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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






3. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






4. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






5. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






6. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






7. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






8. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






9. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






10. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






11. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






12. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






13. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






14. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






17. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






18. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






19. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






20. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






22. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






25. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






27. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






28. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






29. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






30. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






31. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






32. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






34. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






36. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






37. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






38. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






39. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






40. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






41. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






42. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






44. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






45. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






46. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






47. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






48. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






49. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






50. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models