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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






3. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






4. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






5. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






9. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






12. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






17. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






18. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






21. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






22. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






23. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






24. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






25. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






26. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






27. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






28. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






29. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






30. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






32. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






33. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






35. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






41. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






44. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






45. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






46. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






47. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






48. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment