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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






2. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






3. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






4. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






5. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






6. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






7. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






8. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






9. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






11. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






13. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






14. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






15. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






17. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






18. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






19. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






20. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






22. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






23. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






25. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






28. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






31. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






32. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






33. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






34. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






35. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






36. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






37. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






38. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






41. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






42. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






44. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






45. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






47. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






48. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






49. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






50. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue