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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Navigation cues
Stickleback fish
Sensitive or critical periods
Sexual dimorphism
2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Genetic drift
Biological clocks
geographic isolation
Charles Darwin
3. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Polarized light
Wolfgang Kohler
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Stickleback fish
4. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Wolfgang Kohler
Releasing stimuli
Edward Thorndike
Zygote
5. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Polarized light
Genes
Biological clocks
Navigation of animals
6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Cross fostering experiments
Herring gull chicks
Konrad Lorenz
7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of animals
phenotypic expression
8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Imprinting
Sensitive or critical periods
Sexual selection
9. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Releasing stimuli
Comparative psychology
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Navigation cues
Walter Cannon
Natural selection
Circadian rhythms
11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
genotype
Cross fostering experiments
behavioral isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
12. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Eric Kandel
Supernormal sign stimulus
Ethology
13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Cross fostering experiments
Circadian rhythms
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Altruism
Harry Harlow
Wolfgang Kohler
15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Genetic drift
Ethology
Alleles
Flower selection of bees
16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Phenotype
Mating of bees
Instrumental learning
17. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Navigation of animals
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Magnetic sense
18. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Selective breeding
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
Cross fostering experiments
19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Polarized light
mechanical isolation
geographic isolation
Fight or flight
20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Instinctual drift (example)
Fitness
Harry Harlow
Releasing stimuli
21. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Sensitive or critical periods
Natural selection
Walter Cannon
Waggle dance
22. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Sexual dimorphism
Releasing stimuli
Animal aggression
23. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Estrus
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fixed action patterns (example)
Round dance
24. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Imprinting
Flower selection of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Comparative psychology
25. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Cross fostering experiments
Mimicry
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sun compass
26. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Alleles
Walter Cannon
Instinctual/innate behaviours
27. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Interaction between instinct and learning
genotype
Cross fostering experiments
28. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Dominant and recessive gene
Selective breeding
Magnetic sense
Communication of bees
29. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Sensitive or critical periods
Herring gull chicks
Hearing of owls
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
30. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Mimicry
Charles Darwin
Infrasound
Star compass
31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Polarized light
Comparative psychology
Instinctual drift (example)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
32. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Karl von Frisch
Atmospheric pressure
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
33. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Courting
Ethology
Dominant and recessive gene
Phenotype
34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Ethology
Genes
Alleles
Navigation of animals
35. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Inbreeding
Ethology
Sun compass
Gamete
36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sexual selection
Fixed action patterns (example)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Instinctual drift (example)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
Altruism
38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Releasing stimuli
Interaction between instinct and learning
Nikolaas Tinbergen
39. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Zygote
Navigation of bees
Star compass
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation of animals
Konrad Lorenz
Round dance
Navigation cues
41. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sexual selection
Stickleback fish
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
genotype
Alleles
Navigation of bees
Sun compass
43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Harry Harlow
Echolocation
Konrad Lorenz
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
44. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
mechanical isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
Gamete
Walter Cannon
45. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Atmospheric pressure
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Stickleback fish
Hierarchy of bees
46. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Mating of bees
Biological clocks
genotype
Courting
47. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Genes
Supernormal sign stimulus
R. C. Tyron
Flower selection of bees
48. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Estrus
Herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
Zygote
Mimicry
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Supernormal sign stimulus
Circadian rhythms
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys