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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Pheromones
Infrasound
Alleles
Inbreeding
2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
phenotypic expression
Genetic drift
Zygote
isolation by season
3. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Imprinting
Star compass
Echolocation
Inbreeding
4. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Sensitive or critical periods
Ethology
Fixed action patterns (example)
Flower selection of bees
5. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Fitness
Sexual dimorphism
Sensitive or critical periods
Navigation of animals
6. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
Flower selection of bees
7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Comparative psychology
Inbreeding
Navigation cues
Konrad Lorenz
8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
isolation by season
homeostasis
Edward Thorndike
Konrad Lorenz
9. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Circadian rhythms
Navigation of animals
isolation by season
Sun compass
10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Mimicry
Infrasound
Animal aggression
11. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Altruism
Courting
Walter Cannon
Releasing stimuli
12. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Fitness
Navigation of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
13. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Navigation of animals
Courting
Alleles
14. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Karl von Frisch
R. C. Tyron
Zygote
Mating of bees
15. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Polarized light
Wolfgang Kohler
Round dance
16. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Waggle dance
Communication of bees
Round dance
homeostasis
17. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Magnetic sense
Navigation of bees
homeostasis
Phenotype
18. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Magnetic sense
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Karl von Frisch
Harry Harlow
19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Waggle dance
isolation by season
Releasing stimuli
20. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Instrumental learning
Circadian rhythms
Magnetic sense
Interaction between instinct and learning
21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Instrumental learning
Communication of bees
Eric Kandel
22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Estrus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
23. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Konrad Lorenz
Waggle dance
Harry Harlow
Instinctual drift (example)
24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Waggle dance
Atmospheric pressure
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
25. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Flower selection of bees
behavioral isolation
Harry Harlow
26. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Courting
Fitness
Inbreeding
Pheromones
27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Sun compass
Circadian rhythms
Fitness
Interaction between instinct and learning
28. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Edward Thorndike
Selective breeding
Mimicry
Sun compass
29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Courting
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Eric Kandel
Waggle dance
30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Gamete
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Imprinting
Pheromones
31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Atmospheric pressure
mechanical isolation
Harry Harlow
Inbreeding
32. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Infrasound
Fight or flight
Herring gull chicks
33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Charles Darwin
Courting
R. C. Tyron
Fight or flight
34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Inclusive fitness
Fight or flight
geographic isolation
35. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Selective breeding
Zygote
Navigation cues
Navigation of bees
36. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Imprinting
Genetic drift
Animal aggression
Navigation of bees
37. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Star compass
Comparative psychology
38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Sexual dimorphism
Inclusive fitness
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Atmospheric pressure
39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Phenotype
phenotypic expression
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Communication of bees
Imprinting
Navigation of bees
Eric Kandel
41. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation of bees
Animal aggression
Zygote
42. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Sexual selection
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Alleles
43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of bees
Zygote
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Releasing stimuli
Supernormal sign stimulus
Animal aggression
45. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Alleles
Sensitive or critical periods
Atmospheric pressure
R. C. Tyron
46. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
Ethology
Selective breeding
47. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Interaction between instinct and learning
Genes
Karl von Frisch
Atmospheric pressure
48. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Biological clocks
behavioral isolation
Communication of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
isolation by season
Magnetic sense
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Nikolaas Tinbergen
50. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Dominant and recessive gene
Mimicry
Sexual dimorphism
Altruism