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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Mimicry
Alleles
mechanical isolation
Navigation cues
2. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Herring gull chicks
Imprinting
homeostasis
mechanical isolation
3. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
behavioral isolation
Altruism
Flower selection of bees
Mating of bees
4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Harry Harlow
Phenotype
Atmospheric pressure
mechanical isolation
5. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Dominant and recessive gene
Konrad Lorenz
Fight or flight
behavioral isolation
6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
R. C. Tyron
Edward Thorndike
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms
7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sensitive or critical periods
Altruism
Walter Cannon
8. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Infrasound
Walter Cannon
Sun compass
9. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
isolation by season
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
Atmospheric pressure
10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sensitive or critical periods
Supernormal sign stimulus
11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Biological clocks
Estrus
Magnetic sense
Stickleback fish
12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Cross fostering experiments
Zygote
Selective breeding
Alleles
13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
geographic isolation
Hierarchy of bees
behavioral isolation
14. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Navigation of animals
Star compass
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Round dance
15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Infrasound
Fitness
Imprinting
Inbreeding
16. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Estrus
Dominant and recessive gene
Sexual dimorphism
Fight or flight
17. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Sexual selection
Estrus
homeostasis
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
18. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Circadian rhythms
Courting
Fixed action patterns (example)
19. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Atmospheric pressure
Waggle dance
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Fixed action patterns (example)
20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
behavioral isolation
Sexual selection
Wolfgang Kohler
Mating of bees
21. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Biological clocks
Estrus
Atmospheric pressure
Navigation of bees
22. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Animal aggression
Sensitive or critical periods
Communication of bees
Sexual dimorphism
23. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Star compass
Selective breeding
Sensitive or critical periods
Fitness
24. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
geographic isolation
Inclusive fitness
Sensitive or critical periods
phenotypic expression
25. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Mimicry
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Harry Harlow
Polarized light
26. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
geographic isolation
Hierarchy of bees
Comparative psychology
R. C. Tyron
27. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
Inclusive fitness
Konrad Lorenz
28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
behavioral isolation
Alleles
Charles Darwin
Edward Thorndike
29. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Alleles
Walter Cannon
Harry Harlow
Pheromones
30. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Instinctual drift (example)
Courting
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Polarized light
31. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Courting
Genes
Alleles
Selective breeding
32. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Wolfgang Kohler
Sexual selection
phenotypic expression
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
33. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Biological clocks
Hierarchy of bees
Sexual dimorphism
34. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Ethology
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Phenotype
35. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Imprinting
Sensitive or critical periods
Zygote
36. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Pheromones
Courting
Navigation of animals
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
37. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Inclusive fitness
phenotypic expression
Wolfgang Kohler
38. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Zygote
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Estrus
39. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Harry Harlow
Navigation cues
Instinctual drift (example)
40. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Eric Kandel
Fitness
Interaction between instinct and learning
41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Selective breeding
isolation by season
Alleles
42. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Walter Cannon
Circadian rhythms
43. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Communication of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Dominant and recessive gene
44. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Courting
Fixed action patterns (example)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Zygote
45. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
46. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Biological clocks
Hierarchy of bees
Stickleback fish
Pheromones
47. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Fixed action patterns (example)
Flower selection of bees
Sexual dimorphism
48. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Mating of bees
Walter Cannon
Estrus
49. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Navigation cues
Pheromones
Zygote
50. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Inclusive fitness
Harry Harlow
Stickleback fish
phenotypic expression