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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






2. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






4. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






5. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






6. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






8. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






9. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






11. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






12. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






14. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






15. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






16. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






18. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






19. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






20. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






21. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






22. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






23. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






24. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






25. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






26. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






27. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






28. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






29. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






30. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






31. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






32. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






33. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






34. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






35. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






36. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






37. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






38. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






39. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






40. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






41. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






44. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






45. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






46. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






48. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






49. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






50. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids