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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Polarized light
Genetic drift
genotype
Mimicry
2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inbreeding
Echolocation
Inclusive fitness
Hearing of owls
3. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Gamete
Instinctual drift (example)
Inbreeding
Courting
4. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual drift (example)
Harry Harlow
5. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Stickleback fish
Fight or flight
Infrasound
6. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Sensitive or critical periods
Atmospheric pressure
Star compass
7. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Imprinting
Navigation of animals
Karl von Frisch
Wolfgang Kohler
8. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Navigation cues
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
9. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Ethology
Flower selection of bees
Navigation cues
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Altruism
Zygote
Fitness
Supernormal sign stimulus
11. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Hierarchy of bees
Navigation cues
Selective breeding
Flower selection of bees
12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Fight or flight
Animal aggression
isolation by season
Instinctual/innate behaviours
13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Magnetic sense
Walter Cannon
isolation by season
Communication of bees
14. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
phenotypic expression
Harry Harlow
15. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
behavioral isolation
homeostasis
Inclusive fitness
Gamete
16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Pheromones
Estrus
Stickleback fish
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
17. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Courting
Star compass
Flower selection of bees
Waggle dance
18. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Stickleback fish
Mating of bees
Hearing of owls
Eric Kandel
19. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
Edward Thorndike
Nikolaas Tinbergen
20. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Courting
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Interaction between instinct and learning
21. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Genetic drift
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Wolfgang Kohler
22. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Round dance
Mimicry
Charles Darwin
Genes
23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Zygote
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Harry Harlow
Fixed action patterns (example)
24. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms
Natural selection
25. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Circadian rhythms
Dominant and recessive gene
Communication of bees
Fitness
26. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Sensitive or critical periods
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genes
Mating of bees
27. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
R. C. Tyron
Sexual selection
Estrus
28. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sexual selection
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
29. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
homeostasis
Mating of bees
Flower selection of bees
Instrumental learning
30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Navigation of animals
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Estrus
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
31. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Comparative psychology
mechanical isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
R. C. Tyron
32. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Hierarchy of bees
Pheromones
Zygote
Magnetic sense
33. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
isolation by season
Altruism
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Karl von Frisch
34. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation of bees
35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Estrus
Instrumental learning
Genes
Wolfgang Kohler
36. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Instrumental learning
Sensitive or critical periods
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
37. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Karl von Frisch
Atmospheric pressure
Hearing of owls
Ethology
38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
phenotypic expression
Flower selection of bees
Zygote
Ethology
39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Magnetic sense
Star compass
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genetic drift
40. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Estrus
Natural selection
Mimicry
Instinctual drift (example)
41. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Polarized light
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
phenotypic expression
Round dance
42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Genetic drift
mechanical isolation
Courting
Gamete
43. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Waggle dance
Selective breeding
Karl von Frisch
Edward Thorndike
44. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Ethology
Instinctual drift (example)
Magnetic sense
Eric Kandel
45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Flower selection of bees
Star compass
Wolfgang Kohler
Fixed action patterns (example)
46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Natural selection
Navigation of animals
Zygote
47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Inbreeding
Pheromones
Stickleback fish
R. C. Tyron
48. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Navigation of animals
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Star compass
Infrasound
isolation by season
Sexual selection
50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Alleles
phenotypic expression
Selective breeding
genotype