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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
geographic isolation
Ethology
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Herring gull chicks
2. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Flower selection of bees
Zygote
Charles Darwin
3. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
geographic isolation
Herring gull chicks
Altruism
homeostasis
4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
behavioral isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inclusive fitness
Phenotype
5. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Polarized light
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Karl von Frisch
Fitness
6. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Herring gull chicks
phenotypic expression
R. C. Tyron
Round dance
7. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Gamete
Sun compass
Inclusive fitness
Circadian rhythms
8. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Zygote
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Circadian rhythms
9. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Courting
Zygote
Waggle dance
10. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
mechanical isolation
Altruism
Eric Kandel
Charles Darwin
11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Pheromones
Atmospheric pressure
Eric Kandel
12. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Mimicry
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Instrumental learning
Stickleback fish
13. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Inbreeding
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Courting
Gamete
14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Imprinting
Echolocation
Navigation of animals
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
15. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Edward Thorndike
Selective breeding
Star compass
Navigation of bees
16. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Gamete
Atmospheric pressure
Altruism
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
17. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Polarized light
Courting
Releasing stimuli
Interaction between instinct and learning
18. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Infrasound
Konrad Lorenz
Communication of bees
Sexual dimorphism
19. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Communication of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Sexual dimorphism
Releasing stimuli
20. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Fight or flight
Hearing of owls
Fixed action patterns (example)
21. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Sun compass
Zygote
Altruism
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
22. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Hierarchy of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Selective breeding
Inbreeding
23. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Natural selection
Imprinting
Hierarchy of bees
Genetic drift
24. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Edward Thorndike
Animal aggression
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Communication of bees
25. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Alleles
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Dominant and recessive gene
Sexual dimorphism
26. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Releasing stimuli
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Supernormal sign stimulus
27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Cross fostering experiments
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
Fixed action patterns (example)
28. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Navigation of bees
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Walter Cannon
29. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Zygote
Phenotype
Circadian rhythms
Charles Darwin
30. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
isolation by season
Genes
Konrad Lorenz
31. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
mechanical isolation
Karl von Frisch
32. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Zygote
Selective breeding
mechanical isolation
33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Ethology
Animal aggression
Selective breeding
Cross fostering experiments
34. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Mating of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
phenotypic expression
35. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Circadian rhythms
Waggle dance
behavioral isolation
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Fight or flight
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
behavioral isolation
Circadian rhythms
37. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Courting
Sexual dimorphism
Natural selection
38. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Konrad Lorenz
Zygote
Harry Harlow
39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
isolation by season
Fight or flight
Konrad Lorenz
Navigation of bees
40. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Konrad Lorenz
Inbreeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
41. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Konrad Lorenz
Comparative psychology
Magnetic sense
42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Altruism
isolation by season
Imprinting
Polarized light
43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Eric Kandel
phenotypic expression
Instrumental learning
44. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Atmospheric pressure
Star compass
Polarized light
45. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Zygote
Instrumental learning
Gamete
46. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Sensitive or critical periods
Polarized light
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Wolfgang Kohler
47. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Round dance
Sun compass
Natural selection
Courting
48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
genotype
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Cross fostering experiments
Sexual selection
49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Dominant and recessive gene
Round dance
Atmospheric pressure
Instrumental learning
50. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Magnetic sense
Ethology
Mating of bees
Cross fostering experiments