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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






2. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






3. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






4. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






5. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






6. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






8. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






11. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






12. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






13. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






18. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






19. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






20. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






22. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






23. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






24. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






25. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






26. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






28. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






29. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






30. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






31. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






32. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






35. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






36. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






38. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






40. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






41. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






42. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






43. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






44. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






45. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






46. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






49. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






50. Bees dance to indicate food is far away