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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






2. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






3. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






4. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






5. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






8. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






12. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






13. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






15. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






16. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






18. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






19. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






21. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






23. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






24. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






25. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






26. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






27. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






28. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






29. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






31. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






32. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






33. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






34. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






35. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






36. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






37. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






41. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






42. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






46. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






48. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






49. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






50. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate