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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






2. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






3. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






5. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






6. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






7. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






9. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






12. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






13. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






14. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






15. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






16. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






18. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






19. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






20. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






21. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






22. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






25. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






26. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






28. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






29. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






31. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






32. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






33. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






34. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






35. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






36. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






37. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






38. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






39. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






40. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






41. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






42. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






43. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






44. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






45. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






46. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






47. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






48. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






49. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






50. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin