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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Eric Kandel
homeostasis
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
2. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Herring gull chicks
Interaction between instinct and learning
Imprinting
Hierarchy of bees
3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Sun compass
Polarized light
Navigation of animals
4. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Supernormal sign stimulus
Dominant and recessive gene
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
5. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Edward Thorndike
Navigation of bees
Natural selection
Herring gull chicks
6. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Alleles
Atmospheric pressure
Communication of bees
7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Mimicry
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Waggle dance
Sexual dimorphism
8. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Supernormal sign stimulus
Releasing stimuli
Genes
Communication of bees
9. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Dominant and recessive gene
Echolocation
Stickleback fish
Inclusive fitness
10. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Genes
Genetic drift
Gamete
11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Navigation of animals
Fight or flight
Fixed action patterns (example)
Infrasound
12. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Phenotype
Cross fostering experiments
Sexual dimorphism
Comparative psychology
13. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Dominant and recessive gene
Walter Cannon
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Edward Thorndike
Interaction between instinct and learning
Inbreeding
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
isolation by season
Round dance
Altruism
Charles Darwin
16. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Genes
Phenotype
Sensitive or critical periods
Sexual selection
17. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Polarized light
Biological clocks
Supernormal sign stimulus
Wolfgang Kohler
18. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Estrus
Walter Cannon
Interaction between instinct and learning
genotype
19. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Dominant and recessive gene
Gamete
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
20. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Instinctual drift (example)
Phenotype
Navigation of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Karl von Frisch
Sensitive or critical periods
Gamete
22. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
mechanical isolation
Genetic drift
Inclusive fitness
Konrad Lorenz
23. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Fight or flight
isolation by season
behavioral isolation
Charles Darwin
24. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Sensitive or critical periods
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Waggle dance
25. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Magnetic sense
Estrus
26. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Charles Darwin
isolation by season
Mating of bees
Karl von Frisch
27. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Alleles
Biological clocks
Herring gull chicks
Navigation cues
28. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Hierarchy of bees
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Mimicry
29. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Walter Cannon
Animal aggression
Herring gull chicks
30. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Sexual selection
Navigation cues
genotype
31. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Stickleback fish
Pheromones
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
32. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sun compass
genotype
Altruism
33. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Sexual dimorphism
Supernormal sign stimulus
Zygote
mechanical isolation
34. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Eric Kandel
Flower selection of bees
isolation by season
Genetic drift
35. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Harry Harlow
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Edward Thorndike
Gamete
36. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Interaction between instinct and learning
Waggle dance
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
37. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
Inbreeding
Biological clocks
38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
phenotypic expression
Flower selection of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
39. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
Instrumental learning
Hierarchy of bees
40. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
R. C. Tyron
Hierarchy of bees
Pheromones
41. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Edward Thorndike
Imprinting
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Genes
42. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Cross fostering experiments
Gamete
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
43. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Natural selection
Stickleback fish
Biological clocks
44. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Animal aggression
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Biological clocks
45. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Alleles
homeostasis
Infrasound
isolation by season
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Imprinting
Dominant and recessive gene
mechanical isolation
Zygote
47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Hierarchy of bees
Estrus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
48. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Magnetic sense
Instinctual/innate behaviours
geographic isolation
49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Sensitive or critical periods
Atmospheric pressure
isolation by season
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
50. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Sexual dimorphism
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms