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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






2. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






3. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






4. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






6. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






7. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






10. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






11. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






12. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






13. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






14. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






15. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






17. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






20. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






21. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






22. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






23. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






24. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






26. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






27. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






28. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






31. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






32. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






33. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






34. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






35. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






36. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






37. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






38. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






40. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






42. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






43. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






44. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






46. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






48. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






49. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons