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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






2. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






4. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






5. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






6. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






7. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






8. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






9. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






11. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






12. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






14. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






15. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






17. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






19. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






21. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






24. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






25. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






26. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






30. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






32. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






34. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






36. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






38. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






39. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






40. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






41. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






42. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






46. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






49. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






50. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur