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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Inclusive fitness
Natural selection
Fight or flight
Navigation cues
2. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Sun compass
Communication of bees
Biological clocks
Navigation of bees
3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Infrasound
Hierarchy of bees
Phenotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
4. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Infrasound
genotype
Animal aggression
Cross fostering experiments
5. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Zygote
Selective breeding
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
6. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Herring gull chicks
Navigation cues
Fitness
7. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Star compass
Phenotype
Charles Darwin
Cross fostering experiments
8. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Flower selection of bees
Zygote
Echolocation
Genetic drift
9. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Sun compass
Altruism
Harry Harlow
Konrad Lorenz
10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Sensitive or critical periods
Pheromones
Dominant and recessive gene
11. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Selective breeding
Fixed action patterns (example)
mechanical isolation
R. C. Tyron
12. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Imprinting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Karl von Frisch
Fight or flight
13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Supernormal sign stimulus
Genetic drift
Sexual selection
Walter Cannon
14. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Gamete
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
15. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Atmospheric pressure
Alleles
16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Herring gull chicks
Fitness
Magnetic sense
Star compass
17. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Selective breeding
Inbreeding
Dominant and recessive gene
Herring gull chicks
18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Harry Harlow
behavioral isolation
Animal aggression
Natural selection
19. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Comparative psychology
phenotypic expression
Hierarchy of bees
Inbreeding
20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Stickleback fish
Genetic drift
Infrasound
21. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
mechanical isolation
Estrus
Communication of bees
22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Courting
genotype
geographic isolation
Pheromones
23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
Gamete
Eric Kandel
24. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Stickleback fish
Infrasound
Echolocation
25. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Navigation of animals
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
Natural selection
26. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Selective breeding
Alleles
Konrad Lorenz
Pheromones
27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Herring gull chicks
Cross fostering experiments
Edward Thorndike
R. C. Tyron
28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
Star compass
29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Ethology
Infrasound
Natural selection
30. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Altruism
Eric Kandel
Alleles
31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Ethology
Interaction between instinct and learning
Infrasound
32. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
Circadian rhythms
33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Atmospheric pressure
Selective breeding
Estrus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Wolfgang Kohler
Fight or flight
Mimicry
35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Echolocation
Inbreeding
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
36. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Walter Cannon
Polarized light
behavioral isolation
Edward Thorndike
37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
behavioral isolation
Instrumental learning
Inclusive fitness
Selective breeding
38. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Karl von Frisch
Navigation of bees
Fitness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
39. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Sensitive or critical periods
Magnetic sense
Karl von Frisch
Edward Thorndike
40. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Hearing of owls
Wolfgang Kohler
Round dance
genotype
41. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Navigation cues
Courting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
homeostasis
42. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Communication of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
Mating of bees
43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Navigation of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Round dance
44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Phenotype
Selective breeding
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Dominant and recessive gene
Sensitive or critical periods
Flower selection of bees
Harry Harlow
46. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Navigation of bees
Sexual selection
Imprinting
48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Charles Darwin
phenotypic expression
behavioral isolation
49. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Natural selection
Walter Cannon
Instinctual drift (example)
50. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Circadian rhythms
Imprinting
Mating of bees
Magnetic sense