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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Fight or flight
R. C. Tyron
Magnetic sense
Nikolaas Tinbergen
2. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Eric Kandel
Navigation of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
3. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Konrad Lorenz
Cross fostering experiments
Sexual dimorphism
Alleles
4. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Herring gull chicks
Eric Kandel
Navigation of bees
5. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Mimicry
Walter Cannon
Ethology
6. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Imprinting
Round dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
7. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Altruism
Estrus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
8. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Eric Kandel
Comparative psychology
Walter Cannon
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
9. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Fight or flight
Mimicry
Flower selection of bees
Waggle dance
10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Courting
Waggle dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
11. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Inbreeding
Alleles
Animal aggression
Sexual selection
12. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Biological clocks
Interaction between instinct and learning
Natural selection
Charles Darwin
13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Instrumental learning
Communication of bees
Biological clocks
genotype
14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Genetic drift
mechanical isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Echolocation
15. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
homeostasis
Echolocation
Instrumental learning
Ethology
16. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Fixed action patterns (example)
Zygote
Atmospheric pressure
Polarized light
17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
mechanical isolation
Fight or flight
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Communication of bees
18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Konrad Lorenz
Biological clocks
Alleles
Navigation cues
19. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Natural selection
Sexual dimorphism
20. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Phenotype
Karl von Frisch
Navigation of animals
21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Instrumental learning
Edward Thorndike
Echolocation
22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Infrasound
Selective breeding
Biological clocks
behavioral isolation
23. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Mimicry
Sun compass
Ethology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
24. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Biological clocks
Inbreeding
Sexual selection
Supernormal sign stimulus
25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Edward Thorndike
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Polarized light
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Stickleback fish
geographic isolation
Estrus
Karl von Frisch
27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
Communication of bees
28. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Polarized light
geographic isolation
Pheromones
29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Genetic drift
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Polarized light
30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Genetic drift
Navigation of animals
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Walter Cannon
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Instrumental learning
Waggle dance
Karl von Frisch
isolation by season
32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Herring gull chicks
Waggle dance
Alleles
Genes
33. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation of bees
Biological clocks
Inclusive fitness
34. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Animal aggression
Sensitive or critical periods
Selective breeding
35. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Navigation cues
Zygote
Instinctual drift (example)
Edward Thorndike
36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Pheromones
Infrasound
Comparative psychology
Wolfgang Kohler
37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
homeostasis
Hearing of owls
mechanical isolation
38. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Mating of bees
Round dance
mechanical isolation
39. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Phenotype
Dominant and recessive gene
Konrad Lorenz
Waggle dance
40. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Navigation of bees
Round dance
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Atmospheric pressure
41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Waggle dance
Mimicry
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Imprinting
42. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Comparative psychology
Harry Harlow
Instinctual drift (example)
Genes
43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Estrus
Releasing stimuli
Pheromones
Infrasound
44. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Courting
Star compass
Round dance
Biological clocks
45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Instinctual drift (example)
geographic isolation
Waggle dance
Selective breeding
46. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
phenotypic expression
Natural selection
Supernormal sign stimulus
Circadian rhythms
47. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Polarized light
Infrasound
Inclusive fitness
Herring gull chicks
48. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Round dance
Releasing stimuli
Hierarchy of bees
Charles Darwin
49. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Supernormal sign stimulus
homeostasis
Hierarchy of bees
50. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Communication of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Dominant and recessive gene
R. C. Tyron
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