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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Interaction between instinct and learning
Selective breeding
Harry Harlow
Releasing stimuli
2. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Charles Darwin
Phenotype
Comparative psychology
Navigation of bees
3. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Mating of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Biological clocks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
4. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Pheromones
Mimicry
Harry Harlow
Genetic drift
5. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
mechanical isolation
Round dance
Alleles
6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Flower selection of bees
Edward Thorndike
Releasing stimuli
Atmospheric pressure
7. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Mimicry
Sun compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
Hierarchy of bees
8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Walter Cannon
Courting
Karl von Frisch
Supernormal sign stimulus
9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Wolfgang Kohler
Waggle dance
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Harry Harlow
10. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Sun compass
Eric Kandel
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
11. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Waggle dance
Ethology
mechanical isolation
12. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Pheromones
Biological clocks
Round dance
genotype
13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Sexual selection
Fitness
phenotypic expression
Karl von Frisch
14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Ethology
Altruism
Fixed action patterns (example)
Magnetic sense
15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Walter Cannon
Hearing of owls
Phenotype
Estrus
16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
Altruism
Inbreeding
17. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Releasing stimuli
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Ethology
homeostasis
18. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
isolation by season
geographic isolation
19. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Animal aggression
Phenotype
Walter Cannon
20. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Ethology
Animal aggression
Navigation cues
Natural selection
21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Alleles
Hierarchy of bees
geographic isolation
Echolocation
22. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Inclusive fitness
Inbreeding
Mimicry
23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
Navigation of bees
Natural selection
24. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Wolfgang Kohler
Supernormal sign stimulus
Mimicry
Karl von Frisch
25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Fitness
Inbreeding
Waggle dance
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Courting
genotype
isolation by season
Atmospheric pressure
27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Zygote
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fight or flight
Sexual dimorphism
28. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Mimicry
Mating of bees
Fight or flight
Estrus
29. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Konrad Lorenz
Comparative psychology
Stickleback fish
Communication of bees
30. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Gamete
Wolfgang Kohler
Zygote
Instrumental learning
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Genes
phenotypic expression
Animal aggression
32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Hearing of owls
Comparative psychology
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Interaction between instinct and learning
Comparative psychology
phenotypic expression
34. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Courting
genotype
Wolfgang Kohler
35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Mating of bees
Instrumental learning
Herring gull chicks
Magnetic sense
36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Fixed action patterns (example)
Round dance
Sexual dimorphism
R. C. Tyron
37. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Fight or flight
Konrad Lorenz
R. C. Tyron
38. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Supernormal sign stimulus
Genes
Harry Harlow
Magnetic sense
39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sensitive or critical periods
phenotypic expression
Sexual selection
40. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Phenotype
homeostasis
Star compass
Harry Harlow
41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Sexual selection
Comparative psychology
genotype
42. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Hierarchy of bees
homeostasis
Star compass
Genetic drift
43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Animal aggression
Navigation of animals
Polarized light
Selective breeding
44. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Instrumental learning
Navigation cues
Estrus
45. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Walter Cannon
Alleles
Cross fostering experiments
Comparative psychology
46. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Sexual dimorphism
Round dance
phenotypic expression
Phenotype
47. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Courting
Releasing stimuli
Altruism
R. C. Tyron
48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
homeostasis
Sexual dimorphism
Navigation of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Communication of bees
R. C. Tyron
Dominant and recessive gene
Ethology
50. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
phenotypic expression
Fixed action patterns (example)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning