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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






2. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






3. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






4. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






5. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






6. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






7. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






8. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






9. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






10. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






11. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






12. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






13. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






14. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






15. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






18. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






19. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






20. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






21. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






22. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






23. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






24. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






25. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






26. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






27. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






28. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






29. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






30. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






32. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






33. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






34. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






36. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






37. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






38. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






40. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






42. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






43. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






44. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






46. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






47. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






48. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






49. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections