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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Fitness
Star compass
geographic isolation
Altruism
2. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
mechanical isolation
Zygote
homeostasis
Comparative psychology
3. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Genetic drift
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Natural selection
4. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
phenotypic expression
R. C. Tyron
Nikolaas Tinbergen
5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Eric Kandel
Magnetic sense
Gamete
6. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
phenotypic expression
Gamete
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sun compass
7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Waggle dance
Pheromones
Instrumental learning
Konrad Lorenz
8. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
mechanical isolation
genotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
9. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Altruism
Animal aggression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Phenotype
10. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
Alleles
Edward Thorndike
11. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
genotype
Navigation of bees
12. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Sexual selection
Fixed action patterns (example)
Navigation cues
Instinctual/innate behaviours
13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Phenotype
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Courting
14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Infrasound
Communication of bees
Konrad Lorenz
15. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Sensitive or critical periods
Inclusive fitness
Phenotype
Estrus
16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Genes
Magnetic sense
Sensitive or critical periods
Navigation of bees
17. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Waggle dance
Navigation of bees
18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
phenotypic expression
Edward Thorndike
Atmospheric pressure
Echolocation
19. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Konrad Lorenz
Atmospheric pressure
Mating of bees
Biological clocks
20. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
Hierarchy of bees
genotype
21. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
Communication of bees
Edward Thorndike
22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
R. C. Tyron
Alleles
Circadian rhythms
Natural selection
23. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
isolation by season
Supernormal sign stimulus
Navigation cues
Fitness
24. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Atmospheric pressure
Fitness
Echolocation
Walter Cannon
25. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Navigation cues
Hearing of owls
Releasing stimuli
Mating of bees
26. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Konrad Lorenz
phenotypic expression
Cross fostering experiments
Harry Harlow
27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Sexual selection
Mimicry
Konrad Lorenz
28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Waggle dance
Polarized light
Gamete
29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Sexual dimorphism
Waggle dance
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Magnetic sense
Estrus
Flower selection of bees
Sexual dimorphism
31. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Instrumental learning
Mimicry
Navigation of animals
32. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Waggle dance
Estrus
Infrasound
33. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Genes
34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Communication of bees
Round dance
homeostasis
Navigation of animals
35. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Inbreeding
Wolfgang Kohler
Edward Thorndike
Hearing of owls
36. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Instinctual drift (example)
Waggle dance
Pheromones
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
37. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Courting
Mating of bees
Harry Harlow
Walter Cannon
38. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
phenotypic expression
39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Charles Darwin
Navigation cues
Releasing stimuli
Herring gull chicks
40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Stickleback fish
behavioral isolation
Instrumental learning
Releasing stimuli
41. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Instrumental learning
Natural selection
Fight or flight
Circadian rhythms
42. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Mimicry
Altruism
Sexual selection
Hearing of owls
43. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Waggle dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Infrasound
44. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Courting
Konrad Lorenz
Star compass
Sensitive or critical periods
45. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
R. C. Tyron
Zygote
Round dance
Circadian rhythms
46. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Supernormal sign stimulus
Circadian rhythms
Phenotype
47. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Circadian rhythms
Inbreeding
Animal aggression
Instinctual drift (example)
48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Mating of bees
Polarized light
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
genotype
49. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Dominant and recessive gene
Edward Thorndike
Fight or flight
50. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Harry Harlow
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation cues