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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Fitness
mechanical isolation
Pheromones
Selective breeding
2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Mating of bees
Inclusive fitness
Courting
Charles Darwin
3. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Interaction between instinct and learning
geographic isolation
Circadian rhythms
4. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Mimicry
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
Flower selection of bees
5. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
Releasing stimuli
Comparative psychology
6. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Dominant and recessive gene
Round dance
Instinctual drift (example)
Ethology
7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Eric Kandel
Navigation of animals
Selective breeding
Altruism
8. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Biological clocks
Communication of bees
Konrad Lorenz
9. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Gamete
Cross fostering experiments
Stickleback fish
10. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Harry Harlow
Konrad Lorenz
Mimicry
Genes
11. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Hearing of owls
Supernormal sign stimulus
Cross fostering experiments
12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Herring gull chicks
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Animal aggression
Hierarchy of bees
13. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Cross fostering experiments
Infrasound
Instrumental learning
Interaction between instinct and learning
14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Navigation cues
Sexual dimorphism
geographic isolation
Instrumental learning
15. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Hierarchy of bees
Fitness
Altruism
Atmospheric pressure
16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
mechanical isolation
Imprinting
Magnetic sense
phenotypic expression
17. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Fight or flight
Konrad Lorenz
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
18. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Herring gull chicks
Selective breeding
Courting
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
19. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Eric Kandel
Infrasound
Circadian rhythms
Phenotype
20. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Atmospheric pressure
Fixed action patterns (example)
Dominant and recessive gene
Ethology
21. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Hearing of owls
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
R. C. Tyron
22. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Zygote
Comparative psychology
Instinctual drift (example)
Konrad Lorenz
23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Phenotype
R. C. Tyron
Konrad Lorenz
Animal aggression
24. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Comparative psychology
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Charles Darwin
25. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Infrasound
Phenotype
Waggle dance
26. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Imprinting
Eric Kandel
Waggle dance
Nikolaas Tinbergen
27. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
Mimicry
Flower selection of bees
28. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Nikolaas Tinbergen
genotype
mechanical isolation
29. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
mechanical isolation
Polarized light
Stickleback fish
30. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Zygote
behavioral isolation
Estrus
31. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Courting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sexual dimorphism
Hierarchy of bees
32. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Sun compass
Interaction between instinct and learning
Communication of bees
33. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Releasing stimuli
Gamete
genotype
Courting
34. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Star compass
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sensitive or critical periods
Genetic drift
35. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Magnetic sense
Gamete
genotype
Walter Cannon
36. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Dominant and recessive gene
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Estrus
Eric Kandel
37. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Wolfgang Kohler
Sensitive or critical periods
Navigation cues
Cross fostering experiments
38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
genotype
Mimicry
Magnetic sense
behavioral isolation
39. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Fight or flight
Infrasound
Instinctual drift (example)
Comparative psychology
40. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Herring gull chicks
Dominant and recessive gene
Zygote
Animal aggression
41. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Selective breeding
Animal aggression
Phenotype
42. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Waggle dance
Sexual selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
43. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Imprinting
Mimicry
Natural selection
Sun compass
44. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Navigation of bees
Herring gull chicks
Cross fostering experiments
45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
Star compass
Magnetic sense
46. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Round dance
Fight or flight
Magnetic sense
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
47. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Hierarchy of bees
Cross fostering experiments
genotype
homeostasis
48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
geographic isolation
Harry Harlow
mechanical isolation
Sun compass
49. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Fitness
genotype
Konrad Lorenz
Wolfgang Kohler
50. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Fight or flight
Zygote
Altruism