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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






2. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






3. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






4. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






6. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






7. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






8. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






9. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






12. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






13. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






14. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






15. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






16. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






17. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






19. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






20. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






21. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






22. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






23. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






24. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






25. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






26. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






27. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






28. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






29. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






30. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






31. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






32. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






33. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






34. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






36. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






37. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






38. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






39. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






40. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






41. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






42. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






43. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






45. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






46. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






47. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






50. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms