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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






2. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






3. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






4. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






5. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






7. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






8. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






10. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






11. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






12. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






13. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






14. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






15. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






16. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






17. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






19. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






20. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






22. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






23. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






24. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






27. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






28. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






29. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






30. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






32. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






33. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






34. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






36. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






37. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






38. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






39. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






40. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






42. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






44. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






45. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






46. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






47. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






48. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






49. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






50. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour