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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Sun compass
Instrumental learning
behavioral isolation
Supernormal sign stimulus
2. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Edward Thorndike
Instrumental learning
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
3. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Eric Kandel
Sexual selection
Harry Harlow
4. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Courting
Flower selection of bees
5. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Sensitive or critical periods
Mimicry
Sun compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
6. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Waggle dance
Hearing of owls
7. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Konrad Lorenz
Releasing stimuli
Circadian rhythms
Biological clocks
8. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Sexual selection
Fitness
Fight or flight
9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Mimicry
Eric Kandel
Ethology
10. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Navigation of animals
Fight or flight
Charles Darwin
11. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Sexual selection
phenotypic expression
Round dance
Navigation of animals
12. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Harry Harlow
Star compass
phenotypic expression
Ethology
13. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Altruism
Karl von Frisch
Sexual dimorphism
14. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Flower selection of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
R. C. Tyron
15. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Walter Cannon
Altruism
Genes
16. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Phenotype
Inclusive fitness
Atmospheric pressure
Konrad Lorenz
17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Courting
genotype
Nikolaas Tinbergen
18. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Wolfgang Kohler
Hierarchy of bees
Karl von Frisch
Hearing of owls
19. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Star compass
phenotypic expression
Sun compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
20. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Echolocation
Cross fostering experiments
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Waggle dance
21. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
22. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Fixed action patterns (example)
Konrad Lorenz
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Eric Kandel
23. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Animal aggression
Star compass
Magnetic sense
24. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
25. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Sun compass
Edward Thorndike
Cross fostering experiments
genotype
26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Circadian rhythms
mechanical isolation
Navigation cues
phenotypic expression
27. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Instrumental learning
Courting
Imprinting
Sexual dimorphism
28. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Polarized light
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
Wolfgang Kohler
29. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Hierarchy of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Phenotype
Wolfgang Kohler
30. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Walter Cannon
Phenotype
homeostasis
Genes
31. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Herring gull chicks
Communication of bees
Sun compass
Pheromones
32. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
Nikolaas Tinbergen
phenotypic expression
33. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Altruism
Infrasound
Pheromones
34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Supernormal sign stimulus
Selective breeding
isolation by season
35. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Sun compass
Hierarchy of bees
Releasing stimuli
36. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Flower selection of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
genotype
behavioral isolation
37. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Round dance
Estrus
Sexual selection
geographic isolation
38. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Inclusive fitness
Atmospheric pressure
Flower selection of bees
39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Nikolaas Tinbergen
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Walter Cannon
40. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Polarized light
isolation by season
Round dance
Supernormal sign stimulus
41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Circadian rhythms
Zygote
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
42. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Stickleback fish
Biological clocks
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation of bees
43. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Supernormal sign stimulus
Biological clocks
Genetic drift
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
44. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Polarized light
Genes
behavioral isolation
45. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Wolfgang Kohler
Alleles
Round dance
Mating of bees
46. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Circadian rhythms
Charles Darwin
Waggle dance
Sensitive or critical periods
47. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Selective breeding
Genes
Hearing of owls
48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Comparative psychology
Dominant and recessive gene
Sun compass
Zygote
49. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Sensitive or critical periods
Inclusive fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
Hierarchy of bees
50. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Zygote
Imprinting
Waggle dance
Fight or flight