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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






2. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






3. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






4. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






5. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






6. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






7. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






8. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






9. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






11. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






12. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






13. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






14. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






16. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






17. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






18. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






19. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






20. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






21. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






22. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






23. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






24. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






27. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






28. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






29. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






31. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






32. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






33. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






34. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






36. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






37. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






38. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






40. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






41. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






42. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






43. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






45. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






46. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






48. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






49. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






50. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)