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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






2. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






3. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






4. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






5. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






6. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






7. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






8. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






9. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






11. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






15. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






16. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






17. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






18. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






23. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






24. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






25. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






27. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






28. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






29. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






31. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






32. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






33. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






34. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






35. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






36. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






37. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






38. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






39. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






40. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






41. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






42. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






43. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






46. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






47. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






48. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






50. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity