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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






2. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






3. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






4. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






6. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






7. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






8. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






9. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






10. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






11. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






12. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






13. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






14. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






15. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






16. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






17. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






18. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






19. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






20. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






22. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






23. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






24. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






25. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






26. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






27. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






29. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






30. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






31. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






33. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






34. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






35. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






36. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






37. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






40. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






41. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






44. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






46. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






47. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






48. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






49. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






50. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning