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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






2. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






3. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






4. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






5. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






6. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






7. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






10. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






12. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






15. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






16. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






17. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






18. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






19. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






21. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






22. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






24. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






25. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






26. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






27. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






28. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






31. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






32. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






33. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






34. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






36. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






37. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






38. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






40. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






42. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






44. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






45. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






46. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






48. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






49. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






50. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat