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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






2. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






3. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






4. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






5. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






6. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






7. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






11. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






12. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






13. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






14. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






15. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






16. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






17. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






18. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






19. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






20. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






22. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






24. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






25. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






27. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






28. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






30. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






31. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






32. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






34. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






35. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






36. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






37. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






38. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






39. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






40. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






41. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






42. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






43. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






44. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






45. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






46. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






48. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






50. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue