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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Sensitive or critical periods
Pheromones
Mimicry
2. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Sensitive or critical periods
Fight or flight
Waggle dance
Inclusive fitness
3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Communication of bees
Alleles
Pheromones
Hierarchy of bees
4. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Biological clocks
homeostasis
Flower selection of bees
5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of animals
Instrumental learning
6. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Echolocation
phenotypic expression
Dominant and recessive gene
Konrad Lorenz
7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation of animals
isolation by season
Wolfgang Kohler
8. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Biological clocks
Pheromones
Alleles
Circadian rhythms
9. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Genetic drift
Konrad Lorenz
Animal aggression
10. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Walter Cannon
Atmospheric pressure
Altruism
behavioral isolation
11. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Interaction between instinct and learning
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation cues
Biological clocks
12. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of bees
Walter Cannon
Phenotype
13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Communication of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Courting
Pheromones
14. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
mechanical isolation
Eric Kandel
Navigation of bees
Waggle dance
15. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Ethology
Genetic drift
Phenotype
16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Stickleback fish
Magnetic sense
Sun compass
Wolfgang Kohler
17. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Herring gull chicks
behavioral isolation
Circadian rhythms
18. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Waggle dance
Stickleback fish
Sexual selection
Circadian rhythms
19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
homeostasis
Mating of bees
Herring gull chicks
Comparative psychology
20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Echolocation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Infrasound
Estrus
Hearing of owls
Nikolaas Tinbergen
22. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Instrumental learning
Herring gull chicks
Navigation cues
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
23. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Navigation of bees
Instrumental learning
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Edward Thorndike
24. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Wolfgang Kohler
Sensitive or critical periods
Mimicry
Selective breeding
25. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sexual selection
Genetic drift
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sensitive or critical periods
26. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
Alleles
Navigation of bees
27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Hearing of owls
Biological clocks
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sensitive or critical periods
28. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fixed action patterns (example)
Fitness
Sun compass
Dominant and recessive gene
29. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Hearing of owls
Altruism
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Gamete
30. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Navigation of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Herring gull chicks
Atmospheric pressure
31. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
phenotypic expression
Communication of bees
Cross fostering experiments
32. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Fixed action patterns (example)
mechanical isolation
Sexual dimorphism
Supernormal sign stimulus
33. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Genetic drift
Fixed action patterns (example)
Konrad Lorenz
Fitness
34. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
R. C. Tyron
Interaction between instinct and learning
Genes
Fitness
35. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Pheromones
Sexual selection
Animal aggression
phenotypic expression
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
mechanical isolation
geographic isolation
Hearing of owls
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
37. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
genotype
Biological clocks
Atmospheric pressure
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
38. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
isolation by season
Waggle dance
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Animal aggression
39. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Pheromones
Star compass
Ethology
40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Mimicry
Charles Darwin
Biological clocks
41. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
isolation by season
Genetic drift
Natural selection
42. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Flower selection of bees
Biological clocks
Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
43. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Harry Harlow
Polarized light
Releasing stimuli
Echolocation
44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Phenotype
homeostasis
R. C. Tyron
Communication of bees
45. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Inbreeding
Navigation of animals
Sun compass
Natural selection
46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Navigation of animals
Fixed action patterns (example)
isolation by season
genotype
47. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Fight or flight
Inclusive fitness
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Infrasound
48. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Genes
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
Cross fostering experiments
49. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Star compass
Harry Harlow
Genes
Sexual selection
50. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
geographic isolation
Inclusive fitness
genotype