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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Inbreeding
Animal aggression
Alleles
Cross fostering experiments
2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Sensitive or critical periods
Sun compass
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Star compass
3. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Stickleback fish
Pheromones
Hearing of owls
Alleles
4. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
Instinctual drift (example)
Phenotype
5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
Sun compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
6. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Animal aggression
Comparative psychology
mechanical isolation
7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
phenotypic expression
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Walter Cannon
8. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Navigation cues
Zygote
Hierarchy of bees
Imprinting
9. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Biological clocks
Mating of bees
Pheromones
Genetic drift
10. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Estrus
genotype
Wolfgang Kohler
Herring gull chicks
11. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Pheromones
Alleles
Polarized light
12. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Fitness
Animal aggression
Inbreeding
Karl von Frisch
13. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Releasing stimuli
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
14. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Comparative psychology
Communication of bees
Estrus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
15. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Konrad Lorenz
Instrumental learning
phenotypic expression
Navigation cues
16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Star compass
Edward Thorndike
Navigation of bees
17. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Wolfgang Kohler
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Stickleback fish
Echolocation
18. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Walter Cannon
Comparative psychology
Biological clocks
Alleles
19. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Infrasound
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
phenotypic expression
Pheromones
20. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
Infrasound
Genes
21. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Sensitive or critical periods
Atmospheric pressure
Inbreeding
Dominant and recessive gene
22. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Navigation of bees
Instrumental learning
Selective breeding
23. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Inbreeding
Genetic drift
Biological clocks
24. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instrumental learning
Courting
Comparative psychology
25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Interaction between instinct and learning
Waggle dance
Ethology
Karl von Frisch
26. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fight or flight
Sexual selection
Magnetic sense
27. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Genes
Charles Darwin
genotype
Alleles
28. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Genes
Estrus
29. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Genes
Round dance
Releasing stimuli
Communication of bees
30. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
homeostasis
Zygote
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Navigation cues
Animal aggression
phenotypic expression
32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Estrus
Fitness
isolation by season
Imprinting
33. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Konrad Lorenz
genotype
Wolfgang Kohler
34. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
phenotypic expression
Genes
Atmospheric pressure
35. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Konrad Lorenz
Sun compass
Genes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
36. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Edward Thorndike
geographic isolation
Round dance
Genetic drift
37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Zygote
Fixed action patterns (example)
Navigation of bees
38. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Pheromones
Navigation of bees
Hierarchy of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
39. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Mimicry
Infrasound
Hierarchy of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Sensitive or critical periods
Stickleback fish
Infrasound
behavioral isolation
41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Cross fostering experiments
Communication of bees
Gamete
Echolocation
42. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Wolfgang Kohler
Atmospheric pressure
Waggle dance
Herring gull chicks
43. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Genes
homeostasis
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Mimicry
44. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Round dance
Konrad Lorenz
Altruism
Polarized light
45. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Charles Darwin
46. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
mechanical isolation
Karl von Frisch
Polarized light
47. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Estrus
Infrasound
Polarized light
Ethology
48. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Interaction between instinct and learning
Communication of bees
genotype
49. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Dominant and recessive gene
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Genes
Sexual dimorphism
50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Eric Kandel
Edward Thorndike
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Nikolaas Tinbergen