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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
geographic isolation
Fitness
Inbreeding
Round dance
2. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Flower selection of bees
Ethology
Genes
Eric Kandel
3. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Imprinting
genotype
geographic isolation
Zygote
4. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
Flower selection of bees
5. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Selective breeding
Estrus
Genetic drift
6. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Navigation cues
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Courting
Harry Harlow
7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Eric Kandel
Gamete
geographic isolation
genotype
8. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Phenotype
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Navigation of bees
Fitness
9. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Navigation cues
Karl von Frisch
Mating of bees
10. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Selective breeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Stickleback fish
11. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Infrasound
Dominant and recessive gene
12. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Navigation of animals
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
Sexual selection
13. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Circadian rhythms
Supernormal sign stimulus
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
14. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Alleles
Pheromones
Magnetic sense
Konrad Lorenz
15. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Releasing stimuli
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fitness
16. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Releasing stimuli
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Altruism
17. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Instrumental learning
Sun compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Mating of bees
18. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
Edward Thorndike
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Mimicry
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Animal aggression
20. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Fight or flight
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation of bees
Fitness
21. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Instrumental learning
Genes
Waggle dance
Imprinting
22. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Circadian rhythms
geographic isolation
Star compass
23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Genetic drift
Selective breeding
Estrus
24. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Imprinting
homeostasis
Herring gull chicks
Pheromones
25. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Natural selection
Interaction between instinct and learning
Echolocation
Sun compass
26. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Communication of bees
Mating of bees
Hearing of owls
27. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Edward Thorndike
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
isolation by season
Fitness
28. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Inbreeding
Selective breeding
Eric Kandel
Inclusive fitness
29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Infrasound
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
30. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Waggle dance
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Polarized light
Navigation of animals
31. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Walter Cannon
Instrumental learning
Releasing stimuli
Imprinting
32. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Polarized light
Biological clocks
Ethology
33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Karl von Frisch
Zygote
Echolocation
Wolfgang Kohler
34. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Interaction between instinct and learning
Fight or flight
Ethology
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
35. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Communication of bees
Charles Darwin
Hierarchy of bees
Fitness
36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Harry Harlow
Atmospheric pressure
isolation by season
Walter Cannon
37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
phenotypic expression
Konrad Lorenz
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
38. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Magnetic sense
Sexual dimorphism
Konrad Lorenz
Sexual selection
39. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Zygote
Supernormal sign stimulus
40. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Fitness
Instinctual drift (example)
Herring gull chicks
Magnetic sense
41. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Mating of bees
Sun compass
Navigation of bees
42. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Round dance
Imprinting
geographic isolation
43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Sexual dimorphism
Magnetic sense
Alleles
Wolfgang Kohler
44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Hierarchy of bees
isolation by season
Biological clocks
Karl von Frisch
45. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Edward Thorndike
Natural selection
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
46. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Estrus
Waggle dance
Animal aggression
Genetic drift
47. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sexual dimorphism
Genes
Eric Kandel
Sensitive or critical periods
48. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Gamete
Cross fostering experiments
Atmospheric pressure
49. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Edward Thorndike
Fight or flight
Herring gull chicks
Harry Harlow
50. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
Communication of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek