Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






2. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






3. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






6. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






7. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






8. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






11. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






12. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






13. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






16. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






18. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






19. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






20. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






23. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






24. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






26. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






28. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






29. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






32. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






33. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






34. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






35. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






36. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






37. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






38. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






39. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






40. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






41. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






42. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






46. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






47. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






48. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






49. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






50. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not