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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






2. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






3. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






5. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






6. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






7. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






8. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






9. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






10. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






11. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






12. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






14. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






15. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






16. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






17. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






18. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






19. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






20. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






21. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






22. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






23. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






24. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






25. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






26. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






27. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






28. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






29. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






30. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






31. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






32. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






33. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






34. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






35. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






36. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






37. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






40. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






41. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






42. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






45. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






46. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






47. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






49. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






50. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)