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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Hierarchy of bees
Zygote
Releasing stimuli
Infrasound
2. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Herring gull chicks
Walter Cannon
Zygote
Pheromones
3. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Animal aggression
Releasing stimuli
Dominant and recessive gene
Zygote
4. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Navigation cues
Selective breeding
Estrus
Alleles
5. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Eric Kandel
Imprinting
Supernormal sign stimulus
6. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Zygote
Sexual selection
Edward Thorndike
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Echolocation
Konrad Lorenz
Estrus
Inbreeding
8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Alleles
behavioral isolation
9. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Instinctual drift (example)
Dominant and recessive gene
Gamete
10. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Fight or flight
homeostasis
Hearing of owls
Biological clocks
11. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Courting
Inbreeding
Flower selection of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
12. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Genetic drift
Cross fostering experiments
genotype
Alleles
13. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
R. C. Tyron
Inclusive fitness
Cross fostering experiments
Sexual dimorphism
14. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Star compass
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
15. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Sensitive or critical periods
Echolocation
Charles Darwin
16. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Flower selection of bees
Genetic drift
Inclusive fitness
Pheromones
17. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Genes
Zygote
Star compass
Releasing stimuli
18. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Edward Thorndike
Communication of bees
Stickleback fish
Polarized light
19. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting
Inclusive fitness
20. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Konrad Lorenz
R. C. Tyron
Hearing of owls
Circadian rhythms
21. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inclusive fitness
Estrus
22. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Imprinting
Phenotype
Wolfgang Kohler
Instrumental learning
23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Echolocation
R. C. Tyron
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of animals
24. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Round dance
Hierarchy of bees
Inclusive fitness
25. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Polarized light
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Biological clocks
Mating of bees
26. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Animal aggression
Fitness
Infrasound
Sexual dimorphism
27. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Sun compass
Eric Kandel
Hierarchy of bees
Altruism
28. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Inclusive fitness
Instinctual drift (example)
Magnetic sense
Instrumental learning
29. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Altruism
Ethology
mechanical isolation
Comparative psychology
30. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Instinctual drift (example)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Animal aggression
Cross fostering experiments
31. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Inclusive fitness
Circadian rhythms
Sun compass
Atmospheric pressure
32. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Mating of bees
Karl von Frisch
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Eric Kandel
33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
behavioral isolation
Selective breeding
homeostasis
34. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Atmospheric pressure
Echolocation
Magnetic sense
Gamete
35. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Imprinting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual drift (example)
36. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Mimicry
homeostasis
Eric Kandel
Atmospheric pressure
37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Mating of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
Phenotype
38. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Konrad Lorenz
Natural selection
Sun compass
Polarized light
39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Gamete
Charles Darwin
R. C. Tyron
geographic isolation
40. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Polarized light
mechanical isolation
Navigation of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
41. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Estrus
Mimicry
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Atmospheric pressure
Herring gull chicks
Biological clocks
behavioral isolation
43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Harry Harlow
R. C. Tyron
44. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Karl von Frisch
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Eric Kandel
45. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Wolfgang Kohler
Walter Cannon
Sexual dimorphism
Mimicry
46. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Gamete
Releasing stimuli
Instrumental learning
47. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Gamete
Interaction between instinct and learning
Hearing of owls
Sun compass
48. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Genes
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Cross fostering experiments
Round dance
49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Communication of bees
Selective breeding
Sexual dimorphism
50. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Instinctual drift (example)
Supernormal sign stimulus
Zygote
Fixed action patterns (example)