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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Estrus
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
Cross fostering experiments
2. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Navigation cues
Mating of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
3. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Inbreeding
Navigation of animals
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
geographic isolation
4. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Waggle dance
Animal aggression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instinctual drift (example)
5. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Altruism
Imprinting
Interaction between instinct and learning
6. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Biological clocks
Communication of bees
Genetic drift
Eric Kandel
7. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
isolation by season
Communication of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
genotype
8. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Comparative psychology
Genes
Communication of bees
Fitness
9. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
R. C. Tyron
Ethology
Dominant and recessive gene
Phenotype
10. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Releasing stimuli
R. C. Tyron
Round dance
11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Stickleback fish
Charles Darwin
behavioral isolation
Atmospheric pressure
12. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
homeostasis
Pheromones
Cross fostering experiments
Inbreeding
13. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Polarized light
Star compass
Biological clocks
14. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Releasing stimuli
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Estrus
Wolfgang Kohler
15. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
genotype
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Animal aggression
Instinctual drift (example)
16. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Genes
Hierarchy of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Alleles
17. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Cross fostering experiments
Phenotype
Waggle dance
Hearing of owls
18. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Fixed action patterns (example)
Estrus
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Instinctual drift (example)
19. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Magnetic sense
Phenotype
Alleles
20. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
mechanical isolation
Infrasound
Waggle dance
21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Altruism
Sexual selection
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Circadian rhythms
22. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Interaction between instinct and learning
Mating of bees
Courting
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
23. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Fixed action patterns (example)
Ethology
Courting
24. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
isolation by season
Infrasound
Releasing stimuli
Instrumental learning
25. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Inbreeding
Navigation of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Circadian rhythms
26. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Comparative psychology
Natural selection
27. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Sexual dimorphism
Hierarchy of bees
Communication of bees
28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Selective breeding
Polarized light
Hearing of owls
Charles Darwin
29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Circadian rhythms
Sensitive or critical periods
Instinctual drift (example)
Star compass
30. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Mimicry
phenotypic expression
Fitness
Releasing stimuli
31. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Gamete
Magnetic sense
Animal aggression
Comparative psychology
32. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Mating of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Gamete
Navigation cues
Fight or flight
Pheromones
34. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Phenotype
Charles Darwin
Gamete
Interaction between instinct and learning
35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Magnetic sense
Zygote
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Comparative psychology
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
behavioral isolation
Herring gull chicks
mechanical isolation
Flower selection of bees
37. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Comparative psychology
mechanical isolation
phenotypic expression
Karl von Frisch
38. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Charles Darwin
Stickleback fish
Harry Harlow
39. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Sexual selection
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Walter Cannon
Sensitive or critical periods
40. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Mimicry
R. C. Tyron
Dominant and recessive gene
41. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Star compass
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
Harry Harlow
42. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Phenotype
Sensitive or critical periods
Eric Kandel
Selective breeding
43. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Genes
Edward Thorndike
Round dance
Courting
44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Cross fostering experiments
Pheromones
Fitness
Natural selection
45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Biological clocks
geographic isolation
46. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Edward Thorndike
Ethology
Karl von Frisch
47. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Inclusive fitness
Mimicry
Edward Thorndike
48. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
Mimicry
Star compass
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
49. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
phenotypic expression
Communication of bees
Circadian rhythms
Charles Darwin
50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Sun compass
genotype
Sexual selection
Genetic drift