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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Fight or flight
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Round dance
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Edward Thorndike
Sun compass
Cross fostering experiments
Genetic drift
3. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Supernormal sign stimulus
Navigation of bees
Magnetic sense
mechanical isolation
4. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Star compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
5. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Gamete
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Charles Darwin
Nikolaas Tinbergen
6. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Ethology
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Star compass
Eric Kandel
7. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Dominant and recessive gene
Atmospheric pressure
Round dance
8. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Herring gull chicks
Navigation cues
behavioral isolation
Inbreeding
9. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Charles Darwin
Polarized light
Ethology
Walter Cannon
10. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Walter Cannon
Polarized light
Sexual selection
Herring gull chicks
11. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Hierarchy of bees
Instrumental learning
Karl von Frisch
mechanical isolation
12. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Instinctual drift (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Altruism
13. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Zygote
Alleles
Atmospheric pressure
geographic isolation
14. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Releasing stimuli
Animal aggression
Edward Thorndike
Sexual dimorphism
15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Atmospheric pressure
Alleles
Pheromones
behavioral isolation
16. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
Biological clocks
R. C. Tyron
17. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Eric Kandel
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
18. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Inbreeding
Zygote
Sexual selection
Biological clocks
19. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
Inbreeding
Biological clocks
20. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fixed action patterns (example)
Altruism
21. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Edward Thorndike
Flower selection of bees
Stickleback fish
22. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
Estrus
23. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
phenotypic expression
Instrumental learning
Wolfgang Kohler
Inclusive fitness
24. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Instrumental learning
geographic isolation
Inclusive fitness
Sexual selection
25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Inbreeding
Eric Kandel
Genes
26. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Ethology
Altruism
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Pheromones
Sun compass
Estrus
Stickleback fish
28. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Wolfgang Kohler
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sexual dimorphism
Edward Thorndike
29. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Star compass
Communication of bees
Walter Cannon
Comparative psychology
30. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Wolfgang Kohler
Harry Harlow
Stickleback fish
Supernormal sign stimulus
31. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Animal aggression
Herring gull chicks
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Estrus
32. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Sexual dimorphism
Mimicry
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Wolfgang Kohler
33. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Walter Cannon
Edward Thorndike
Konrad Lorenz
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
34. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Communication of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
Nikolaas Tinbergen
35. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Edward Thorndike
Magnetic sense
Hierarchy of bees
Navigation cues
36. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Herring gull chicks
Eric Kandel
Interaction between instinct and learning
Animal aggression
37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Eric Kandel
Releasing stimuli
Sensitive or critical periods
isolation by season
38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
behavioral isolation
Instrumental learning
Instinctual drift (example)
Gamete
39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Instrumental learning
Zygote
Hearing of owls
phenotypic expression
40. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
genotype
Ethology
Echolocation
Flower selection of bees
41. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Dominant and recessive gene
Echolocation
Fitness
R. C. Tyron
42. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
phenotypic expression
Pheromones
Natural selection
Sensitive or critical periods
43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Animal aggression
Instinctual drift (example)
mechanical isolation
Navigation of animals
44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Communication of bees
Instrumental learning
Sensitive or critical periods
Navigation of animals
45. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Supernormal sign stimulus
Selective breeding
Stickleback fish
Inclusive fitness
46. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
homeostasis
Sensitive or critical periods
Round dance
Mating of bees
47. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Star compass
Navigation of animals
Phenotype
Circadian rhythms
48. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Courting
Genes
Cross fostering experiments
Harry Harlow
49. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Altruism
Charles Darwin
Flower selection of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
50. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Fixed action patterns (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
mechanical isolation
genotype