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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Zygote
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Pheromones
2. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Navigation of bees
Alleles
Infrasound
Walter Cannon
3. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Stickleback fish
Herring gull chicks
Fitness
Selective breeding
4. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Communication of bees
Alleles
Instrumental learning
5. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Navigation cues
Supernormal sign stimulus
Eric Kandel
6. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Pheromones
Biological clocks
Wolfgang Kohler
7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Walter Cannon
Altruism
isolation by season
Dominant and recessive gene
8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Sun compass
Stickleback fish
Karl von Frisch
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Dominant and recessive gene
isolation by season
Star compass
Magnetic sense
10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
mechanical isolation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
11. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Round dance
Fitness
Sexual selection
12. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Sexual selection
Genes
Mating of bees
Natural selection
13. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
geographic isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Karl von Frisch
Supernormal sign stimulus
14. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Sensitive or critical periods
Comparative psychology
Wolfgang Kohler
Inclusive fitness
15. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual drift (example)
phenotypic expression
Fixed action patterns (example)
16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Fight or flight
Genetic drift
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Ethology
17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Hierarchy of bees
behavioral isolation
Mimicry
Navigation cues
18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
behavioral isolation
Atmospheric pressure
Waggle dance
Inbreeding
19. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
isolation by season
genotype
Flower selection of bees
Selective breeding
20. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Dominant and recessive gene
Ethology
Inclusive fitness
21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Phenotype
homeostasis
Fight or flight
Hierarchy of bees
22. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Gamete
Infrasound
Interaction between instinct and learning
homeostasis
23. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Circadian rhythms
Sun compass
24. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Infrasound
Waggle dance
Imprinting
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
Estrus
Navigation cues
26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Animal aggression
Ethology
Pheromones
Hearing of owls
27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Edward Thorndike
Comparative psychology
Fight or flight
Alleles
28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
R. C. Tyron
Mimicry
Pheromones
Interaction between instinct and learning
29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Instinctual drift (example)
Echolocation
Fight or flight
Phenotype
30. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Polarized light
Ethology
genotype
31. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
R. C. Tyron
Magnetic sense
phenotypic expression
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
geographic isolation
Animal aggression
Sun compass
Natural selection
33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Comparative psychology
Herring gull chicks
Circadian rhythms
Wolfgang Kohler
34. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Magnetic sense
Polarized light
phenotypic expression
35. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Ethology
Walter Cannon
Eric Kandel
Natural selection
36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Fight or flight
Estrus
Sensitive or critical periods
37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Eric Kandel
genotype
Mimicry
38. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Stickleback fish
Interaction between instinct and learning
Atmospheric pressure
39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Cross fostering experiments
Hearing of owls
R. C. Tyron
40. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Mating of bees
Instrumental learning
Hearing of owls
Infrasound
41. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Echolocation
Estrus
Selective breeding
42. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Sexual dimorphism
Pheromones
Inclusive fitness
43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Fixed action patterns (example)
Alleles
Cross fostering experiments
44. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
homeostasis
Cross fostering experiments
Charles Darwin
Wolfgang Kohler
45. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Circadian rhythms
Cross fostering experiments
homeostasis
46. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Round dance
Alleles
Sun compass
Polarized light
47. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Sensitive or critical periods
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Estrus
48. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Interaction between instinct and learning
Herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fixed action patterns (example)
49. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Karl von Frisch
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
50. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Gamete
Mimicry
Sun compass
phenotypic expression