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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Sun compass
Gamete
Natural selection
Walter Cannon
2. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Konrad Lorenz
Wolfgang Kohler
Fixed action patterns (example)
3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Sun compass
Instinctual drift (example)
Genes
4. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Flower selection of bees
Walter Cannon
Sexual selection
R. C. Tyron
5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Comparative psychology
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Circadian rhythms
Genes
6. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
isolation by season
Circadian rhythms
Fixed action patterns (example)
Herring gull chicks
7. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Mating of bees
Genes
Star compass
Magnetic sense
8. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Zygote
Comparative psychology
Alleles
Fight or flight
9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Magnetic sense
Hearing of owls
Communication of bees
Mimicry
10. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Navigation of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Ethology
11. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Altruism
Karl von Frisch
genotype
Mating of bees
12. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Zygote
Alleles
13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
14. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Courting
isolation by season
15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Round dance
Estrus
Interaction between instinct and learning
Edward Thorndike
16. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Biological clocks
Animal aggression
Harry Harlow
Flower selection of bees
17. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Imprinting
Inclusive fitness
Interaction between instinct and learning
18. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Cross fostering experiments
Genetic drift
Gamete
19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Hierarchy of bees
Comparative psychology
Herring gull chicks
Zygote
20. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Magnetic sense
Sensitive or critical periods
Instinctual drift (example)
21. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
Pheromones
Flower selection of bees
22. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
geographic isolation
Fitness
Comparative psychology
Ethology
23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Phenotype
Star compass
Herring gull chicks
Polarized light
24. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Genes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Natural selection
Waggle dance
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
26. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Genes
Navigation of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Supernormal sign stimulus
27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
genotype
homeostasis
Natural selection
Selective breeding
28. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Navigation of bees
Sun compass
phenotypic expression
29. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
behavioral isolation
Infrasound
Phenotype
Nikolaas Tinbergen
30. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Edward Thorndike
Atmospheric pressure
Karl von Frisch
31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Instrumental learning
Altruism
Echolocation
Konrad Lorenz
32. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Infrasound
Navigation of bees
Karl von Frisch
Sensitive or critical periods
33. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Waggle dance
Instrumental learning
Ethology
Harry Harlow
34. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Charles Darwin
geographic isolation
Cross fostering experiments
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
35. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Fixed action patterns (example)
Releasing stimuli
Natural selection
36. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Edward Thorndike
Ethology
Navigation of animals
Navigation of bees
37. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Mating of bees
Circadian rhythms
Interaction between instinct and learning
Round dance
38. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Walter Cannon
Phenotype
phenotypic expression
Magnetic sense
39. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Round dance
geographic isolation
Imprinting
Altruism
40. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Dominant and recessive gene
Genetic drift
Inbreeding
41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Comparative psychology
Biological clocks
Mimicry
42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Mating of bees
Walter Cannon
Inbreeding
Sensitive or critical periods
43. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Atmospheric pressure
Phenotype
Polarized light
44. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
geographic isolation
Navigation of animals
45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
Fight or flight
isolation by season
46. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Sexual dimorphism
phenotypic expression
Eric Kandel
47. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Navigation cues
Gamete
Estrus
Fixed action patterns (example)
48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Releasing stimuli
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
mechanical isolation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
49. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Genes
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Hearing of owls
Infrasound
50. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Walter Cannon
Herring gull chicks
Star compass
Sun compass