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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






2. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






3. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






4. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






5. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






6. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






8. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






9. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






10. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






11. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






12. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






14. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






16. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






17. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






18. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






21. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






22. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






23. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






24. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






27. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






29. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






31. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






32. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






33. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






34. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






36. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






37. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






39. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






40. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






41. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






42. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






43. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






44. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






45. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






46. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






47. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






49. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






50. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment