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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Navigation of bees
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
Animal aggression
2. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Navigation cues
Inclusive fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
Dominant and recessive gene
3. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Echolocation
Communication of bees
genotype
mechanical isolation
4. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Star compass
Hearing of owls
Genetic drift
5. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Genes
genotype
Sexual selection
Wolfgang Kohler
6. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Navigation of bees
Altruism
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
7. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
mechanical isolation
Ethology
Infrasound
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
8. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Navigation cues
genotype
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Phenotype
behavioral isolation
Navigation of bees
Star compass
10. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
isolation by season
Hearing of owls
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
11. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Waggle dance
Selective breeding
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
12. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
geographic isolation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Circadian rhythms
Harry Harlow
13. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Navigation of bees
Edward Thorndike
Herring gull chicks
Fight or flight
14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Fight or flight
Navigation cues
Infrasound
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
15. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Sexual dimorphism
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Biological clocks
16. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sexual dimorphism
Sun compass
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
17. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Navigation of animals
Inbreeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
18. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
behavioral isolation
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
19. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Animal aggression
Hierarchy of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Flower selection of bees
20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Communication of bees
isolation by season
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Stickleback fish
21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Fixed action patterns (example)
genotype
Waggle dance
Edward Thorndike
22. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Ethology
genotype
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Inclusive fitness
23. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
geographic isolation
mechanical isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Selective breeding
24. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Walter Cannon
Star compass
homeostasis
Waggle dance
25. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Star compass
Fight or flight
Inclusive fitness
Courting
26. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Round dance
Eric Kandel
Karl von Frisch
27. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Eric Kandel
geographic isolation
Flower selection of bees
28. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Fight or flight
Biological clocks
Magnetic sense
Mating of bees
29. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz
Mating of bees
30. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Altruism
Eric Kandel
31. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Eric Kandel
Atmospheric pressure
Imprinting
32. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Navigation of bees
Circadian rhythms
Eric Kandel
33. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Animal aggression
Mating of bees
34. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Biological clocks
Fitness
Alleles
35. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Communication of bees
Navigation of bees
Animal aggression
36. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Fixed action patterns (example)
Gamete
Estrus
Supernormal sign stimulus
37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Herring gull chicks
Zygote
Harry Harlow
Polarized light
38. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Supernormal sign stimulus
Cross fostering experiments
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
39. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Sensitive or critical periods
Echolocation
Dominant and recessive gene
Sexual dimorphism
40. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Infrasound
Star compass
Sexual selection
Eric Kandel
41. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Pheromones
Genetic drift
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
42. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Stickleback fish
Edward Thorndike
Ethology
Fixed action patterns (example)
43. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Echolocation
Courting
Pheromones
Sensitive or critical periods
44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Altruism
geographic isolation
Walter Cannon
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Echolocation
Selective breeding
mechanical isolation
Zygote
46. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Fixed action patterns (example)
Animal aggression
Fitness
47. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Sexual selection
Ethology
Communication of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
48. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Echolocation
Phenotype
Eric Kandel
Hearing of owls
49. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Circadian rhythms
Konrad Lorenz
Navigation cues
Interaction between instinct and learning
50. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of animals
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Interaction between instinct and learning