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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Gamete
Courting
Biological clocks
Estrus
2. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
3. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Mimicry
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Navigation of bees
4. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Mating of bees
R. C. Tyron
Mimicry
5. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Polarized light
Stickleback fish
Magnetic sense
6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Round dance
Navigation of animals
Fight or flight
Sexual dimorphism
7. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Courting
Alleles
Genetic drift
Instrumental learning
8. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Courting
Estrus
Imprinting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
9. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Genetic drift
Waggle dance
Hierarchy of bees
10. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Polarized light
Mimicry
Sun compass
Navigation of animals
11. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
Mimicry
12. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Circadian rhythms
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation cues
13. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Navigation of bees
Polarized light
Eric Kandel
Comparative psychology
14. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Hierarchy of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Communication of bees
15. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Hearing of owls
Mimicry
Navigation of animals
Polarized light
16. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Mating of bees
Ethology
Stickleback fish
Navigation cues
17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Genetic drift
behavioral isolation
Magnetic sense
18. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Releasing stimuli
Infrasound
19. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Estrus
Konrad Lorenz
Herring gull chicks
20. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Infrasound
Cross fostering experiments
Echolocation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
21. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Round dance
homeostasis
Supernormal sign stimulus
22. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
Waggle dance
Eric Kandel
23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Courting
behavioral isolation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Biological clocks
24. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Dominant and recessive gene
Courting
Instinctual drift (example)
Fight or flight
25. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Supernormal sign stimulus
Estrus
Herring gull chicks
26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
27. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Charles Darwin
Fitness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Harry Harlow
Navigation of animals
R. C. Tyron
Eric Kandel
29. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Animal aggression
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Edward Thorndike
Fight or flight
30. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R. C. Tyron
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
31. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Biological clocks
Polarized light
Selective breeding
Edward Thorndike
32. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Wolfgang Kohler
Sun compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fixed action patterns (example)
33. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Comparative psychology
Circadian rhythms
Karl von Frisch
Estrus
34. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Echolocation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Echolocation
Eric Kandel
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
36. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Selective breeding
Echolocation
Phenotype
geographic isolation
37. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Sexual selection
Stickleback fish
Altruism
Star compass
38. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Fitness
Infrasound
Supernormal sign stimulus
Atmospheric pressure
39. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Estrus
Genes
Sensitive or critical periods
Karl von Frisch
40. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Navigation of animals
Genetic drift
Atmospheric pressure
behavioral isolation
41. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Navigation of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
42. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Natural selection
Mimicry
R. C. Tyron
Fitness
43. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Ethology
Edward Thorndike
Sexual dimorphism
Hierarchy of bees
44. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Imprinting
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
45. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Karl von Frisch
Comparative psychology
Selective breeding
Nikolaas Tinbergen
46. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Harry Harlow
Magnetic sense
Charles Darwin
47. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
geographic isolation
Round dance
Harry Harlow
Zygote
48. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Wolfgang Kohler
Inclusive fitness
Waggle dance
Fight or flight
49. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Pheromones
Phenotype
Inclusive fitness
Polarized light
50. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Infrasound
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Circadian rhythms
Mimicry