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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






2. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






3. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






4. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






5. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






6. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






7. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






8. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






9. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






10. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






11. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






12. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






13. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






14. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






15. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






16. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






17. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






18. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






19. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






20. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






21. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






22. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






24. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






27. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






29. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






30. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






31. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






32. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






33. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






34. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






35. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






36. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






40. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






41. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






42. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






46. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






48. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






49. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






50. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)