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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






4. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






5. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






7. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






8. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






9. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






10. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






11. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






12. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






13. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






14. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






15. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






16. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






17. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






19. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






21. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






23. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






24. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






28. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






29. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






30. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






31. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






33. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






34. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






37. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






38. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






39. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






40. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






44. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






45. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






46. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






47. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






49. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






50. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light