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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Imprinting
Courting
genotype
Hearing of owls
2. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Comparative psychology
geographic isolation
Stickleback fish
isolation by season
3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
Imprinting
Round dance
4. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Courting
Harry Harlow
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Genes
5. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Navigation of bees
Gamete
Dominant and recessive gene
Zygote
6. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Walter Cannon
Cross fostering experiments
Natural selection
mechanical isolation
7. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Stickleback fish
Imprinting
Dominant and recessive gene
Animal aggression
8. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Imprinting
R. C. Tyron
Navigation of animals
9. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Communication of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Hierarchy of bees
R. C. Tyron
10. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Navigation of bees
Courting
Sun compass
11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Zygote
Phenotype
Fitness
Communication of bees
12. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Inclusive fitness
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Interaction between instinct and learning
Dominant and recessive gene
13. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Navigation cues
Herring gull chicks
Comparative psychology
Inclusive fitness
14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Sensitive or critical periods
Fixed action patterns (example)
Estrus
Navigation cues
15. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Infrasound
Animal aggression
homeostasis
16. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
homeostasis
Imprinting
Herring gull chicks
Echolocation
17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Cross fostering experiments
Konrad Lorenz
mechanical isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Imprinting
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sensitive or critical periods
Instinctual drift (example)
19. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Releasing stimuli
Infrasound
Fitness
Harry Harlow
20. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Edward Thorndike
Wolfgang Kohler
Echolocation
Fixed action patterns (example)
21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Mating of bees
Navigation of bees
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
22. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Flower selection of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Animal aggression
23. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Estrus
Phenotype
Ethology
24. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Dominant and recessive gene
Inclusive fitness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Altruism
25. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Round dance
Estrus
Eric Kandel
Inclusive fitness
26. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Harry Harlow
homeostasis
Round dance
Natural selection
27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Karl von Frisch
Fitness
Navigation of animals
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
28. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Sexual selection
Navigation of animals
Navigation of bees
29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Stickleback fish
Circadian rhythms
Sun compass
30. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Charles Darwin
Genes
Sun compass
Hierarchy of bees
31. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sexual selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of animals
32. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Genes
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of bees
Eric Kandel
33. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Herring gull chicks
Ethology
Genes
34. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Infrasound
Polarized light
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Fixed action patterns (example)
35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Echolocation
Navigation of animals
isolation by season
36. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Natural selection
Konrad Lorenz
Ethology
Inbreeding
37. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Sexual dimorphism
Genes
Inbreeding
Wolfgang Kohler
38. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Konrad Lorenz
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sexual selection
Sexual dimorphism
39. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Gamete
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
40. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sensitive or critical periods
Estrus
41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
isolation by season
Edward Thorndike
Infrasound
Walter Cannon
42. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Cross fostering experiments
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
Circadian rhythms
43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Round dance
Flower selection of bees
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
geographic isolation
Star compass
Dominant and recessive gene
Waggle dance
45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Genetic drift
Harry Harlow
Hearing of owls
Stickleback fish
46. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Infrasound
Charles Darwin
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual drift (example)
47. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Stickleback fish
Harry Harlow
Supernormal sign stimulus
Karl von Frisch
48. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Supernormal sign stimulus
Circadian rhythms
Konrad Lorenz
Instinctual drift (example)
49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Echolocation
50. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Fitness
Biological clocks
Eric Kandel
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek