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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fight or flight
Fixed action patterns (example)
Phenotype
Sun compass
2. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Flower selection of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
phenotypic expression
homeostasis
3. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Waggle dance
Infrasound
Navigation cues
Genes
4. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Edward Thorndike
Infrasound
Harry Harlow
5. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Sun compass
Mimicry
Cross fostering experiments
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
6. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Navigation of animals
Altruism
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Echolocation
7. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Karl von Frisch
Hierarchy of bees
genotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
8. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
geographic isolation
behavioral isolation
Courting
Gamete
9. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Biological clocks
Alleles
Herring gull chicks
10. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
mechanical isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms
homeostasis
11. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
isolation by season
Edward Thorndike
Fixed action patterns (example)
12. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Animal aggression
Star compass
Sexual selection
13. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Hearing of owls
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Mating of bees
Mimicry
14. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
isolation by season
phenotypic expression
Natural selection
Instinctual drift (example)
15. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Biological clocks
Selective breeding
Supernormal sign stimulus
16. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Infrasound
Sensitive or critical periods
Imprinting
Hearing of owls
17. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Altruism
homeostasis
Infrasound
genotype
18. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Genes
Navigation of bees
Charles Darwin
Wolfgang Kohler
19. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
Altruism
20. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Wolfgang Kohler
Eric Kandel
21. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Mimicry
Dominant and recessive gene
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
22. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Altruism
Navigation of bees
Circadian rhythms
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
23. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Echolocation
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
24. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
25. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Waggle dance
Sun compass
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
homeostasis
Fixed action patterns (example)
Estrus
27. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Dominant and recessive gene
Flower selection of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Genes
28. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
geographic isolation
Comparative psychology
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation cues
29. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Waggle dance
phenotypic expression
Wolfgang Kohler
30. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Polarized light
Navigation of animals
Sensitive or critical periods
Circadian rhythms
31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
genotype
Communication of bees
phenotypic expression
32. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
Fight or flight
33. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Walter Cannon
homeostasis
Herring gull chicks
34. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Karl von Frisch
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
35. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Gamete
Mimicry
Konrad Lorenz
Sun compass
36. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
R. C. Tyron
genotype
Star compass
Sun compass
37. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Edward Thorndike
Sensitive or critical periods
Flower selection of bees
38. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Navigation of animals
Biological clocks
homeostasis
39. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Courting
Navigation cues
Interaction between instinct and learning
Flower selection of bees
40. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Karl von Frisch
Sexual selection
R. C. Tyron
Animal aggression
41. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Circadian rhythms
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation of bees
Infrasound
42. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instrumental learning
Hearing of owls
Sexual dimorphism
43. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Star compass
geographic isolation
Imprinting
Ethology
44. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Courting
Walter Cannon
phenotypic expression
Inclusive fitness
45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Instrumental learning
isolation by season
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fitness
46. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Mating of bees
Sexual selection
R. C. Tyron
Fixed action patterns (example)
47. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Alleles
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Polarized light
48. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Sensitive or critical periods
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Waggle dance
Mating of bees
49. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
Phenotype
Communication of bees
50. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Biological clocks
Hearing of owls
Mating of bees
Atmospheric pressure
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