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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






3. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






5. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






6. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






8. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






9. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






10. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






11. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






12. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






13. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






14. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






16. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






17. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






18. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






19. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






20. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






22. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






23. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






26. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






28. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






29. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






30. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






31. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






32. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






33. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






35. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






36. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






37. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






38. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






39. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






40. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






42. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






43. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






44. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






45. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






46. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






47. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






48. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






49. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






50. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season