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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Supernormal sign stimulus
Biological clocks
Edward Thorndike
Courting
2. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Supernormal sign stimulus
Round dance
mechanical isolation
Animal aggression
3. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Ethology
Hearing of owls
geographic isolation
4. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Sexual dimorphism
Konrad Lorenz
Ethology
Animal aggression
5. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Sexual dimorphism
Instinctual drift (example)
Harry Harlow
Instrumental learning
6. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Biological clocks
Supernormal sign stimulus
Stickleback fish
Atmospheric pressure
7. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Instinctual drift (example)
Inclusive fitness
Comparative psychology
8. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Circadian rhythms
Estrus
Cross fostering experiments
Inclusive fitness
9. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Dominant and recessive gene
Releasing stimuli
Fight or flight
Genetic drift
10. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Zygote
Instrumental learning
Fitness
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
11. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Altruism
Polarized light
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
12. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Natural selection
homeostasis
Selective breeding
Sun compass
13. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Navigation of animals
Magnetic sense
isolation by season
Mimicry
14. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Stickleback fish
Atmospheric pressure
Interaction between instinct and learning
15. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Hierarchy of bees
Courting
Magnetic sense
Harry Harlow
16. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Courting
Karl von Frisch
Selective breeding
17. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
18. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Communication of bees
Phenotype
Genes
19. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Karl von Frisch
Phenotype
Echolocation
Gamete
20. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
mechanical isolation
Inbreeding
Alleles
Karl von Frisch
21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Konrad Lorenz
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
22. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Sexual dimorphism
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sexual selection
Sensitive or critical periods
23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Atmospheric pressure
Herring gull chicks
Flower selection of bees
Konrad Lorenz
24. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
geographic isolation
Infrasound
Natural selection
Walter Cannon
25. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Waggle dance
phenotypic expression
Comparative psychology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
26. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Echolocation
Selective breeding
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Communication of bees
isolation by season
Navigation of bees
mechanical isolation
28. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Konrad Lorenz
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
29. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Navigation of animals
Eric Kandel
Walter Cannon
phenotypic expression
30. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Magnetic sense
Sensitive or critical periods
Zygote
Comparative psychology
31. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
mechanical isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
Mating of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
32. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Supernormal sign stimulus
Navigation of bees
Communication of bees
Walter Cannon
33. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Hearing of owls
Selective breeding
34. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Fight or flight
Zygote
Dominant and recessive gene
Estrus
35. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Charles Darwin
Inclusive fitness
Courting
36. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Dominant and recessive gene
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Round dance
37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Selective breeding
Mimicry
Inclusive fitness
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Flower selection of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
phenotypic expression
Navigation cues
39. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Zygote
Infrasound
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
40. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Sun compass
Instinctual drift (example)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms
41. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Dominant and recessive gene
Infrasound
Courting
Cross fostering experiments
42. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Animal aggression
Alleles
Hierarchy of bees
Konrad Lorenz
43. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Fixed action patterns (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Phenotype
Magnetic sense
44. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
phenotypic expression
Pheromones
Walter Cannon
Estrus
45. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Dominant and recessive gene
Instinctual drift (example)
Interaction between instinct and learning
Genetic drift
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Stickleback fish
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual drift (example)
47. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
R. C. Tyron
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Ethology
Sexual dimorphism
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Hearing of owls
49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
geographic isolation
Pheromones
Imprinting
50. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Mating of bees
Star compass
Natural selection
R. C. Tyron