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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






2. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






3. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






4. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






5. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






6. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






7. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






8. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






9. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






11. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






12. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






13. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






14. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






15. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






16. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






17. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






18. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






19. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






20. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






21. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






22. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






23. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






24. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






25. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






27. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






28. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






29. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






30. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






31. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






32. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






34. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






36. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






37. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






38. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






39. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






40. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






41. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






42. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






43. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






46. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






48. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






49. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






50. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity