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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






2. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






5. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






6. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






8. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






9. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






11. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






12. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






15. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






17. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






18. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






19. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






22. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






23. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






24. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






25. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






29. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






30. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






31. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






32. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






33. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






34. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






35. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






37. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






38. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






40. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






41. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






42. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






43. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






44. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






48. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks