light
24. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
homeostasis
Animal aggression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fitness
25. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Sun compass
Communication of bees
Harry Harlow
Atmospheric pressure
26. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Infrasound
Hearing of owls
mechanical isolation
27. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
R. C. Tyron
Walter Cannon
Herring gull chicks
Altruism
28. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Echolocation
Navigation cues
Comparative psychology
Harry Harlow
29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Courting
Phenotype
Biological clocks
Star compass
30. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Karl von Frisch
Hierarchy of bees
Flower selection of bees
31. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Pheromones
genotype
Sun compass
Imprinting
32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Navigation of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
isolation by season
Sexual dimorphism
33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Harry Harlow
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
34. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Ethology
Alleles
Hearing of owls
Communication of bees
35. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Walter Cannon
mechanical isolation
Navigation of animals
Alleles
36. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Dominant and recessive gene
Genes
homeostasis
Pheromones
37. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Fight or flight
Genes
R. C. Tyron
behavioral isolation
38. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Altruism
Genetic drift
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fitness
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting
40. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Waggle dance
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
41. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Stickleback fish
Mating of bees
Konrad Lorenz
Ethology
42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Sexual selection
Instinctual drift (example)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
43. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Charles Darwin
Genetic drift
Eric Kandel
Harry Harlow
44. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sun compass
Zygote
Altruism
45. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Comparative psychology
Fight or flight
Mimicry
Atmospheric pressure
46. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Gamete
Genes
Stickleback fish
Sexual selection
47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Comparative psychology
Sun compass
Releasing stimuli
mechanical isolation
48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Estrus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Courting
Konrad Lorenz
49. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Releasing stimuli
Phenotype
R. C. Tyron
50. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Imprinting
Releasing stimuli
Interaction between instinct and learning
phenotypic expression