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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






2. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






3. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






4. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






5. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






6. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






7. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






8. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






9. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






10. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






11. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






12. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






13. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






17. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






18. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






19. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






20. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






21. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






23. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






26. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






27. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






28. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






29. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






30. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






31. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






32. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






34. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






36. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






37. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






38. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






39. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






41. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






43. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






44. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






45. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






46. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






49. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






50. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue