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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Sexual dimorphism
Selective breeding
Sexual selection
Infrasound
2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Phenotype
Communication of bees
Circadian rhythms
Sun compass
3. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fitness
4. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Instinctual drift (example)
Genetic drift
Animal aggression
genotype
5. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation of bees
Stickleback fish
6. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Herring gull chicks
Atmospheric pressure
7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Altruism
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
Instrumental learning
8. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Mimicry
Imprinting
9. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
phenotypic expression
Herring gull chicks
Walter Cannon
Inbreeding
10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Fixed action patterns (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Estrus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
11. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Round dance
Navigation of animals
Fitness
mechanical isolation
12. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Ethology
Konrad Lorenz
Natural selection
Supernormal sign stimulus
13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Comparative psychology
Star compass
Sensitive or critical periods
Fitness
14. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Flower selection of bees
Karl von Frisch
Courting
Wolfgang Kohler
15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Hierarchy of bees
Altruism
Edward Thorndike
Fight or flight
16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
R. C. Tyron
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
17. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
mechanical isolation
Alleles
Edward Thorndike
Comparative psychology
18. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
genotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Star compass
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Sexual selection
Mimicry
20. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Ethology
Charles Darwin
Biological clocks
21. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Fight or flight
22. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Hierarchy of bees
Echolocation
Sun compass
Fitness
23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
R. C. Tyron
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Zygote
24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Infrasound
Harry Harlow
Zygote
25. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Sun compass
Sensitive or critical periods
Flower selection of bees
Hearing of owls
26. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Infrasound
Gamete
Interaction between instinct and learning
Cross fostering experiments
27. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Comparative psychology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Flower selection of bees
28. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Dominant and recessive gene
Charles Darwin
Sun compass
29. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Wolfgang Kohler
Courting
Animal aggression
30. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Interaction between instinct and learning
R. C. Tyron
Round dance
Circadian rhythms
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Hearing of owls
isolation by season
Natural selection
Atmospheric pressure
32. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Fight or flight
Stickleback fish
R. C. Tyron
Gamete
33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Releasing stimuli
Mimicry
Fitness
34. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Hierarchy of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Waggle dance
Nikolaas Tinbergen
35. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Stickleback fish
Polarized light
Estrus
Genetic drift
36. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Pheromones
Hearing of owls
Selective breeding
37. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Dominant and recessive gene
Genes
Mimicry
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Sun compass
Zygote
behavioral isolation
Supernormal sign stimulus
39. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
phenotypic expression
Selective breeding
Courting
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
40. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Karl von Frisch
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Flower selection of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Harry Harlow
Hierarchy of bees
Instrumental learning
Inbreeding
42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Mimicry
Imprinting
Charles Darwin
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
43. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Atmospheric pressure
Waggle dance
Walter Cannon
Comparative psychology
44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
behavioral isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
Fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
45. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Polarized light
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Magnetic sense
Charles Darwin
46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Round dance
R. C. Tyron
Herring gull chicks
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
47. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Fight or flight
Polarized light
Zygote
48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Phenotype
Mating of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Genetic drift
49. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Waggle dance
Round dance
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Eric Kandel
50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Instinctual drift (example)
R. C. Tyron
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift