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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Charles Darwin
phenotypic expression
Echolocation
Comparative psychology
2. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Karl von Frisch
Releasing stimuli
Fitness
Mimicry
3. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Polarized light
Sun compass
Natural selection
Fixed action patterns (example)
4. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Stickleback fish
Wolfgang Kohler
homeostasis
5. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Estrus
Fitness
Selective breeding
Instrumental learning
6. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
mechanical isolation
Pheromones
Polarized light
Hearing of owls
7. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Genes
Charles Darwin
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
R. C. Tyron
Ethology
genotype
isolation by season
9. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Courting
Genetic drift
isolation by season
10. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Flower selection of bees
Sexual selection
Polarized light
Harry Harlow
11. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Animal aggression
Genes
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Supernormal sign stimulus
12. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Sensitive or critical periods
phenotypic expression
Mating of bees
Phenotype
13. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Supernormal sign stimulus
behavioral isolation
Genes
Fixed action patterns (example)
14. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Star compass
Zygote
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
15. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Waggle dance
Pheromones
Charles Darwin
Biological clocks
16. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
geographic isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
behavioral isolation
17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Mating of bees
Fight or flight
Inbreeding
18. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Charles Darwin
Cross fostering experiments
Hierarchy of bees
Alleles
19. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Instrumental learning
Herring gull chicks
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
20. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Echolocation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Herring gull chicks
Gamete
21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Ethology
Phenotype
Altruism
Zygote
22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
genotype
Estrus
23. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Genes
Walter Cannon
Supernormal sign stimulus
isolation by season
24. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Stickleback fish
Fixed action patterns (example)
Wolfgang Kohler
25. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Eric Kandel
Navigation of bees
Stickleback fish
Cross fostering experiments
26. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Selective breeding
Circadian rhythms
Stickleback fish
Infrasound
27. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
homeostasis
Star compass
Harry Harlow
Fitness
28. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Inclusive fitness
Sun compass
Natural selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
29. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Pheromones
Instrumental learning
Comparative psychology
Waggle dance
30. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Imprinting
Echolocation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Eric Kandel
31. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Magnetic sense
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
homeostasis
32. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Ethology
Zygote
Supernormal sign stimulus
Natural selection
33. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Hierarchy of bees
Navigation of animals
Dominant and recessive gene
Herring gull chicks
34. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Cross fostering experiments
genotype
Mating of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
35. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Phenotype
Atmospheric pressure
Altruism
Sexual selection
36. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Magnetic sense
Inclusive fitness
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Mimicry
37. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Hierarchy of bees
Natural selection
Sexual dimorphism
Dominant and recessive gene
38. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Imprinting
Instinctual drift (example)
Zygote
Phenotype
39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Comparative psychology
mechanical isolation
Sexual selection
Mating of bees
40. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
Fight or flight
Round dance
41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Wolfgang Kohler
Mimicry
geographic isolation
Navigation of animals
42. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hearing of owls
Cross fostering experiments
Eric Kandel
43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
isolation by season
Inclusive fitness
44. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Alleles
Zygote
Ethology
Wolfgang Kohler
45. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
genotype
Pheromones
Natural selection
Courting
46. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Altruism
Flower selection of bees
Navigation cues
Sexual dimorphism
47. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
geographic isolation
Phenotype
R. C. Tyron
48. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
Echolocation
phenotypic expression
49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Navigation of bees
Inclusive fitness
Sexual dimorphism
Estrus
50. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Fitness
Round dance
Hearing of owls
Charles Darwin