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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






2. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






3. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






4. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






5. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






6. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






7. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






8. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






9. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






11. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






12. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






13. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






14. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






19. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






20. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






21. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






22. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






23. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






24. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






25. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






26. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






27. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






28. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






29. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






30. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






31. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






35. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






36. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






37. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






38. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






39. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






40. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






41. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






42. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






43. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






44. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






45. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






46. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






47. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






48. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






49. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






50. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic