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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






2. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






4. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






5. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






6. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






7. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






8. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






9. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






10. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






11. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






12. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






13. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






14. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






15. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






16. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






17. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






18. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






21. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






22. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






23. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






26. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






27. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






28. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






29. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






30. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






31. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






34. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






36. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






37. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






39. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






44. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






45. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






46. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






47. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






48. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






49. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue