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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






5. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






6. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






8. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






9. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






10. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






12. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






13. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






16. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






17. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






18. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






19. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






21. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






22. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






23. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






24. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






25. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






26. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






27. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






28. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






32. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






34. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






35. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






36. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






37. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






38. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






39. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






40. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






41. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






42. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






45. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






46. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






47. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






49. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






50. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids