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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






4. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






5. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






6. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






7. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






8. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






9. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






10. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






11. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






12. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






13. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






14. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






15. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






17. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






18. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






21. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






22. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






23. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






24. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






25. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






26. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






27. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






28. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






30. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






31. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






32. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






35. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






36. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






37. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






38. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






39. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






42. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






43. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






45. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






46. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






47. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






48. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






49. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






50. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness