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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






2. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






3. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






4. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






6. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






7. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






8. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






9. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






10. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






11. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






14. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






15. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






16. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






17. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






18. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






19. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






20. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






21. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






22. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






23. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






24. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






30. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






31. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






32. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






33. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






34. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






35. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






36. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






38. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






39. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






42. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






43. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






45. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






47. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






48. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






49. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)







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