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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






2. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






3. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






4. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






5. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






6. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






7. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






8. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






9. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






11. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






13. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






17. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






19. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






20. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






21. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






23. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






24. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






25. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






26. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






28. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






29. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






30. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






31. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






32. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






34. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






35. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






36. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






37. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






38. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






39. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






43. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






44. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






45. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






46. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






47. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






50. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned