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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






2. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






3. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






4. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






5. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






6. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






7. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






8. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






9. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






10. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






11. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






12. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






13. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






15. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






16. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






17. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






18. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






20. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






21. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






22. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






24. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






25. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






27. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






28. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






29. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






30. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






32. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






33. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






34. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






35. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






36. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






37. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






38. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






39. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






40. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






41. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






42. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






43. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






44. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






45. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






46. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






48. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






49. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards