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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






3. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






4. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






5. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






7. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






8. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






9. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






10. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






11. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






12. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






13. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






14. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






15. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






16. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






17. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






18. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






19. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






21. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






22. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






23. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






25. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






27. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






29. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






32. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






33. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






34. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






35. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






36. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






37. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






38. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






39. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






40. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






41. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






42. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






44. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






46. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






47. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






48. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






49. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






50. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate







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