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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






2. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






4. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






6. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






7. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






9. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






10. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






12. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






13. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






14. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






15. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






16. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






18. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






19. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






20. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






21. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






22. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






23. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






24. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






25. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






26. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






27. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






31. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






32. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






34. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






35. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






36. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






37. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






39. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






40. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






41. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






42. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






43. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






44. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






45. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






46. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






47. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






48. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






49. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






50. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning