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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






2. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






3. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






4. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






5. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






6. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






8. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






9. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






11. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






12. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






13. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






14. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






15. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






16. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






17. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






18. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






19. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






20. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






21. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






22. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






23. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






25. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






28. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






29. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






30. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






31. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






32. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






33. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






34. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






35. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






36. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






37. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






38. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






39. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






40. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






41. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






42. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






44. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






45. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






47. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






48. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






49. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards