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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






2. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






3. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






8. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






9. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






11. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






12. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






13. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






14. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






15. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






17. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






18. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






19. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






20. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






21. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






22. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






23. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






25. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






26. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






27. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






28. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






29. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






30. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






31. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






33. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






34. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






35. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






36. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






37. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






38. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






39. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






40. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






42. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






43. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






44. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






45. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






46. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






47. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






49. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






50. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa