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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






2. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






3. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






4. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






5. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






6. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






7. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






8. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






9. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






10. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






12. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






13. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






14. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






16. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






17. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






18. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






19. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






20. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






22. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






25. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






27. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






29. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






31. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






32. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






33. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






34. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






36. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






38. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






41. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






43. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






44. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






45. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






46. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






48. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






49. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






50. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue