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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






4. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






5. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






6. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






8. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






9. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






10. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






11. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






12. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






13. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






15. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






16. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






17. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






18. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






21. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






23. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






24. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






25. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






26. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






27. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






28. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






30. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






31. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






32. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






35. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






36. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






37. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






38. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






39. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






40. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






43. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






44. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






45. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






46. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






47. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






48. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






49. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






50. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness