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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






2. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






3. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






4. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






5. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






7. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






8. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






11. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






12. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






13. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






14. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






15. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






16. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






17. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






18. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






19. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






20. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






21. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






23. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






24. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






26. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






28. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






29. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






30. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






31. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






33. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






34. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






35. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






36. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






37. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






38. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






39. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






40. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






42. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






45. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






48. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






49. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue