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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Round dance
Genes
R. C. Tyron
Mimicry
2. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Estrus
Ethology
Genes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Flower selection of bees
Instrumental learning
Communication of bees
4. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Atmospheric pressure
Releasing stimuli
5. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Eric Kandel
Alleles
Atmospheric pressure
6. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
Sexual dimorphism
homeostasis
7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Releasing stimuli
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
8. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
R. C. Tyron
phenotypic expression
Instrumental learning
9. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Herring gull chicks
Genetic drift
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Courting
10. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Sensitive or critical periods
Stickleback fish
Infrasound
Hierarchy of bees
11. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Instrumental learning
Fight or flight
Altruism
12. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
Pheromones
mechanical isolation
13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Comparative psychology
Fitness
phenotypic expression
14. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Fixed action patterns (example)
Eric Kandel
Magnetic sense
Comparative psychology
15. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
16. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
behavioral isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sexual selection
Waggle dance
17. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Round dance
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
18. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Genes
Navigation cues
19. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Hearing of owls
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Eric Kandel
20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Instrumental learning
Pheromones
Circadian rhythms
21. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Sensitive or critical periods
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual drift (example)
Mimicry
22. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Cross fostering experiments
genotype
Interaction between instinct and learning
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
23. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hearing of owls
Eric Kandel
24. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Polarized light
Waggle dance
Ethology
Infrasound
25. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Harry Harlow
Animal aggression
Circadian rhythms
Selective breeding
26. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Sun compass
Sexual dimorphism
Echolocation
Wolfgang Kohler
27. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Karl von Frisch
phenotypic expression
Polarized light
Mating of bees
28. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Wolfgang Kohler
behavioral isolation
Cross fostering experiments
Sexual dimorphism
29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
mechanical isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Phenotype
Waggle dance
30. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Nikolaas Tinbergen
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fitness
Sun compass
31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Navigation of bees
Hierarchy of bees
Harry Harlow
32. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Ethology
Magnetic sense
Genes
Konrad Lorenz
33. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Charles Darwin
genotype
Konrad Lorenz
Estrus
34. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Releasing stimuli
Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Edward Thorndike
35. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Star compass
Circadian rhythms
Pheromones
36. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Edward Thorndike
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Sensitive or critical periods
37. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Wolfgang Kohler
Fitness
38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
genotype
R. C. Tyron
isolation by season
Wolfgang Kohler
39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Herring gull chicks
Mimicry
Instrumental learning
Konrad Lorenz
40. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Inclusive fitness
Atmospheric pressure
Instinctual drift (example)
genotype
41. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Navigation of bees
Alleles
Biological clocks
Echolocation
42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Round dance
Mimicry
Releasing stimuli
Hearing of owls
43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
phenotypic expression
Polarized light
Harry Harlow
Herring gull chicks
44. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Zygote
Inclusive fitness
Star compass
45. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Edward Thorndike
Inbreeding
46. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Mating of bees
Estrus
Instrumental learning
47. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Sun compass
Infrasound
Communication of bees
Gamete
48. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Cross fostering experiments
R. C. Tyron
Animal aggression
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
49. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Alleles
Mimicry
Animal aggression
Walter Cannon
50. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Animal aggression
Instinctual drift (example)