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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






3. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






4. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






5. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






6. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






7. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






8. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






9. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






10. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






11. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






12. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






13. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






14. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






15. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






18. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






20. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






21. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






22. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






23. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






24. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






25. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






26. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






27. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






28. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






30. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






31. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






32. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






34. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






35. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






36. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






37. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






38. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






40. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






41. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






42. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






43. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






44. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






45. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






46. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






47. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






48. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






49. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






50. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics