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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Polarized light
Charles Darwin
Instrumental learning
2. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Fitness
Communication of bees
Releasing stimuli
Wolfgang Kohler
3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Inclusive fitness
Herring gull chicks
Natural selection
Konrad Lorenz
4. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Interaction between instinct and learning
isolation by season
Zygote
5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Karl von Frisch
Hierarchy of bees
Communication of bees
Edward Thorndike
6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Waggle dance
Polarized light
Hearing of owls
7. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
homeostasis
Sexual selection
Karl von Frisch
8. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Sexual dimorphism
Inbreeding
Charles Darwin
Cross fostering experiments
9. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Animal aggression
Courting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Cross fostering experiments
10. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Mimicry
Ethology
Genetic drift
Supernormal sign stimulus
11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
phenotypic expression
Herring gull chicks
Infrasound
12. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
mechanical isolation
Mimicry
Nikolaas Tinbergen
13. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Echolocation
Pheromones
Mating of bees
Waggle dance
14. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Interaction between instinct and learning
homeostasis
phenotypic expression
Walter Cannon
15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Zygote
Flower selection of bees
Estrus
Mimicry
16. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Hearing of owls
Sexual dimorphism
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Eric Kandel
17. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Star compass
Natural selection
Round dance
Instinctual drift (example)
18. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Walter Cannon
Natural selection
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
19. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Pheromones
Mating of bees
Selective breeding
Altruism
20. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
homeostasis
Fitness
Hearing of owls
Nikolaas Tinbergen
21. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Charles Darwin
Alleles
Walter Cannon
22. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Stickleback fish
Herring gull chicks
Instinctual drift (example)
23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Pheromones
genotype
Harry Harlow
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Imprinting
Fight or flight
Instrumental learning
Star compass
25. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Atmospheric pressure
isolation by season
phenotypic expression
26. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
phenotypic expression
Mating of bees
Gamete
27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Alleles
Fight or flight
Infrasound
Fixed action patterns (example)
28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Altruism
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
Cross fostering experiments
29. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Sensitive or critical periods
Altruism
Nikolaas Tinbergen
30. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Star compass
Zygote
31. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Zygote
Estrus
Eric Kandel
32. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Gamete
mechanical isolation
Polarized light
33. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Courting
Sensitive or critical periods
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Interaction between instinct and learning
34. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
behavioral isolation
Echolocation
Star compass
Harry Harlow
35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
Pheromones
36. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Mating of bees
Polarized light
geographic isolation
Edward Thorndike
37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
genotype
mechanical isolation
Altruism
Konrad Lorenz
38. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Natural selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Dominant and recessive gene
39. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Magnetic sense
Inclusive fitness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Polarized light
Cross fostering experiments
41. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Eric Kandel
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inclusive fitness
Mimicry
42. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Waggle dance
Flower selection of bees
43. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Biological clocks
Fight or flight
Mimicry
Edward Thorndike
44. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Genetic drift
Charles Darwin
Walter Cannon
Sensitive or critical periods
45. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Hearing of owls
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
isolation by season
Genes
46. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Mating of bees
Sexual dimorphism
Sexual selection
Courting
47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
phenotypic expression
behavioral isolation
Inbreeding
48. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Sexual dimorphism
mechanical isolation
genotype
49. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Sexual selection
geographic isolation
Sexual dimorphism
50. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Genes
Ethology
Gamete