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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Selective breeding
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
homeostasis
2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Releasing stimuli
Inbreeding
Circadian rhythms
3. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Biological clocks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sun compass
Star compass
4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Estrus
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sensitive or critical periods
Inbreeding
5. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Konrad Lorenz
R. C. Tyron
Interaction between instinct and learning
Charles Darwin
6. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Zygote
Phenotype
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Comparative psychology
7. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Magnetic sense
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Herring gull chicks
Harry Harlow
8. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Fitness
Instinctual drift (example)
Estrus
Hearing of owls
9. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Selective breeding
Genetic drift
Biological clocks
10. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Konrad Lorenz
Instrumental learning
Fixed action patterns (example)
Charles Darwin
11. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Zygote
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
Hearing of owls
12. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Selective breeding
Imprinting
Sensitive or critical periods
Circadian rhythms
13. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Natural selection
Cross fostering experiments
Instrumental learning
Navigation cues
14. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Navigation of bees
Charles Darwin
Karl von Frisch
isolation by season
15. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Herring gull chicks
Dominant and recessive gene
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Supernormal sign stimulus
16. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
mechanical isolation
Karl von Frisch
Circadian rhythms
17. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Karl von Frisch
Mimicry
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
18. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Sexual dimorphism
Circadian rhythms
genotype
Fitness
19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Navigation of animals
R. C. Tyron
Fight or flight
behavioral isolation
20. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Sensitive or critical periods
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation of animals
Mating of bees
21. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Genetic drift
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Flower selection of bees
22. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Harry Harlow
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
phenotypic expression
23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Comparative psychology
Fixed action patterns (example)
Polarized light
Instinctual/innate behaviours
24. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Waggle dance
Edward Thorndike
Fight or flight
genotype
25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Imprinting
Atmospheric pressure
Communication of bees
Animal aggression
26. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Supernormal sign stimulus
Genetic drift
Karl von Frisch
Genes
27. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Hierarchy of bees
Eric Kandel
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual drift (example)
28. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Mating of bees
Inbreeding
phenotypic expression
Eric Kandel
29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Mimicry
Fitness
Zygote
30. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
Animal aggression
Echolocation
31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Navigation of animals
Konrad Lorenz
Round dance
Fight or flight
32. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Hearing of owls
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
33. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Mimicry
Altruism
Instrumental learning
Biological clocks
34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Courting
Charles Darwin
Eric Kandel
35. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
behavioral isolation
Echolocation
Edward Thorndike
36. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Ethology
Harry Harlow
Edward Thorndike
37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Wolfgang Kohler
genotype
Zygote
Stickleback fish
38. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Mimicry
Ethology
Magnetic sense
Circadian rhythms
39. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Selective breeding
Navigation of animals
Animal aggression
40. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Ethology
Biological clocks
Animal aggression
41. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Comparative psychology
Natural selection
Charles Darwin
geographic isolation
42. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Supernormal sign stimulus
Alleles
Hierarchy of bees
R. C. Tyron
43. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sexual dimorphism
Inclusive fitness
mechanical isolation
44. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of animals
Sexual selection
Estrus
45. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Sexual selection
46. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Harry Harlow
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instrumental learning
genotype
47. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
Karl von Frisch
48. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Navigation of bees
Imprinting
Pheromones
Circadian rhythms
49. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Sexual selection
Alleles
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Atmospheric pressure
50. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Sensitive or critical periods
Flower selection of bees
Sexual selection
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