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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Estrus
Sun compass
Animal aggression
Wolfgang Kohler
2. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Hearing of owls
Infrasound
Karl von Frisch
phenotypic expression
3. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Magnetic sense
Ethology
4. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
geographic isolation
Alleles
Konrad Lorenz
Fixed action patterns (example)
5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genes
Phenotype
Comparative psychology
Genetic drift
6. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
R. C. Tyron
7. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Imprinting
Edward Thorndike
Selective breeding
8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Pheromones
Courting
Edward Thorndike
9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Gamete
isolation by season
Sexual selection
Genetic drift
10. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Pheromones
Sexual selection
Fixed action patterns (example)
11. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Supernormal sign stimulus
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Natural selection
mechanical isolation
12. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
mechanical isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
13. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation cues
R. C. Tyron
Polarized light
14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Infrasound
Supernormal sign stimulus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Edward Thorndike
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Hierarchy of bees
Sun compass
Charles Darwin
17. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Comparative psychology
Sun compass
Pheromones
Inbreeding
18. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Altruism
Ethology
Sexual selection
19. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Genetic drift
Navigation cues
Selective breeding
Round dance
20. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Eric Kandel
Ethology
Navigation cues
21. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Imprinting
Walter Cannon
Altruism
Alleles
22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Harry Harlow
Estrus
Mating of bees
Herring gull chicks
23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Charles Darwin
Inclusive fitness
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Instrumental learning
24. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Zygote
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Walter Cannon
25. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Sensitive or critical periods
Communication of bees
Biological clocks
26. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Instinctual drift (example)
Altruism
Ethology
Phenotype
27. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Walter Cannon
Sexual selection
Inclusive fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
28. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Flower selection of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Waggle dance
Star compass
29. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Dominant and recessive gene
Comparative psychology
Genetic drift
Walter Cannon
30. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Comparative psychology
Dominant and recessive gene
Instrumental learning
Flower selection of bees
31. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Harry Harlow
Echolocation
Mimicry
Eric Kandel
32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Stickleback fish
Genetic drift
Gamete
Releasing stimuli
33. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Genetic drift
Genes
Echolocation
Karl von Frisch
34. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Courting
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
Inbreeding
35. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Hierarchy of bees
Natural selection
geographic isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Natural selection
Hearing of owls
geographic isolation
37. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Harry Harlow
Releasing stimuli
Stickleback fish
Fixed action patterns (example)
38. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Edward Thorndike
Mimicry
Inclusive fitness
Hierarchy of bees
39. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Fixed action patterns (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Selective breeding
40. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Harry Harlow
Cross fostering experiments
Echolocation
Inclusive fitness
41. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Sensitive or critical periods
isolation by season
Herring gull chicks
Atmospheric pressure
42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Courting
Round dance
Dominant and recessive gene
Instinctual/innate behaviours
43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Zygote
Fight or flight
Sexual selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
44. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Pheromones
Interaction between instinct and learning
R. C. Tyron
Navigation of animals
45. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Navigation of bees
Harry Harlow
Atmospheric pressure
genotype
46. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Waggle dance
Instinctual drift (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Hearing of owls
47. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Waggle dance
Star compass
Phenotype
48. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
Eric Kandel
Fixed action patterns (example)
49. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Inclusive fitness
Gamete
Genetic drift
Polarized light
50. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Navigation of bees
Waggle dance
Flower selection of bees
Animal aggression