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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Courting
Navigation cues
Genes
behavioral isolation
2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Phenotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
3. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Stickleback fish
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
phenotypic expression
4. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Wolfgang Kohler
isolation by season
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of animals
5. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Waggle dance
Courting
Inbreeding
Instinctual drift (example)
6. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Eric Kandel
Sun compass
Round dance
Gamete
7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
isolation by season
Herring gull chicks
Alleles
8. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Genes
Konrad Lorenz
Releasing stimuli
9. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Inclusive fitness
Pheromones
Hierarchy of bees
Genetic drift
10. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Instinctual drift (example)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Phenotype
11. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Mimicry
genotype
Fitness
Fixed action patterns (example)
12. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
Wolfgang Kohler
Instrumental learning
13. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Circadian rhythms
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
behavioral isolation
14. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Round dance
Hierarchy of bees
Magnetic sense
R. C. Tyron
15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Genes
Ethology
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sun compass
16. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Navigation of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Phenotype
17. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Genetic drift
Waggle dance
Comparative psychology
Instinctual drift (example)
18. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Navigation of animals
Natural selection
Communication of bees
19. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Inclusive fitness
Pheromones
Communication of bees
20. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Herring gull chicks
Supernormal sign stimulus
Echolocation
Stickleback fish
21. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Courting
Fight or flight
Inbreeding
22. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Phenotype
Inclusive fitness
Biological clocks
Flower selection of bees
23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
behavioral isolation
Mimicry
isolation by season
24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Natural selection
Selective breeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Atmospheric pressure
25. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Courting
Infrasound
Fitness
26. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Karl von Frisch
Navigation cues
Comparative psychology
Navigation of bees
27. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Karl von Frisch
Sexual dimorphism
Infrasound
Pheromones
28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Waggle dance
Fitness
Inbreeding
29. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Infrasound
Fight or flight
genotype
geographic isolation
30. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Phenotype
Konrad Lorenz
Biological clocks
31. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
Hierarchy of bees
Imprinting
32. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
Polarized light
Mimicry
33. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Sexual dimorphism
Sun compass
Nikolaas Tinbergen
34. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Echolocation
Selective breeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
genotype
35. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Navigation of bees
Releasing stimuli
Biological clocks
Genetic drift
36. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Magnetic sense
Harry Harlow
Sexual selection
37. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
isolation by season
Hierarchy of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Circadian rhythms
38. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Polarized light
Fixed action patterns (example)
Konrad Lorenz
Altruism
39. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Circadian rhythms
Infrasound
Mating of bees
40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Wolfgang Kohler
Round dance
Genes
Sun compass
41. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Magnetic sense
Biological clocks
Walter Cannon
42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
isolation by season
homeostasis
Instinctual/innate behaviours
43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Magnetic sense
Wolfgang Kohler
Navigation of animals
Ethology
44. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Inclusive fitness
Karl von Frisch
Hierarchy of bees
Animal aggression
45. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
Harry Harlow
Natural selection
46. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Sun compass
Pheromones
Fixed action patterns (example)
Infrasound
47. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Biological clocks
Courting
Magnetic sense
Dominant and recessive gene
48. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Konrad Lorenz
Stickleback fish
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
49. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Instinctual drift (example)
Inbreeding
Navigation of bees
Polarized light
50. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Mimicry
Zygote
Instrumental learning
Fitness