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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






2. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






4. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






5. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






6. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






7. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






8. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






9. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






10. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






11. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






12. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






13. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






14. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






15. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






18. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






19. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






20. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






21. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






22. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






23. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






27. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






29. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






30. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






31. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






38. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






40. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






44. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






47. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






48. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






49. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






50. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on