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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






2. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






3. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






4. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






5. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






6. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






7. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






8. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






9. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






10. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






11. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






13. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






14. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






15. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






16. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






17. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






18. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






19. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






20. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






21. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






23. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






24. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






25. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






26. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






27. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






28. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






30. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






31. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






32. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






33. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






34. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






35. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






36. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






37. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






39. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






40. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






41. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






42. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






43. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






44. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






45. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






46. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






47. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






48. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






49. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






50. Bees dance to indicate food is far away







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