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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Courting
mechanical isolation
Animal aggression
Instinctual/innate behaviours
2. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Fitness
Animal aggression
Communication of bees
Ethology
3. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Interaction between instinct and learning
Edward Thorndike
Waggle dance
4. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Natural selection
Zygote
Round dance
5. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Inclusive fitness
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
6. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Harry Harlow
Instinctual drift (example)
Hearing of owls
7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Cross fostering experiments
geographic isolation
mechanical isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
8. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
geographic isolation
Navigation cues
Nikolaas Tinbergen
9. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Mimicry
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
Communication of bees
10. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genes
Animal aggression
Genetic drift
mechanical isolation
11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Harry Harlow
Natural selection
Infrasound
12. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
behavioral isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Atmospheric pressure
Selective breeding
13. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
Selective breeding
Charles Darwin
14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Mimicry
Communication of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
isolation by season
15. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Edward Thorndike
R. C. Tyron
Eric Kandel
Stickleback fish
16. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Atmospheric pressure
Circadian rhythms
Sexual dimorphism
17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Polarized light
Magnetic sense
Mimicry
18. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Genes
Flower selection of bees
Pheromones
Instrumental learning
19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Cross fostering experiments
Walter Cannon
Animal aggression
Inbreeding
20. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Ethology
Sexual dimorphism
Comparative psychology
21. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Pheromones
Mimicry
22. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Polarized light
Alleles
Courting
23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Alleles
Atmospheric pressure
Herring gull chicks
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
24. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inclusive fitness
Harry Harlow
Gamete
25. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Supernormal sign stimulus
Polarized light
Imprinting
Herring gull chicks
26. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Altruism
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
27. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Harry Harlow
Genetic drift
Biological clocks
Instrumental learning
28. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Phenotype
Communication of bees
Inclusive fitness
Mating of bees
29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Ethology
Star compass
Sensitive or critical periods
30. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Wolfgang Kohler
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Round dance
Edward Thorndike
31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Eric Kandel
Genes
Imprinting
Courting
32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
geographic isolation
Genes
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Gamete
Mimicry
Comparative psychology
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
34. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Edward Thorndike
Interaction between instinct and learning
Mimicry
Wolfgang Kohler
35. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
Instinctual drift (example)
Biological clocks
36. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Polarized light
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
37. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Supernormal sign stimulus
Selective breeding
Sensitive or critical periods
38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
geographic isolation
Selective breeding
Charles Darwin
Phenotype
39. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Echolocation
Navigation of bees
Circadian rhythms
40. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Navigation of bees
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genes
41. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Sun compass
Biological clocks
Waggle dance
Phenotype
42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Magnetic sense
Fixed action patterns (example)
Pheromones
homeostasis
43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Sensitive or critical periods
Animal aggression
Edward Thorndike
Flower selection of bees
44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Flower selection of bees
45. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Comparative psychology
Communication of bees
Harry Harlow
genotype
46. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Genes
Round dance
47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
mechanical isolation
Harry Harlow
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Animal aggression
48. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Genetic drift
Cross fostering experiments
Selective breeding
49. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
Hierarchy of bees
Altruism
50. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Estrus
genotype
Fitness