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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Atmospheric pressure
R. C. Tyron
Instinctual drift (example)
2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Navigation of animals
mechanical isolation
Waggle dance
Stickleback fish
3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Gamete
Genes
Fitness
Walter Cannon
4. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Echolocation
Round dance
mechanical isolation
Zygote
5. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Sexual selection
Harry Harlow
Phenotype
Star compass
6. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Infrasound
mechanical isolation
Mimicry
7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
genotype
Phenotype
Sexual dimorphism
Stickleback fish
8. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Pheromones
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Phenotype
9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Polarized light
Navigation of animals
Charles Darwin
10. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Gamete
Phenotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Releasing stimuli
11. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Dominant and recessive gene
Estrus
Harry Harlow
Charles Darwin
12. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Pheromones
Interaction between instinct and learning
Circadian rhythms
13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
mechanical isolation
Selective breeding
genotype
Echolocation
14. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Flower selection of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
phenotypic expression
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fixed action patterns (example)
Genetic drift
16. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Sun compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
Gamete
isolation by season
17. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Magnetic sense
Pheromones
Eric Kandel
18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Flower selection of bees
Estrus
Dominant and recessive gene
Atmospheric pressure
19. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Instinctual drift (example)
Imprinting
Courting
Fight or flight
20. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
R. C. Tyron
Biological clocks
Inbreeding
Harry Harlow
21. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Flower selection of bees
Navigation of bees
Instrumental learning
Communication of bees
22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
Eric Kandel
Supernormal sign stimulus
23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Round dance
Atmospheric pressure
Supernormal sign stimulus
Animal aggression
24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Eric Kandel
Instrumental learning
Waggle dance
Navigation of bees
25. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Sensitive or critical periods
Biological clocks
Natural selection
26. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Hierarchy of bees
Walter Cannon
Wolfgang Kohler
Hearing of owls
27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
phenotypic expression
Sexual dimorphism
Atmospheric pressure
Cross fostering experiments
28. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sensitive or critical periods
Fitness
29. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Navigation of bees
Fight or flight
Alleles
30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
geographic isolation
R. C. Tyron
Pheromones
31. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Instinctual drift (example)
Altruism
Stickleback fish
homeostasis
32. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Herring gull chicks
Natural selection
Sexual selection
33. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
homeostasis
Polarized light
Sexual selection
34. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Stickleback fish
Herring gull chicks
Gamete
Instinctual/innate behaviours
35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
Hierarchy of bees
Zygote
36. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Courting
Fitness
Alleles
Biological clocks
37. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Sexual dimorphism
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
Harry Harlow
38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Infrasound
Comparative psychology
isolation by season
Navigation cues
39. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Harry Harlow
Edward Thorndike
Altruism
Biological clocks
40. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Stickleback fish
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Eric Kandel
Flower selection of bees
41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Round dance
Comparative psychology
Mimicry
geographic isolation
42. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Stickleback fish
Zygote
geographic isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
43. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
phenotypic expression
Sensitive or critical periods
mechanical isolation
44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Imprinting
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
45. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Sun compass
Herring gull chicks
Zygote
Courting
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Communication of bees
Navigation cues
Mimicry
behavioral isolation
47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Genetic drift
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Instinctual/innate behaviours
48. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
mechanical isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Gamete
Circadian rhythms
49. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Sun compass
R. C. Tyron
Atmospheric pressure
Waggle dance
50. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
mechanical isolation
Infrasound
Biological clocks
Sexual selection