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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
mechanical isolation
phenotypic expression
Fitness
Courting
2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
homeostasis
Natural selection
Altruism
Courting
3. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Phenotype
Instrumental learning
Imprinting
Navigation of bees
4. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Navigation of animals
Supernormal sign stimulus
Releasing stimuli
Sun compass
5. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Gamete
R. C. Tyron
Inbreeding
Estrus
6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Animal aggression
Inclusive fitness
Flower selection of bees
Ethology
7. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
Ethology
8. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Navigation of bees
Echolocation
Waggle dance
Wolfgang Kohler
9. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Mating of bees
Waggle dance
Magnetic sense
10. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Alleles
Karl von Frisch
Mating of bees
Eric Kandel
11. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Stickleback fish
Flower selection of bees
Circadian rhythms
Sexual selection
12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Echolocation
Altruism
Fight or flight
13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Atmospheric pressure
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
Biological clocks
14. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
Navigation of animals
Imprinting
15. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
phenotypic expression
genotype
16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Alleles
Hierarchy of bees
Inbreeding
17. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Wolfgang Kohler
Sensitive or critical periods
Flower selection of bees
genotype
18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Supernormal sign stimulus
Comparative psychology
Navigation cues
Phenotype
19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Navigation of animals
Echolocation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
20. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Imprinting
behavioral isolation
Selective breeding
Pheromones
21. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
isolation by season
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
22. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Charles Darwin
Estrus
Instinctual/innate behaviours
behavioral isolation
23. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Fight or flight
Wolfgang Kohler
behavioral isolation
Mimicry
24. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Waggle dance
Navigation of bees
Polarized light
Fight or flight
25. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Walter Cannon
Courting
Gamete
Wolfgang Kohler
26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Infrasound
Navigation of animals
27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Magnetic sense
Cross fostering experiments
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sun compass
28. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Stickleback fish
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of bees
29. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Selective breeding
Sensitive or critical periods
phenotypic expression
30. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Instrumental learning
geographic isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
31. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Selective breeding
R. C. Tyron
Pheromones
Fitness
32. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
genotype
Instrumental learning
Sexual dimorphism
isolation by season
33. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Sexual selection
Altruism
Herring gull chicks
Pheromones
34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Mimicry
Zygote
Eric Kandel
35. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Charles Darwin
Comparative psychology
Waggle dance
Imprinting
36. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Mating of bees
genotype
Imprinting
behavioral isolation
37. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sexual selection
Communication of bees
Courting
38. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Natural selection
phenotypic expression
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation cues
39. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Cross fostering experiments
Walter Cannon
Eric Kandel
Atmospheric pressure
40. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Mimicry
Instinctual drift (example)
Interaction between instinct and learning
Altruism
41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Edward Thorndike
Comparative psychology
Atmospheric pressure
42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Altruism
Phenotype
Infrasound
Round dance
43. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Animal aggression
Ethology
Inbreeding
Hearing of owls
44. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Interaction between instinct and learning
Genes
Zygote
Hearing of owls
45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Round dance
Wolfgang Kohler
Gamete
Fight or flight
46. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Altruism
Atmospheric pressure
Selective breeding
Star compass
47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Konrad Lorenz
geographic isolation
Navigation cues
Dominant and recessive gene
48. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Genetic drift
Mimicry
Navigation of bees
Walter Cannon
49. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Dominant and recessive gene
Comparative psychology
Flower selection of bees
Gamete
50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Harry Harlow
Hierarchy of bees