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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






4. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






5. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






6. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






7. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






8. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






9. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






10. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






11. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






12. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






13. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






16. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






17. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






18. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






19. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






23. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






25. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






26. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






27. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






29. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






30. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






31. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






34. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






35. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






37. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






38. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






42. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






44. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






45. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






46. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






50. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed