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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






4. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






5. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






6. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






7. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






8. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






9. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






10. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






11. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






12. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






13. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






14. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






15. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






16. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






17. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






18. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






19. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






20. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






22. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






23. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






24. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






25. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






26. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






28. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






29. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






30. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






32. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






33. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






34. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






35. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






36. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






37. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






39. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






40. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






42. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






43. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






44. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






45. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






46. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






47. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






49. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)