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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






3. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






4. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






5. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






6. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






8. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






9. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






12. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






14. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






15. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






16. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






17. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






18. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






19. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






20. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






22. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






24. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






25. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






26. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






28. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






29. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






32. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






33. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






34. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






35. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






36. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






38. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






39. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






40. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






43. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






45. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






46. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






47. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






48. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






49. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






50. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models