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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






2. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






3. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






4. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






6. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






7. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






8. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






9. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






10. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






11. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






12. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






13. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






15. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






16. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






18. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






19. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






20. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






21. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






22. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






23. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






24. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






25. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






26. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






27. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






33. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






34. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






35. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






37. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






39. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






40. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






41. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






43. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






44. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






45. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






46. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






47. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue