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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






2. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






3. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






4. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






5. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






6. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






7. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






8. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






9. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






10. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






11. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






12. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






13. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






16. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






17. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






18. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






19. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






21. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






22. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






25. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






28. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






29. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






30. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






31. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






32. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






33. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






34. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






38. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






39. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






40. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






41. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






42. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






44. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






45. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






46. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






47. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






48. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






49. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment