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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






3. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






4. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






5. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






7. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






8. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






10. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






12. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






15. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






16. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






17. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






18. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






20. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






21. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






22. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






24. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






25. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






26. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






27. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






28. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






29. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






30. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






31. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






32. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






33. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






34. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






35. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






36. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






37. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






38. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






39. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






40. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






41. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






43. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






44. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






46. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






47. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






49. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






50. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes