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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Imprinting
isolation by season
behavioral isolation
Sun compass
2. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Fight or flight
Gamete
Estrus
phenotypic expression
3. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation cues
Atmospheric pressure
Cross fostering experiments
4. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
geographic isolation
homeostasis
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Magnetic sense
5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Charles Darwin
Genes
Altruism
Edward Thorndike
6. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Hearing of owls
Magnetic sense
Interaction between instinct and learning
Pheromones
7. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Fitness
Natural selection
Instinctual drift (example)
Supernormal sign stimulus
8. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Wolfgang Kohler
Alleles
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
9. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Supernormal sign stimulus
Communication of bees
Pheromones
Atmospheric pressure
10. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Mating of bees
Animal aggression
Natural selection
11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Round dance
Polarized light
Natural selection
12. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Natural selection
Waggle dance
Herring gull chicks
13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Instinctual drift (example)
Infrasound
Navigation of animals
Circadian rhythms
14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Navigation of animals
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
Echolocation
15. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Sexual dimorphism
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
isolation by season
Star compass
16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Harry Harlow
Waggle dance
Eric Kandel
Inclusive fitness
17. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Eric Kandel
Inbreeding
Natural selection
18. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
R. C. Tyron
Walter Cannon
Releasing stimuli
Round dance
19. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Echolocation
Biological clocks
Sexual dimorphism
Supernormal sign stimulus
20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Instinctual drift (example)
Stickleback fish
Interaction between instinct and learning
Releasing stimuli
21. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
geographic isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
Herring gull chicks
22. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Cross fostering experiments
Pheromones
Alleles
Instinctual/innate behaviours
23. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Navigation of animals
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Polarized light
Flower selection of bees
24. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Pheromones
Round dance
Harry Harlow
25. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
isolation by season
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Polarized light
26. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Inclusive fitness
Polarized light
Waggle dance
Fight or flight
27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Gamete
phenotypic expression
28. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Atmospheric pressure
Dominant and recessive gene
geographic isolation
Comparative psychology
29. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Sexual dimorphism
Inclusive fitness
Herring gull chicks
Star compass
30. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Navigation of animals
Courting
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Karl von Frisch
31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Ethology
Star compass
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Alleles
32. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Karl von Frisch
Stickleback fish
Waggle dance
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
33. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Harry Harlow
Animal aggression
behavioral isolation
34. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Waggle dance
Interaction between instinct and learning
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
35. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Estrus
Magnetic sense
Animal aggression
Sexual selection
36. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Instinctual drift (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Nikolaas Tinbergen
37. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Releasing stimuli
Infrasound
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Star compass
38. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
behavioral isolation
Navigation of bees
homeostasis
Flower selection of bees
39. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Instinctual drift (example)
Fitness
Inclusive fitness
Hierarchy of bees
40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Sensitive or critical periods
mechanical isolation
Communication of bees
Genetic drift
41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Circadian rhythms
Konrad Lorenz
Stickleback fish
Imprinting
42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Hearing of owls
Wolfgang Kohler
Instinctual drift (example)
geographic isolation
43. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Charles Darwin
Instinctual drift (example)
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sensitive or critical periods
44. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Zygote
genotype
Ethology
45. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Mimicry
Polarized light
Estrus
Gamete
46. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Zygote
Sexual dimorphism
Star compass
Magnetic sense
47. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Sensitive or critical periods
Waggle dance
Dominant and recessive gene
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
48. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Fixed action patterns (example)
phenotypic expression
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Eric Kandel
49. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Infrasound
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Star compass
50. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Fight or flight
Zygote
phenotypic expression
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