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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






2. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






4. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






5. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






7. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






8. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






9. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






10. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






11. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






12. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






13. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






16. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






18. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






20. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






21. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






24. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






25. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






26. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






28. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






30. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






31. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






32. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






33. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






34. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






35. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






36. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






39. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






40. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






41. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






42. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






44. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






45. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






46. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






47. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






48. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






49. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species