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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






2. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






3. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






4. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






5. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






6. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






8. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






9. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






10. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






12. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






13. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






15. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






16. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






18. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






19. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






20. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






21. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






22. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






24. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






25. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






26. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






27. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






28. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






30. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






35. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






36. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






37. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






39. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






40. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






41. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






46. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






48. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






49. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






50. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears