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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






2. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






3. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






4. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






5. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






6. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






9. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






10. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






12. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






13. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






14. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






15. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






19. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






20. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






21. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






22. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






23. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






24. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






25. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






28. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






29. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






30. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






31. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






32. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






33. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






34. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






35. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






36. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






37. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






38. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






39. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






40. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






42. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






43. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






45. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






46. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






48. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






49. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






50. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid