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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






3. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






5. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






6. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






7. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






8. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






10. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






11. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






12. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






13. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






16. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






18. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






19. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






20. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






21. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






23. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






24. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






25. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






26. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






27. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






28. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






29. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






30. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






31. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






33. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






34. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






35. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






37. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






38. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






39. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






40. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






41. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






42. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






43. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






44. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






45. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






47. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






48. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






49. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






50. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue