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Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






2. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






3. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






4. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






5. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






6. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






7. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






8. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






12. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






13. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






14. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






15. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






16. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






17. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






18. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






20. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






21. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






22. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






23. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






24. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






25. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






26. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






27. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






28. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






29. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






30. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






31. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






32. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






33. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






34. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






36. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






37. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






38. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






39. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






41. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






42. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






43. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






44. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






45. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






46. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






47. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






48. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






49. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






50. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






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