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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Alleles
Sexual selection
Inbreeding
2. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Estrus
Karl von Frisch
Navigation of animals
Gamete
3. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Wolfgang Kohler
Alleles
Comparative psychology
Sun compass
4. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Inclusive fitness
Herring gull chicks
Navigation cues
Biological clocks
5. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Eric Kandel
Pheromones
6. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
phenotypic expression
Stickleback fish
homeostasis
7. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Gamete
Biological clocks
phenotypic expression
Navigation of animals
8. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Charles Darwin
geographic isolation
Navigation of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
9. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Navigation of animals
Harry Harlow
Animal aggression
Edward Thorndike
10. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
mechanical isolation
Karl von Frisch
Atmospheric pressure
Altruism
11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
isolation by season
Sexual dimorphism
Karl von Frisch
phenotypic expression
12. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Hearing of owls
Herring gull chicks
Waggle dance
Sexual dimorphism
13. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Sexual dimorphism
homeostasis
Infrasound
14. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Sexual selection
Genes
Genetic drift
behavioral isolation
15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Mimicry
Navigation of animals
Charles Darwin
Konrad Lorenz
16. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Fight or flight
Altruism
Estrus
isolation by season
17. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Edward Thorndike
Flower selection of bees
Comparative psychology
18. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Animal aggression
Atmospheric pressure
Fitness
Mimicry
19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Mimicry
Wolfgang Kohler
geographic isolation
Comparative psychology
20. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Communication of bees
Walter Cannon
21. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Mating of bees
Mimicry
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Hearing of owls
Alleles
Star compass
Nikolaas Tinbergen
23. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
mechanical isolation
genotype
Inbreeding
Sensitive or critical periods
24. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Instinctual drift (example)
Sun compass
25. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Mating of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Cross fostering experiments
Inbreeding
26. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Fixed action patterns (example)
Courting
Eric Kandel
Edward Thorndike
27. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Sensitive or critical periods
Supernormal sign stimulus
Animal aggression
Stickleback fish
28. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Harry Harlow
Imprinting
Cross fostering experiments
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
29. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Mimicry
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Fight or flight
Konrad Lorenz
30. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
R. C. Tyron
Infrasound
Hierarchy of bees
Charles Darwin
31. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Ethology
Instrumental learning
Flower selection of bees
Estrus
32. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Instrumental learning
Infrasound
Dominant and recessive gene
Zygote
33. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual drift (example)
behavioral isolation
Phenotype
34. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
phenotypic expression
Flower selection of bees
behavioral isolation
Sexual selection
35. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Phenotype
Supernormal sign stimulus
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
36. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Eric Kandel
Echolocation
phenotypic expression
behavioral isolation
37. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Imprinting
Echolocation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Waggle dance
38. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Altruism
geographic isolation
39. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Fitness
Releasing stimuli
Atmospheric pressure
40. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Alleles
Communication of bees
Stickleback fish
Natural selection
41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Mating of bees
behavioral isolation
Altruism
Magnetic sense
42. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Instinctual drift (example)
Echolocation
Mimicry
geographic isolation
43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Sexual selection
Waggle dance
44. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Altruism
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual drift (example)
45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Pheromones
Sexual dimorphism
Star compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
46. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Walter Cannon
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Magnetic sense
Pheromones
47. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Dominant and recessive gene
Sexual selection
Cross fostering experiments
Flower selection of bees
48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Phenotype
Magnetic sense
Sexual selection
49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
behavioral isolation
Cross fostering experiments
Circadian rhythms
50. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Waggle dance
Estrus
Harry Harlow
Echolocation