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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Walter Cannon
Comparative psychology
Echolocation
2. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Natural selection
Inclusive fitness
Atmospheric pressure
Gamete
3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Pheromones
Interaction between instinct and learning
Courting
4. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Natural selection
Karl von Frisch
Cross fostering experiments
Comparative psychology
5. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
homeostasis
geographic isolation
Navigation of bees
Alleles
6. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Infrasound
Konrad Lorenz
geographic isolation
Mimicry
7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Echolocation
Hierarchy of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Gamete
8. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Circadian rhythms
9. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Altruism
Fixed action patterns (example)
Walter Cannon
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Comparative psychology
Circadian rhythms
Fitness
11. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Pheromones
Phenotype
behavioral isolation
12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Zygote
R. C. Tyron
Waggle dance
Alleles
13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Sexual selection
Instinctual drift (example)
R. C. Tyron
14. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Instinctual drift (example)
Pheromones
Fight or flight
Round dance
15. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Cross fostering experiments
Alleles
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
16. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Sexual selection
Edward Thorndike
Round dance
Eric Kandel
17. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Round dance
Flower selection of bees
R. C. Tyron
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
18. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Genes
Harry Harlow
Navigation of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Infrasound
Atmospheric pressure
20. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Flower selection of bees
Polarized light
phenotypic expression
behavioral isolation
21. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Harry Harlow
Sensitive or critical periods
behavioral isolation
Sexual dimorphism
22. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Navigation of bees
Inclusive fitness
Natural selection
Atmospheric pressure
23. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Waggle dance
Dominant and recessive gene
Releasing stimuli
behavioral isolation
24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Karl von Frisch
Selective breeding
Comparative psychology
Cross fostering experiments
25. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Communication of bees
Sun compass
Genes
Interaction between instinct and learning
26. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fixed action patterns (example)
Herring gull chicks
27. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instinctual drift (example)
Instrumental learning
Cross fostering experiments
Altruism
28. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Instrumental learning
Supernormal sign stimulus
Round dance
Hierarchy of bees
29. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Stickleback fish
Magnetic sense
Eric Kandel
Sexual selection
30. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Wolfgang Kohler
mechanical isolation
Phenotype
Mimicry
31. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Genetic drift
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Echolocation
32. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Charles Darwin
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting
33. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Sexual selection
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Animal aggression
34. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Instinctual drift (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation of animals
Magnetic sense
35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sexual selection
isolation by season
Zygote
36. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Ethology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Wolfgang Kohler
37. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
isolation by season
Fitness
Harry Harlow
38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Pheromones
Echolocation
Navigation cues
39. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Inclusive fitness
Sexual selection
Navigation cues
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Herring gull chicks
Round dance
Instrumental learning
genotype
41. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Interaction between instinct and learning
Star compass
Fitness
Mating of bees
42. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Karl von Frisch
isolation by season
Navigation of animals
Mating of bees
43. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Nikolaas Tinbergen
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fitness
44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
genotype
Waggle dance
Karl von Frisch
45. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Fixed action patterns (example)
Supernormal sign stimulus
Round dance
Biological clocks
46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Estrus
Karl von Frisch
Imprinting
47. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
mechanical isolation
Herring gull chicks
Flower selection of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
Zygote
49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Ethology
homeostasis
Mating of bees
Estrus
50. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
behavioral isolation
Courting