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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






2. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






3. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






4. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






6. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






7. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






8. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






9. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






10. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






11. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






12. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






15. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






17. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






19. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






20. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






23. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






24. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






26. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






27. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






28. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






29. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






30. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






31. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






32. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






33. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






35. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






36. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






42. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






43. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






46. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






47. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






48. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






49. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






50. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment