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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Infrasound
Sun compass
Magnetic sense
2. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Natural selection
R. C. Tyron
Atmospheric pressure
Konrad Lorenz
3. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Dominant and recessive gene
Wolfgang Kohler
Circadian rhythms
4. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
homeostasis
Flower selection of bees
Cross fostering experiments
Fixed action patterns (example)
5. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Mimicry
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
homeostasis
6. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Mating of bees
Releasing stimuli
Inbreeding
Circadian rhythms
7. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Harry Harlow
Natural selection
Zygote
8. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fitness
Circadian rhythms
Comparative psychology
9. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Magnetic sense
Waggle dance
Releasing stimuli
10. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Supernormal sign stimulus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
11. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Wolfgang Kohler
Inbreeding
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
12. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Fixed action patterns (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation cues
Star compass
13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Phenotype
Inbreeding
Altruism
14. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Ethology
Round dance
genotype
Genes
15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
R. C. Tyron
Comparative psychology
Stickleback fish
Estrus
16. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Herring gull chicks
Round dance
Mimicry
Natural selection
17. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
behavioral isolation
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
genotype
Konrad Lorenz
18. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Imprinting
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fight or flight
Phenotype
19. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Walter Cannon
Eric Kandel
Instrumental learning
Alleles
20. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Stickleback fish
phenotypic expression
isolation by season
21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Animal aggression
isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
22. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mating of bees
Mimicry
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
23. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Selective breeding
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Hierarchy of bees
Stickleback fish
24. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Animal aggression
Sexual selection
Instrumental learning
Alleles
25. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Karl von Frisch
Instinctual/innate behaviours
26. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Natural selection
geographic isolation
Biological clocks
Inbreeding
27. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Inclusive fitness
homeostasis
Altruism
28. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Herring gull chicks
Sexual dimorphism
Charles Darwin
Circadian rhythms
29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Sexual dimorphism
homeostasis
Circadian rhythms
30. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
Infrasound
geographic isolation
31. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Estrus
Wolfgang Kohler
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Round dance
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Natural selection
Karl von Frisch
33. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Round dance
Pheromones
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
34. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Herring gull chicks
Magnetic sense
Supernormal sign stimulus
Altruism
35. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
36. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
behavioral isolation
Comparative psychology
Dominant and recessive gene
37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Navigation of animals
Comparative psychology
Flower selection of bees
38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Communication of bees
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
Gamete
39. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Atmospheric pressure
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
Inclusive fitness
40. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Charles Darwin
mechanical isolation
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual/innate behaviours
41. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
behavioral isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation of bees
Mating of bees
42. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Pheromones
Navigation of animals
Dominant and recessive gene
43. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
mechanical isolation
Genes
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Gamete
44. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Echolocation
Pheromones
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of animals
45. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Wolfgang Kohler
Phenotype
Echolocation
Fight or flight
46. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Interaction between instinct and learning
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inclusive fitness
Eric Kandel
47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Instrumental learning
geographic isolation
phenotypic expression
Animal aggression
48. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Sexual selection
Stickleback fish
Eric Kandel
Supernormal sign stimulus
49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Altruism
Karl von Frisch
Hierarchy of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
50. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Konrad Lorenz
Natural selection
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Interaction between instinct and learning