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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






4. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






5. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






6. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






8. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






9. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






10. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






11. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






12. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






13. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






14. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






15. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






16. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






17. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






18. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






20. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






21. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






22. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






24. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






25. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






26. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






27. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






28. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






31. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






32. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






33. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






34. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






35. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






36. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






37. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






38. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






39. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






40. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






43. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






44. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






47. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






50. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby