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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






2. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






3. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






4. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






5. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






6. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






7. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






8. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






9. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






10. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






11. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






12. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






13. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






14. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






16. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






17. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






18. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






19. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






20. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






21. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






23. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






24. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






25. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






26. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






27. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






29. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






30. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






32. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






35. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






36. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






38. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






42. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






43. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






46. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






47. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






48. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






49. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






50. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee