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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Navigation of bees
Inclusive fitness
Instrumental learning
Eric Kandel
2. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Navigation of bees
Natural selection
mechanical isolation
Zygote
3. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Polarized light
Dominant and recessive gene
Natural selection
R. C. Tyron
4. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Animal aggression
Cross fostering experiments
5. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Hierarchy of bees
Phenotype
isolation by season
6. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Edward Thorndike
Hearing of owls
homeostasis
7. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Cross fostering experiments
Sun compass
Hearing of owls
Waggle dance
8. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Imprinting
Echolocation
Star compass
Stickleback fish
9. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Instrumental learning
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
10. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
phenotypic expression
Edward Thorndike
Sexual dimorphism
11. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
genotype
Sun compass
12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Natural selection
Fight or flight
Infrasound
13. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Ethology
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
Harry Harlow
14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Mimicry
Sexual selection
Inbreeding
15. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Herring gull chicks
phenotypic expression
Waggle dance
Selective breeding
16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Comparative psychology
Animal aggression
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
17. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Infrasound
Hearing of owls
Natural selection
Selective breeding
18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Supernormal sign stimulus
Navigation cues
Cross fostering experiments
Harry Harlow
19. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
R. C. Tyron
Sexual selection
Round dance
Communication of bees
20. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Biological clocks
Natural selection
Pheromones
21. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Releasing stimuli
homeostasis
Fixed action patterns (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
22. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Genes
phenotypic expression
Phenotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
23. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Genetic drift
Zygote
Releasing stimuli
Walter Cannon
24. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Phenotype
Wolfgang Kohler
Edward Thorndike
25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Inclusive fitness
Imprinting
Mating of bees
Courting
26. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Sexual selection
Comparative psychology
Cross fostering experiments
Mating of bees
27. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
isolation by season
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
Flower selection of bees
28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Hearing of owls
Charles Darwin
Gamete
Konrad Lorenz
29. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
behavioral isolation
Eric Kandel
Sexual selection
Karl von Frisch
30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Stickleback fish
Instinctual/innate behaviours
R. C. Tyron
31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Natural selection
Instinctual drift (example)
Genetic drift
Alleles
32. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Edward Thorndike
isolation by season
Animal aggression
Ethology
33. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Walter Cannon
Sexual dimorphism
Navigation of animals
Polarized light
34. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Cross fostering experiments
Hierarchy of bees
Edward Thorndike
35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Instrumental learning
Pheromones
Genes
Biological clocks
36. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inclusive fitness
Releasing stimuli
Pheromones
37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Navigation of animals
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
isolation by season
Cross fostering experiments
38. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Magnetic sense
Imprinting
homeostasis
Estrus
39. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Inclusive fitness
Walter Cannon
Altruism
Interaction between instinct and learning
40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Sun compass
Natural selection
Inbreeding
Magnetic sense
41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
isolation by season
Zygote
Imprinting
Phenotype
42. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Waggle dance
Flower selection of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Mimicry
43. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Herring gull chicks
Instinctual drift (example)
geographic isolation
Navigation of bees
44. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
behavioral isolation
Polarized light
45. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
phenotypic expression
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
Harry Harlow
46. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Navigation of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
Stickleback fish
phenotypic expression
47. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Alleles
Herring gull chicks
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
48. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Inbreeding
Fitness
Supernormal sign stimulus
Stickleback fish
49. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
Fitness
Instrumental learning
50. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Charles Darwin
isolation by season