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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






2. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






3. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






4. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






5. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






6. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






9. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






10. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






11. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






15. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






18. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






19. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






21. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






22. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






23. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






24. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






25. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






28. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






29. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






30. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






31. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






32. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






35. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






36. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






37. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






38. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






39. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






40. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






41. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






42. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






43. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






44. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






45. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






46. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






47. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






48. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






49. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






50. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning