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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






3. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






4. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






5. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






6. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






7. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






8. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






9. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






11. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






14. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






15. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






18. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






19. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






20. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






21. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






22. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






24. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






25. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






26. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






27. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






28. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






29. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






31. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






32. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






33. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






34. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






36. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






37. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






40. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






41. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






43. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






44. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






48. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






50. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment