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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






2. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






5. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






8. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






11. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






12. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






15. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






18. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






20. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






21. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






22. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






23. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






25. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






26. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






29. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






30. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






32. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






35. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






36. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






37. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






38. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






39. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






40. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






41. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






42. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






45. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






46. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






47. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






48. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks