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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
geographic isolation
Genetic drift
R. C. Tyron
Navigation of bees
2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Pheromones
Hierarchy of bees
Altruism
3. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Fixed action patterns (example)
Biological clocks
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Fitness
4. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Pheromones
geographic isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
5. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Ethology
Polarized light
Releasing stimuli
Alleles
6. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Eric Kandel
Harry Harlow
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
7. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Sexual dimorphism
Zygote
Mimicry
Genetic drift
8. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Biological clocks
Star compass
Hearing of owls
Mating of bees
9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Ethology
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
10. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
Ethology
Sexual selection
11. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Navigation of animals
Inbreeding
Comparative psychology
Fitness
12. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Gamete
Altruism
Supernormal sign stimulus
Circadian rhythms
13. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Inclusive fitness
Gamete
Stickleback fish
Pheromones
14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Konrad Lorenz
Phenotype
isolation by season
Instrumental learning
15. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Wolfgang Kohler
Biological clocks
Star compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Natural selection
Infrasound
Wolfgang Kohler
Navigation cues
17. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Animal aggression
Infrasound
Echolocation
Cross fostering experiments
18. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Hierarchy of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genes
Konrad Lorenz
19. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Sun compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
Selective breeding
20. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Atmospheric pressure
Hierarchy of bees
Courting
21. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Cross fostering experiments
Magnetic sense
Inbreeding
Round dance
22. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genetic drift
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Round dance
23. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
behavioral isolation
phenotypic expression
24. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Polarized light
Charles Darwin
25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Communication of bees
Walter Cannon
Courting
Eric Kandel
26. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
phenotypic expression
mechanical isolation
Walter Cannon
27. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
homeostasis
Mating of bees
Herring gull chicks
28. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Karl von Frisch
Phenotype
behavioral isolation
29. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Biological clocks
Sexual dimorphism
Supernormal sign stimulus
Communication of bees
30. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Sexual selection
Animal aggression
Wolfgang Kohler
Dominant and recessive gene
31. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Inbreeding
homeostasis
Inclusive fitness
32. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Edward Thorndike
Biological clocks
Instrumental learning
33. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Hearing of owls
Inbreeding
Round dance
Releasing stimuli
34. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Hierarchy of bees
Edward Thorndike
Alleles
35. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
behavioral isolation
Karl von Frisch
Star compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Fight or flight
geographic isolation
Mimicry
37. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Dominant and recessive gene
Genetic drift
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Imprinting
38. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Flower selection of bees
homeostasis
Animal aggression
Stickleback fish
39. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fixed action patterns (example)
40. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
isolation by season
Zygote
Communication of bees
Echolocation
41. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
R. C. Tyron
Charles Darwin
Natural selection
Nikolaas Tinbergen
42. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Imprinting
Biological clocks
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
43. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Fitness
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
44. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Stickleback fish
Natural selection
45. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mimicry
Instinctual/innate behaviours
46. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Gamete
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Courting
Comparative psychology
47. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
mechanical isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Herring gull chicks
Echolocation
48. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Dominant and recessive gene
Fight or flight
Hearing of owls
Flower selection of bees
49. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
R. C. Tyron
phenotypic expression
Harry Harlow
50. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Instrumental learning
Navigation of bees
Walter Cannon
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours