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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






2. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






3. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






4. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






5. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






7. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






9. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






10. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






11. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






12. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






13. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






14. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






15. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






21. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






22. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






24. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






26. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






28. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






29. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






31. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






33. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






35. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






36. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






38. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






39. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






40. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






41. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






43. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






44. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






45. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






46. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






47. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






48. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






49. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards