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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






2. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






3. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






4. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






6. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






7. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






8. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






9. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






10. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






12. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






15. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






16. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






17. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






18. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






19. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






20. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






21. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






22. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






25. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






26. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






27. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






28. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






29. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






30. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






31. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






32. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






33. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






34. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






35. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






37. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






38. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






39. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






43. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






47. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






48. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






49. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






50. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic