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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






2. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






3. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






4. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






5. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






6. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






11. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






12. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






14. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






15. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






16. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






18. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






19. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






20. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






21. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






22. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






24. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






25. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






26. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






27. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






28. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






29. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






30. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






31. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






32. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






34. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






35. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






36. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






37. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






38. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






39. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






40. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






41. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






42. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






43. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






45. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






46. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






47. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






49. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






50. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity