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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






4. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






5. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






6. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






7. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






8. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






9. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






10. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






11. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






12. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






13. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






14. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






16. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






18. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






19. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






21. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






22. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






23. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






25. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






28. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






29. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






30. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






32. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






36. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






38. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






39. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






40. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






42. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






45. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






47. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






49. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time