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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Inclusive fitness
Edward Thorndike
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
2. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Echolocation
Biological clocks
Supernormal sign stimulus
3. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Supernormal sign stimulus
Genes
Instrumental learning
Edward Thorndike
4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Sun compass
homeostasis
Mimicry
Magnetic sense
5. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
Konrad Lorenz
Atmospheric pressure
6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Echolocation
geographic isolation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Charles Darwin
7. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Pheromones
Charles Darwin
Karl von Frisch
Magnetic sense
8. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Fight or flight
Genes
9. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Sensitive or critical periods
Karl von Frisch
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Eric Kandel
10. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Wolfgang Kohler
Herring gull chicks
Estrus
Altruism
11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Sexual selection
Ethology
Supernormal sign stimulus
Phenotype
12. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Interaction between instinct and learning
Biological clocks
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Natural selection
13. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Round dance
Natural selection
Edward Thorndike
Star compass
14. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Biological clocks
Karl von Frisch
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Star compass
Inclusive fitness
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sensitive or critical periods
16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Biological clocks
Wolfgang Kohler
Circadian rhythms
Herring gull chicks
17. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Edward Thorndike
Mimicry
Circadian rhythms
18. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Pheromones
Mating of bees
Altruism
19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Sexual dimorphism
Hearing of owls
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Ethology
20. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
Communication of bees
21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Edward Thorndike
Navigation of bees
Atmospheric pressure
22. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
isolation by season
Selective breeding
Zygote
23. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Flower selection of bees
Zygote
genotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
24. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Polarized light
Flower selection of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instrumental learning
25. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Releasing stimuli
Altruism
Genes
Flower selection of bees
26. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Instrumental learning
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Herring gull chicks
Genes
Cross fostering experiments
28. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Herring gull chicks
Harry Harlow
Sun compass
Instrumental learning
29. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Interaction between instinct and learning
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation of animals
Sexual dimorphism
30. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Gamete
Walter Cannon
Inbreeding
Hearing of owls
31. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Inbreeding
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual/innate behaviours
32. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Biological clocks
Fight or flight
Fitness
Sexual selection
33. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Sun compass
Stickleback fish
Genes
Harry Harlow
34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Walter Cannon
Round dance
Fixed action patterns (example)
35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Selective breeding
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Comparative psychology
36. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sun compass
37. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Polarized light
Genetic drift
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
38. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Hierarchy of bees
Imprinting
geographic isolation
Mimicry
39. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Genes
Round dance
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fitness
40. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation of bees
Karl von Frisch
Round dance
41. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Polarized light
Star compass
Sexual dimorphism
Phenotype
42. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Sensitive or critical periods
Hierarchy of bees
Star compass
geographic isolation
43. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Atmospheric pressure
Biological clocks
Fitness
Inclusive fitness
44. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Circadian rhythms
Ethology
Herring gull chicks
Infrasound
45. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Estrus
Round dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
46. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Estrus
Karl von Frisch
Fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Zygote
Releasing stimuli
Eric Kandel
48. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Star compass
Nikolaas Tinbergen
behavioral isolation
49. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Comparative psychology
Zygote
Karl von Frisch
Releasing stimuli
50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Estrus
Sexual dimorphism
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Dominant and recessive gene