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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






2. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






3. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






6. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






7. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






8. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






9. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






10. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






11. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






12. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






13. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






14. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






15. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






18. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






19. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






20. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






21. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






22. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






23. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






24. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






26. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






27. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






30. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






31. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






32. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






33. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






34. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






35. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






36. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






37. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






38. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






39. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






42. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






43. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






44. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






45. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






46. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






47. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






48. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






49. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






50. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids