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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






2. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






3. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






4. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






5. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






6. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






7. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






8. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






9. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






10. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






11. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






12. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






13. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






14. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






15. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






16. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






17. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






18. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






19. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






20. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






21. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






22. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






23. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






25. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






26. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






27. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






28. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






29. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






34. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






35. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






36. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






37. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






38. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






39. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






40. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






42. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






43. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






44. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






47. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






49. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






50. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby