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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Stickleback fish
Estrus
Karl von Frisch
Sensitive or critical periods
2. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Polarized light
Wolfgang Kohler
Waggle dance
Karl von Frisch
3. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
phenotypic expression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Flower selection of bees
Harry Harlow
4. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Pheromones
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of animals
5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Supernormal sign stimulus
genotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
6. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Releasing stimuli
Charles Darwin
Courting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
7. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
phenotypic expression
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Animal aggression
Atmospheric pressure
8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Instrumental learning
behavioral isolation
Walter Cannon
Eric Kandel
9. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
Genetic drift
Charles Darwin
10. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Sexual selection
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sensitive or critical periods
11. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Mating of bees
Fitness
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
12. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Releasing stimuli
Atmospheric pressure
Comparative psychology
phenotypic expression
13. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Fight or flight
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual drift (example)
Cross fostering experiments
14. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Stickleback fish
Pheromones
phenotypic expression
15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Mimicry
Biological clocks
Estrus
16. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Alleles
genotype
Gamete
17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Edward Thorndike
Ethology
geographic isolation
Phenotype
18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Infrasound
Releasing stimuli
Phenotype
19. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Genetic drift
Altruism
Polarized light
Sexual selection
20. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Biological clocks
Harry Harlow
Konrad Lorenz
Interaction between instinct and learning
21. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Fight or flight
Round dance
Biological clocks
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
22. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Edward Thorndike
Gamete
phenotypic expression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
23. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Genes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
genotype
24. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Waggle dance
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sun compass
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
25. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Navigation of bees
Inclusive fitness
Communication of bees
Karl von Frisch
26. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Interaction between instinct and learning
Karl von Frisch
Circadian rhythms
Imprinting
27. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Zygote
Fight or flight
Selective breeding
Waggle dance
28. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instinctual drift (example)
phenotypic expression
29. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Fight or flight
Alleles
Animal aggression
Atmospheric pressure
30. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Fight or flight
Star compass
Ethology
Instinctual drift (example)
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Echolocation
R. C. Tyron
mechanical isolation
Star compass
32. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Sensitive or critical periods
Fitness
Navigation of bees
Charles Darwin
33. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Courting
Fixed action patterns (example)
Wolfgang Kohler
34. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Walter Cannon
Atmospheric pressure
Fight or flight
Round dance
35. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Fitness
Magnetic sense
Estrus
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Fight or flight
Sexual selection
Alleles
37. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
Interaction between instinct and learning
Infrasound
38. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hearing of owls
39. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Altruism
Pheromones
40. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Interaction between instinct and learning
Inclusive fitness
Waggle dance
41. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Inbreeding
Stickleback fish
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
42. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Mating of bees
phenotypic expression
geographic isolation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Echolocation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Sun compass
44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
genotype
Hearing of owls
homeostasis
Zygote
45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
R. C. Tyron
Harry Harlow
Pheromones
Estrus
46. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
R. C. Tyron
Stickleback fish
Karl von Frisch
Altruism
47. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Communication of bees
Natural selection
Zygote
48. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Fitness
Communication of bees
Inclusive fitness
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
49. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
behavioral isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Atmospheric pressure
50. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Fitness
behavioral isolation
Karl von Frisch
Supernormal sign stimulus