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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






2. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






3. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






4. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






5. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






6. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






7. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






8. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






9. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






10. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






11. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






12. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






13. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






14. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






16. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






17. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






21. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






22. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






24. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






29. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






30. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






31. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






32. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






33. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






34. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






36. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






37. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






38. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






39. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






41. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






42. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






43. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






44. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






45. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






46. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






47. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






50. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience