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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






2. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






3. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






4. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






5. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






6. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






7. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






8. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






10. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






12. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






13. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






14. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






15. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






16. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






19. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






20. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






21. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






22. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






24. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






26. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






27. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






28. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






29. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






30. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






31. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






32. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






33. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






34. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






35. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






36. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






37. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






39. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






40. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






41. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






42. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






43. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






44. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






45. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






46. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






47. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






49. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






50. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds







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