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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Imprinting
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
Circadian rhythms
2. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Navigation of animals
Walter Cannon
Fitness
Herring gull chicks
3. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
geographic isolation
Gamete
genotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
4. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
5. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Selective breeding
homeostasis
Inclusive fitness
Echolocation
6. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Sexual selection
Natural selection
Genes
7. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sensitive or critical periods
Sexual selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Flower selection of bees
8. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
geographic isolation
Natural selection
Atmospheric pressure
Supernormal sign stimulus
9. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Estrus
Alleles
Hearing of owls
phenotypic expression
10. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Circadian rhythms
homeostasis
R. C. Tyron
11. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Eric Kandel
Supernormal sign stimulus
Ethology
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sensitive or critical periods
isolation by season
Echolocation
13. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Zygote
Ethology
phenotypic expression
14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Circadian rhythms
Round dance
Releasing stimuli
Gamete
15. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Genes
isolation by season
Polarized light
Round dance
16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Pheromones
phenotypic expression
Karl von Frisch
17. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Communication of bees
Konrad Lorenz
Atmospheric pressure
18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Eric Kandel
Mating of bees
Animal aggression
geographic isolation
19. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Edward Thorndike
20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
Imprinting
21. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Fixed action patterns (example)
Round dance
Charles Darwin
22. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Infrasound
Mating of bees
Hearing of owls
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
23. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Konrad Lorenz
isolation by season
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
24. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Sensitive or critical periods
Animal aggression
Konrad Lorenz
25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
mechanical isolation
Waggle dance
Konrad Lorenz
Fight or flight
26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Walter Cannon
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Imprinting
Star compass
27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
R. C. Tyron
Round dance
Interaction between instinct and learning
28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Mating of bees
Pheromones
Courting
Genes
29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Inclusive fitness
Interaction between instinct and learning
Gamete
Selective breeding
30. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Charles Darwin
R. C. Tyron
Harry Harlow
Wolfgang Kohler
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Magnetic sense
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
mechanical isolation
geographic isolation
32. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Magnetic sense
Charles Darwin
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Dominant and recessive gene
33. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Communication of bees
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
34. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Genes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Ethology
Sensitive or critical periods
35. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Altruism
Edward Thorndike
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation cues
36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
phenotypic expression
Herring gull chicks
Comparative psychology
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
37. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Charles Darwin
geographic isolation
Fitness
38. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Phenotype
Imprinting
phenotypic expression
Genes
39. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Navigation of animals
Selective breeding
Infrasound
Mating of bees
40. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
Gamete
41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
isolation by season
Comparative psychology
Instinctual drift (example)
Infrasound
42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Zygote
Karl von Frisch
Infrasound
43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Navigation cues
Ethology
Navigation of animals
44. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Comparative psychology
Fixed action patterns (example)
Circadian rhythms
45. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Ethology
Flower selection of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Alleles
46. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
Imprinting
Herring gull chicks
Waggle dance
47. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Communication of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Instrumental learning
Zygote
48. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Estrus
Sun compass
Round dance
Communication of bees
49. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Star compass
Instrumental learning
Sexual dimorphism
Navigation cues
50. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Alleles
Dominant and recessive gene
Ethology
Inclusive fitness