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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
behavioral isolation
Charles Darwin
isolation by season
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
2. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fixed action patterns (example)
Konrad Lorenz
Hearing of owls
3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
isolation by season
Sexual selection
Konrad Lorenz
4. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Inbreeding
Inclusive fitness
Mating of bees
Sun compass
5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Navigation of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
6. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Atmospheric pressure
Hierarchy of bees
homeostasis
7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Phenotype
Zygote
behavioral isolation
8. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
R. C. Tyron
Genetic drift
Instinctual drift (example)
Flower selection of bees
9. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Animal aggression
Walter Cannon
Mating of bees
10. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Navigation of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Hearing of owls
11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Inclusive fitness
Circadian rhythms
Supernormal sign stimulus
12. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
behavioral isolation
Sexual selection
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
13. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Biological clocks
Stickleback fish
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
14. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Supernormal sign stimulus
Instrumental learning
15. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Star compass
Estrus
Instrumental learning
Eric Kandel
16. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Round dance
Selective breeding
Circadian rhythms
17. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Herring gull chicks
isolation by season
Hearing of owls
18. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
isolation by season
Waggle dance
Altruism
Harry Harlow
19. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Echolocation
Comparative psychology
Magnetic sense
Fixed action patterns (example)
20. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Fitness
phenotypic expression
Selective breeding
Sun compass
21. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Imprinting
Round dance
Fixed action patterns (example)
Fight or flight
22. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Echolocation
Releasing stimuli
Circadian rhythms
Fitness
23. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Selective breeding
Circadian rhythms
R. C. Tyron
24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Round dance
Sexual selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
25. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
mechanical isolation
Biological clocks
26. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Selective breeding
Zygote
Pheromones
27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Estrus
Fixed action patterns (example)
Echolocation
28. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Harry Harlow
Mating of bees
Phenotype
Communication of bees
29. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Flower selection of bees
30. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Selective breeding
Interaction between instinct and learning
Natural selection
Waggle dance
31. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Estrus
mechanical isolation
geographic isolation
Releasing stimuli
32. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Altruism
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Fight or flight
isolation by season
33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Alleles
phenotypic expression
Genes
Mimicry
34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Releasing stimuli
Phenotype
35. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Mimicry
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Alleles
Courting
36. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Round dance
Walter Cannon
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Atmospheric pressure
37. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Fixed action patterns (example)
Waggle dance
Konrad Lorenz
38. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
genotype
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms
Altruism
39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Walter Cannon
Konrad Lorenz
Animal aggression
behavioral isolation
40. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Navigation cues
Stickleback fish
Herring gull chicks
Eric Kandel
41. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Interaction between instinct and learning
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
Fixed action patterns (example)
42. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Star compass
Imprinting
43. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Mimicry
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
R. C. Tyron
Pheromones
44. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Polarized light
Edward Thorndike
Sun compass
45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Interaction between instinct and learning
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sun compass
mechanical isolation
46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Zygote
Hearing of owls
genotype
Natural selection
47. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Natural selection
Karl von Frisch
Waggle dance
Magnetic sense
48. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
geographic isolation
Infrasound
Imprinting
Biological clocks
49. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Herring gull chicks
Animal aggression
Ethology
Eric Kandel
50. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Animal aggression
Genetic drift
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys