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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






2. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






3. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






4. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






5. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






6. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






7. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






8. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






9. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






11. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






12. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






14. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






15. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






16. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






17. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






20. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






21. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






22. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






24. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






25. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






26. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






28. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






29. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






30. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






32. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






33. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






34. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






35. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






37. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






38. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






39. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






40. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






41. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






42. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






45. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






46. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue