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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






2. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






4. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






5. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






6. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






8. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






9. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






10. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






11. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






12. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






13. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






14. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






15. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






16. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






17. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






18. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






19. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






21. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






26. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






28. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






29. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






32. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






33. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






34. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






37. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






38. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






39. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






41. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






42. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






43. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






44. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






45. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






46. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






47. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






48. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






49. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






50. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned