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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






2. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






6. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






7. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






8. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






9. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






11. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






12. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






13. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






14. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






15. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






16. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






17. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






18. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






19. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






20. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






21. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






22. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






23. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






25. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






26. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






27. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






28. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






29. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






30. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






31. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






32. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






33. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






34. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






36. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






37. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






38. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






39. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






40. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






41. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






42. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






43. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






44. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






45. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






46. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






48. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






49. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






50. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness