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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






2. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






4. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






5. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






6. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






7. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






8. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






9. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






10. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






11. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






12. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






15. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






16. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






17. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






18. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






19. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






22. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






23. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






24. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






25. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






26. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






27. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






29. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






30. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






31. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






32. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






33. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






34. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






35. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






36. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






37. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






38. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






39. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






40. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






41. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






43. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






46. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






47. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






48. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






49. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






50. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation