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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Zygote
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Courting
Polarized light
2. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Konrad Lorenz
Sexual selection
Fight or flight
Mating of bees
3. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Fitness
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
Pheromones
4. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
mechanical isolation
Navigation of animals
Atmospheric pressure
5. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
phenotypic expression
Fitness
6. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Pheromones
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Navigation of bees
Edward Thorndike
7. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Stickleback fish
Konrad Lorenz
Harry Harlow
R. C. Tyron
8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Selective breeding
Edward Thorndike
Imprinting
9. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Natural selection
Selective breeding
Ethology
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
10. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Navigation of animals
Mimicry
Polarized light
Sun compass
11. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Mimicry
Navigation of bees
Animal aggression
Fitness
12. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Fitness
Round dance
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation of animals
13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Zygote
Wolfgang Kohler
Round dance
Walter Cannon
14. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Eric Kandel
Charles Darwin
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sexual selection
15. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Navigation of animals
Instinctual drift (example)
R. C. Tyron
isolation by season
16. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Mating of bees
Genes
isolation by season
17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
18. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Comparative psychology
Wolfgang Kohler
Star compass
19. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Infrasound
homeostasis
Circadian rhythms
Communication of bees
20. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Stickleback fish
Infrasound
Natural selection
Alleles
21. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Circadian rhythms
Infrasound
Interaction between instinct and learning
Harry Harlow
22. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Sensitive or critical periods
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation of animals
Fitness
23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Navigation cues
behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
Alleles
24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Atmospheric pressure
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
Pheromones
25. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Imprinting
Biological clocks
Genes
Selective breeding
26. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Courting
isolation by season
Edward Thorndike
27. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Edward Thorndike
Gamete
Round dance
Waggle dance
28. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Instrumental learning
Ethology
Supernormal sign stimulus
29. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Karl von Frisch
Comparative psychology
30. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
Hearing of owls
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
31. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Ethology
Fitness
Navigation of animals
Interaction between instinct and learning
32. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Alleles
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genetic drift
Round dance
33. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
isolation by season
Instrumental learning
Stickleback fish
R. C. Tyron
34. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
Instrumental learning
35. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Herring gull chicks
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
Inclusive fitness
36. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
37. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
R. C. Tyron
Gamete
Dominant and recessive gene
Inclusive fitness
38. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Fixed action patterns (example)
Comparative psychology
Konrad Lorenz
Magnetic sense
39. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Releasing stimuli
Fitness
Communication of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
40. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
phenotypic expression
Charles Darwin
Mimicry
Communication of bees
41. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inbreeding
Instrumental learning
Atmospheric pressure
42. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Altruism
Echolocation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
43. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Polarized light
isolation by season
Echolocation
Navigation of bees
44. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
geographic isolation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
Hearing of owls
45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Phenotype
behavioral isolation
Inbreeding
Atmospheric pressure
46. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Harry Harlow
Gamete
Instinctual/innate behaviours
47. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Navigation of bees
Stickleback fish
Gamete
48. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
phenotypic expression
Selective breeding
Natural selection
Flower selection of bees
49. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Polarized light
Hierarchy of bees
Fight or flight
50. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Wolfgang Kohler
Biological clocks
Pheromones
Supernormal sign stimulus
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