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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






2. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






3. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






4. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






5. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






6. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






7. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






8. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






11. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






12. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






13. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






14. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






18. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






19. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






20. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






21. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






22. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






24. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






25. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






26. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






28. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






29. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






30. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






31. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






33. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






34. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






35. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






36. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






38. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






39. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






40. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






41. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






42. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






43. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






44. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






45. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






46. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






47. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






48. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






49. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






50. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes