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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Infrasound
Instrumental learning
Inclusive fitness
Alleles
2. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Estrus
Navigation of animals
isolation by season
3. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Inbreeding
geographic isolation
Karl von Frisch
Altruism
4. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Infrasound
Mimicry
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Flower selection of bees
5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Sexual selection
Hierarchy of bees
Round dance
Charles Darwin
6. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Instrumental learning
Star compass
Selective breeding
Wolfgang Kohler
7. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Supernormal sign stimulus
Interaction between instinct and learning
Inclusive fitness
Fixed action patterns (example)
8. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Altruism
Pheromones
Alleles
Stickleback fish
9. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
R. C. Tyron
Sensitive or critical periods
Fight or flight
Stickleback fish
10. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Stickleback fish
Sensitive or critical periods
Estrus
11. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Circadian rhythms
geographic isolation
R. C. Tyron
12. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Konrad Lorenz
Inclusive fitness
Edward Thorndike
Mimicry
13. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
Navigation of bees
Altruism
14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Echolocation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
behavioral isolation
Gamete
15. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Estrus
isolation by season
Selective breeding
16. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Instrumental learning
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
Gamete
17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Inbreeding
Magnetic sense
Navigation cues
18. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Waggle dance
Herring gull chicks
Gamete
R. C. Tyron
19. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Flower selection of bees
Pheromones
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Waggle dance
20. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Fight or flight
Mating of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Mimicry
21. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
mechanical isolation
Selective breeding
Inclusive fitness
Genetic drift
22. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
isolation by season
Infrasound
Polarized light
Mimicry
23. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Charles Darwin
24. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
phenotypic expression
Fixed action patterns (example)
Alleles
Nikolaas Tinbergen
25. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Genetic drift
Navigation cues
Fixed action patterns (example)
Pheromones
26. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Cross fostering experiments
Infrasound
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
27. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Sexual dimorphism
Dominant and recessive gene
Karl von Frisch
Pheromones
28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Eric Kandel
isolation by season
29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Wolfgang Kohler
30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
Estrus
Mimicry
31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Eric Kandel
Harry Harlow
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inclusive fitness
Communication of bees
33. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Navigation of animals
Supernormal sign stimulus
Charles Darwin
Mimicry
34. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Inbreeding
Echolocation
mechanical isolation
35. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
behavioral isolation
Altruism
Genes
Karl von Frisch
36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Courting
Waggle dance
Sexual dimorphism
Dominant and recessive gene
37. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Eric Kandel
Releasing stimuli
Karl von Frisch
Cross fostering experiments
38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Mating of bees
genotype
Flower selection of bees
39. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Sexual dimorphism
Harry Harlow
Comparative psychology
Waggle dance
40. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Karl von Frisch
Navigation of bees
Gamete
41. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Instinctual drift (example)
genotype
Magnetic sense
Flower selection of bees
42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Ethology
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Alleles
43. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Alleles
R. C. Tyron
Inclusive fitness
Hierarchy of bees
44. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Echolocation
Infrasound
Biological clocks
Inclusive fitness
45. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Instrumental learning
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
Round dance
46. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Inclusive fitness
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
47. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Echolocation
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
48. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
Natural selection
Stickleback fish
49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Sexual dimorphism
Atmospheric pressure
Estrus
Interaction between instinct and learning
50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Waggle dance
Edward Thorndike
Sun compass
Imprinting