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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Instinctual drift (example)
Echolocation
Round dance
Cross fostering experiments
2. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Round dance
Walter Cannon
Echolocation
Flower selection of bees
3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Gamete
Round dance
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Dominant and recessive gene
4. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Harry Harlow
Edward Thorndike
Sun compass
Genetic drift
5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Sensitive or critical periods
Echolocation
Supernormal sign stimulus
Dominant and recessive gene
6. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Flower selection of bees
mechanical isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Communication of bees
7. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Mating of bees
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
8. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
mechanical isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Flower selection of bees
Ethology
9. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Hierarchy of bees
Echolocation
Cross fostering experiments
Sun compass
10. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Gamete
Flower selection of bees
Stickleback fish
Altruism
11. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Pheromones
Genetic drift
Cross fostering experiments
Hearing of owls
12. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fixed action patterns (example)
Wolfgang Kohler
13. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Waggle dance
Genes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
14. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Magnetic sense
Stickleback fish
homeostasis
15. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Inclusive fitness
Animal aggression
Eric Kandel
Herring gull chicks
16. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Courting
Phenotype
Infrasound
17. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Mimicry
Harry Harlow
Courting
Pheromones
18. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Phenotype
behavioral isolation
Fight or flight
19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Karl von Frisch
Animal aggression
Polarized light
Eric Kandel
20. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Waggle dance
Edward Thorndike
Echolocation
Inbreeding
21. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
genotype
Charles Darwin
Hearing of owls
22. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
Atmospheric pressure
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
23. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Round dance
Animal aggression
Genes
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
24. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Alleles
Cross fostering experiments
Biological clocks
Star compass
25. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
R. C. Tyron
Mimicry
Hearing of owls
26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Star compass
Gamete
Circadian rhythms
Navigation of animals
27. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Sexual selection
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Flower selection of bees
28. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Mimicry
Genes
Alleles
phenotypic expression
29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Ethology
Estrus
Konrad Lorenz
30. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Atmospheric pressure
Fitness
Imprinting
Stickleback fish
31. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Polarized light
Sexual selection
32. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Sun compass
isolation by season
genotype
phenotypic expression
33. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Instinctual drift (example)
Hearing of owls
R. C. Tyron
Star compass
34. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
behavioral isolation
R. C. Tyron
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Cross fostering experiments
35. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
phenotypic expression
Polarized light
Gamete
36. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Dominant and recessive gene
Releasing stimuli
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
37. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Infrasound
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Karl von Frisch
38. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Ethology
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Echolocation
39. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Supernormal sign stimulus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Courting
isolation by season
40. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Mimicry
Echolocation
behavioral isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Polarized light
Altruism
Communication of bees
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
42. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
Biological clocks
43. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Ethology
Navigation cues
Konrad Lorenz
Pheromones
44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Genetic drift
homeostasis
Hearing of owls
Waggle dance
45. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Sensitive or critical periods
Karl von Frisch
Dominant and recessive gene
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
46. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Magnetic sense
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Zygote
Mating of bees
47. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
phenotypic expression
Navigation of bees
Genes
homeostasis
48. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Mating of bees
Genetic drift
Star compass
Sexual dimorphism
49. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Interaction between instinct and learning
Mating of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
50. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Ethology
Navigation cues
Biological clocks
Stickleback fish