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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






2. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






3. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






4. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






5. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






6. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






8. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






9. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






10. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






11. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






12. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






13. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






14. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






15. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






16. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






17. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






18. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






19. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






20. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






21. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






22. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






24. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






25. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






26. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






27. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






28. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






29. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






31. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






32. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






33. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






34. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






37. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






38. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






39. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






40. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






41. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






42. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






43. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






45. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






46. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






47. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






48. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






49. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






50. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there