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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Inclusive fitness
Navigation cues
Harry Harlow
Courting
2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Nikolaas Tinbergen
geographic isolation
Ethology
Walter Cannon
3. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
geographic isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
Sun compass
4. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Alleles
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Walter Cannon
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
5. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Round dance
Sexual dimorphism
Zygote
6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Magnetic sense
Herring gull chicks
phenotypic expression
Altruism
7. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Magnetic sense
behavioral isolation
Natural selection
Atmospheric pressure
8. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Flower selection of bees
Sexual selection
behavioral isolation
9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Selective breeding
behavioral isolation
Comparative psychology
isolation by season
10. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
mechanical isolation
Mimicry
Supernormal sign stimulus
Eric Kandel
11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Sexual selection
Harry Harlow
Biological clocks
Infrasound
12. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Releasing stimuli
Interaction between instinct and learning
Fight or flight
Nikolaas Tinbergen
13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Zygote
Estrus
Hierarchy of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
14. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mimicry
Waggle dance
Round dance
15. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
behavioral isolation
Courting
Ethology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
16. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Waggle dance
Dominant and recessive gene
Stickleback fish
17. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Phenotype
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Stickleback fish
18. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Karl von Frisch
Imprinting
Biological clocks
Estrus
19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Fitness
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
isolation by season
Circadian rhythms
20. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Sexual dimorphism
Fight or flight
Gamete
Phenotype
21. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sexual dimorphism
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
22. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Echolocation
Sensitive or critical periods
Waggle dance
23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Alleles
Waggle dance
Fixed action patterns (example)
Selective breeding
24. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Animal aggression
Instinctual drift (example)
Fight or flight
Ethology
25. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Navigation of bees
mechanical isolation
Communication of bees
Releasing stimuli
26. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
Polarized light
Magnetic sense
27. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Fight or flight
Echolocation
genotype
Alleles
28. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Hearing of owls
Instrumental learning
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
isolation by season
29. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Cross fostering experiments
Sun compass
mechanical isolation
Altruism
30. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Inclusive fitness
geographic isolation
Genetic drift
Konrad Lorenz
31. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Stickleback fish
Genetic drift
32. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Infrasound
Cross fostering experiments
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
33. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Alleles
Polarized light
Natural selection
34. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Magnetic sense
Comparative psychology
Charles Darwin
Instinctual/innate behaviours
35. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Phenotype
Circadian rhythms
Comparative psychology
36. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Selective breeding
Alleles
Instrumental learning
Fixed action patterns (example)
37. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Zygote
Cross fostering experiments
Circadian rhythms
Mating of bees
38. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Mating of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Karl von Frisch
homeostasis
39. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Karl von Frisch
genotype
Fixed action patterns (example)
Polarized light
40. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Mating of bees
Biological clocks
41. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
Supernormal sign stimulus
homeostasis
42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Dominant and recessive gene
Interaction between instinct and learning
mechanical isolation
Edward Thorndike
43. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Sensitive or critical periods
Walter Cannon
Natural selection
Gamete
44. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Mating of bees
phenotypic expression
Alleles
45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
phenotypic expression
Pheromones
Polarized light
46. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Pheromones
Edward Thorndike
Animal aggression
Sensitive or critical periods
47. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
isolation by season
Walter Cannon
Flower selection of bees
Echolocation
48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Polarized light
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
49. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sun compass
R. C. Tyron
phenotypic expression
50. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Navigation cues
Wolfgang Kohler
Dominant and recessive gene