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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






2. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






3. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






4. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






5. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






6. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






7. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






8. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






10. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






11. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






12. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






13. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






14. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






15. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






17. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






18. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






19. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






20. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






21. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






22. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






25. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






26. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






27. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






28. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






29. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






30. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






31. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






32. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






34. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






35. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






37. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






41. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






42. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






43. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






44. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






45. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






46. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






47. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






48. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






49. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






50. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away