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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Magnetic sense
Karl von Frisch
Phenotype
2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Circadian rhythms
Konrad Lorenz
Sun compass
3. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Courting
Natural selection
Wolfgang Kohler
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
4. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Sun compass
Walter Cannon
Sexual dimorphism
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
5. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
isolation by season
Mimicry
Natural selection
Gamete
6. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Waggle dance
Natural selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of bees
7. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Echolocation
Waggle dance
Dominant and recessive gene
Fight or flight
8. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Ethology
phenotypic expression
Atmospheric pressure
9. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Zygote
Comparative psychology
Selective breeding
Genetic drift
10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
geographic isolation
Courting
Konrad Lorenz
Zygote
11. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
genotype
Releasing stimuli
Karl von Frisch
Inclusive fitness
12. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Sexual selection
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
Gamete
13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Altruism
Pheromones
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fitness
14. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Instrumental learning
Star compass
Communication of bees
Herring gull chicks
15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
Fitness
16. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Gamete
Zygote
Fight or flight
Imprinting
17. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Infrasound
Sexual selection
Navigation of bees
Konrad Lorenz
18. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
R. C. Tyron
Hearing of owls
Walter Cannon
Imprinting
19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Ethology
Waggle dance
Flower selection of bees
20. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
isolation by season
homeostasis
Gamete
behavioral isolation
21. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Echolocation
22. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
homeostasis
Gamete
Infrasound
Edward Thorndike
23. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Genetic drift
Instinctual drift (example)
Polarized light
Phenotype
24. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Echolocation
Instrumental learning
Instinctual drift (example)
25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inclusive fitness
Inbreeding
Navigation cues
Selective breeding
26. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
mechanical isolation
Courting
R. C. Tyron
Fixed action patterns (example)
27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Mating of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
behavioral isolation
28. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Harry Harlow
Circadian rhythms
Sexual dimorphism
29. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
Natural selection
Instinctual drift (example)
Mimicry
30. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Charles Darwin
Sexual selection
Navigation of animals
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instinctual drift (example)
Mating of bees
Alleles
32. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Eric Kandel
Sun compass
Animal aggression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
33. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Walter Cannon
Flower selection of bees
Phenotype
Stickleback fish
34. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Navigation of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
35. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
phenotypic expression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Animal aggression
Stickleback fish
36. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Communication of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
Fixed action patterns (example)
Eric Kandel
37. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Karl von Frisch
genotype
isolation by season
38. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Karl von Frisch
Flower selection of bees
Harry Harlow
R. C. Tyron
39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
behavioral isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Magnetic sense
Sexual selection
mechanical isolation
Navigation cues
41. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Altruism
Communication of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
42. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Selective breeding
Supernormal sign stimulus
Instinctual/innate behaviours
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
43. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Instrumental learning
Sexual selection
Courting
Navigation of bees
44. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
Navigation cues
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
45. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Sexual selection
Eric Kandel
Instinctual/innate behaviours
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Gamete
Charles Darwin
Comparative psychology
isolation by season
47. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Walter Cannon
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
48. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Mimicry
Karl von Frisch
Alleles
49. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Edward Thorndike
Alleles
50. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Konrad Lorenz
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual drift (example)
Mimicry
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