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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
genotype
Wolfgang Kohler
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
2. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Wolfgang Kohler
Biological clocks
Comparative psychology
Courting
3. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Circadian rhythms
Pheromones
Sensitive or critical periods
Harry Harlow
4. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Gamete
Releasing stimuli
Alleles
5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Sensitive or critical periods
Genetic drift
Selective breeding
Magnetic sense
6. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Infrasound
Karl von Frisch
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Magnetic sense
7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Sensitive or critical periods
Inbreeding
Circadian rhythms
Biological clocks
8. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
R. C. Tyron
Interaction between instinct and learning
Mating of bees
Altruism
9. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Estrus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
10. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Selective breeding
Star compass
Circadian rhythms
Interaction between instinct and learning
11. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Genes
Navigation of bees
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Harry Harlow
Alleles
Animal aggression
Sensitive or critical periods
13. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Magnetic sense
Hearing of owls
homeostasis
Echolocation
14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Circadian rhythms
Inbreeding
Mating of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
geographic isolation
Imprinting
Communication of bees
Karl von Frisch
16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Cross fostering experiments
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Zygote
17. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Wolfgang Kohler
Natural selection
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Mimicry
18. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Polarized light
Instinctual drift (example)
Releasing stimuli
Konrad Lorenz
19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Alleles
Fixed action patterns (example)
20. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Natural selection
Sun compass
Round dance
21. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
Navigation of animals
Dominant and recessive gene
22. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Fitness
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Circadian rhythms
Atmospheric pressure
23. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Walter Cannon
24. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Sensitive or critical periods
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Konrad Lorenz
Fixed action patterns (example)
25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Herring gull chicks
Courting
Genetic drift
Communication of bees
26. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Stickleback fish
Fixed action patterns (example)
Magnetic sense
Waggle dance
27. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Instinctual drift (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation of bees
Konrad Lorenz
28. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Estrus
Harry Harlow
Natural selection
Karl von Frisch
29. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Genes
Instrumental learning
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
30. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Navigation of animals
Communication of bees
genotype
Sexual selection
31. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Instinctual drift (example)
Fitness
Estrus
32. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Charles Darwin
Fight or flight
geographic isolation
Phenotype
33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Zygote
Inclusive fitness
Alleles
Fight or flight
34. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
mechanical isolation
Fitness
Genetic drift
Genes
35. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
geographic isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Walter Cannon
Eric Kandel
Altruism
37. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Estrus
Imprinting
mechanical isolation
38. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
Genetic drift
Dominant and recessive gene
39. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Karl von Frisch
Ethology
Genetic drift
40. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
mechanical isolation
Altruism
Sun compass
Natural selection
41. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Zygote
Genes
Communication of bees
42. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Sensitive or critical periods
Konrad Lorenz
Echolocation
phenotypic expression
43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
isolation by season
44. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Courting
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hearing of owls
genotype
45. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Biological clocks
Cross fostering experiments
Sexual selection
46. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Navigation of bees
Waggle dance
Sun compass
47. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Courting
48. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Instinctual drift (example)
homeostasis
Releasing stimuli
49. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Fixed action patterns (example)
Konrad Lorenz
Inbreeding
Genes
50. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Sexual dimorphism
Courting
Comparative psychology
Supernormal sign stimulus