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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






2. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






4. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






5. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






6. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






7. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






8. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






11. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






12. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






13. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






16. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






17. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






18. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






21. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






22. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






26. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






27. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






28. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






29. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






30. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






31. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






34. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






35. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






36. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






37. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






39. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






40. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






41. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






42. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






44. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






46. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






47. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






48. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






50. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core