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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Stickleback fish
Navigation of bees
Inclusive fitness
geographic isolation
2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Magnetic sense
Altruism
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
3. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
phenotypic expression
Harry Harlow
Sensitive or critical periods
Selective breeding
4. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Dominant and recessive gene
Genetic drift
Imprinting
Fight or flight
5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
isolation by season
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of animals
6. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Sensitive or critical periods
Atmospheric pressure
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Hearing of owls
7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Navigation cues
Magnetic sense
Round dance
8. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Imprinting
Eric Kandel
Sun compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
9. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Fixed action patterns (example)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Phenotype
geographic isolation
10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
geographic isolation
Natural selection
isolation by season
Altruism
11. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Hearing of owls
Fixed action patterns (example)
Harry Harlow
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
12. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation of bees
Star compass
homeostasis
13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Hierarchy of bees
14. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Inbreeding
Navigation cues
Genetic drift
15. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
Imprinting
16. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Interaction between instinct and learning
Zygote
Echolocation
Atmospheric pressure
17. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Mimicry
Navigation cues
18. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Hierarchy of bees
Selective breeding
Courting
19. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Phenotype
20. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Pheromones
Sexual dimorphism
Echolocation
21. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Navigation of animals
Inbreeding
behavioral isolation
Selective breeding
22. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Courting
Inbreeding
Flower selection of bees
Ethology
23. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Eric Kandel
Hierarchy of bees
24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
homeostasis
Hierarchy of bees
Courting
25. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Alleles
Round dance
Cross fostering experiments
mechanical isolation
26. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Wolfgang Kohler
Phenotype
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
27. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
geographic isolation
Pheromones
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Instinctual drift (example)
28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Inbreeding
Inclusive fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
R. C. Tyron
29. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Courting
Walter Cannon
Communication of bees
30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Inclusive fitness
geographic isolation
isolation by season
Instinctual drift (example)
31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Zygote
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Interaction between instinct and learning
Inclusive fitness
32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genes
Animal aggression
geographic isolation
33. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
genotype
Phenotype
Fitness
Estrus
34. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Infrasound
Wolfgang Kohler
Circadian rhythms
35. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Cross fostering experiments
Phenotype
Navigation cues
Alleles
36. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Pheromones
Sexual selection
Charles Darwin
Inclusive fitness
37. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Fight or flight
Charles Darwin
Sun compass
Infrasound
38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Pheromones
phenotypic expression
Edward Thorndike
Biological clocks
39. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Mating of bees
Hearing of owls
Wolfgang Kohler
40. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
Hierarchy of bees
isolation by season
41. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Ethology
mechanical isolation
Estrus
42. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Instrumental learning
Herring gull chicks
Fight or flight
Nikolaas Tinbergen
43. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Walter Cannon
behavioral isolation
Charles Darwin
Supernormal sign stimulus
44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Releasing stimuli
Eric Kandel
Instrumental learning
Navigation of bees
45. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Fight or flight
Mating of bees
46. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Edward Thorndike
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Konrad Lorenz
Star compass
47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Eric Kandel
Flower selection of bees
Stickleback fish
Charles Darwin
48. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Magnetic sense
Navigation of animals
Waggle dance
Ethology
49. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Mating of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Round dance
Harry Harlow
50. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Navigation of animals
Round dance
Biological clocks
Karl von Frisch