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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






2. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






3. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






4. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






6. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






7. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






9. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






10. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






12. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






13. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






14. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






15. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






16. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






17. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






18. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






19. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






21. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






22. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






23. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






25. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






26. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






27. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






29. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






30. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






33. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






35. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






36. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






39. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






40. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






41. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






42. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






43. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






44. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






45. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






46. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






47. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






48. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






49. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






50. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns