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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Sexual dimorphism
Walter Cannon
Sun compass
2. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Star compass
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Stickleback fish
3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
geographic isolation
R. C. Tyron
Nikolaas Tinbergen
4. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Edward Thorndike
Animal aggression
Magnetic sense
Fixed action patterns (example)
5. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Supernormal sign stimulus
Gamete
Animal aggression
6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Navigation of bees
Genes
Flower selection of bees
behavioral isolation
7. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
behavioral isolation
Gamete
Atmospheric pressure
Waggle dance
8. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Inclusive fitness
Sexual selection
R. C. Tyron
Walter Cannon
9. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Star compass
Dominant and recessive gene
Pheromones
Edward Thorndike
10. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Inclusive fitness
Round dance
Karl von Frisch
11. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Zygote
Flower selection of bees
Konrad Lorenz
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
12. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Gamete
homeostasis
Echolocation
13. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Biological clocks
Comparative psychology
Round dance
Dominant and recessive gene
14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Gamete
Star compass
mechanical isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
15. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
isolation by season
Gamete
Releasing stimuli
Hierarchy of bees
16. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Sexual selection
Cross fostering experiments
Interaction between instinct and learning
Konrad Lorenz
17. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Inclusive fitness
Mating of bees
phenotypic expression
Navigation of animals
18. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Sun compass
Atmospheric pressure
Charles Darwin
Altruism
19. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
R. C. Tyron
Genes
Biological clocks
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
20. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Comparative psychology
Ethology
Star compass
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
21. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Zygote
Waggle dance
Mimicry
22. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Charles Darwin
Genes
Fixed action patterns (example)
Eric Kandel
23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Cross fostering experiments
Flower selection of bees
Genetic drift
24. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Round dance
Sexual dimorphism
Wolfgang Kohler
R. C. Tyron
25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Altruism
Genes
Walter Cannon
Sexual dimorphism
26. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Alleles
Mimicry
genotype
Zygote
27. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Releasing stimuli
Phenotype
Atmospheric pressure
28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
mechanical isolation
Polarized light
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Courting
29. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Biological clocks
genotype
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual drift (example)
30. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Round dance
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fight or flight
mechanical isolation
31. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Polarized light
Echolocation
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sensitive or critical periods
32. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Walter Cannon
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Altruism
Inbreeding
33. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Harry Harlow
Inbreeding
Star compass
isolation by season
34. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Charles Darwin
Nikolaas Tinbergen
R. C. Tyron
Selective breeding
35. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Harry Harlow
Echolocation
Comparative psychology
36. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Navigation of bees
Sexual selection
Hearing of owls
Estrus
37. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Alleles
Altruism
isolation by season
38. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Gamete
Instinctual drift (example)
Mating of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
39. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Edward Thorndike
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Round dance
Fitness
40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Imprinting
Phenotype
Infrasound
Inclusive fitness
41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Polarized light
phenotypic expression
Alleles
42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Pheromones
Star compass
Magnetic sense
43. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
Navigation cues
Communication of bees
44. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
Pheromones
Nikolaas Tinbergen
phenotypic expression
45. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Mimicry
Navigation of animals
Pheromones
Instinctual drift (example)
46. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inclusive fitness
Hierarchy of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
47. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
genotype
Infrasound
Releasing stimuli
48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Biological clocks
Animal aggression
Wolfgang Kohler
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
49. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Harry Harlow
Instrumental learning
Navigation of animals
Round dance
50. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Navigation of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Sexual dimorphism
Infrasound