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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Instrumental learning
Interaction between instinct and learning
Natural selection
Sexual dimorphism
2. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Gamete
Fight or flight
Magnetic sense
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
genotype
Biological clocks
Gamete
Polarized light
4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
Phenotype
Interaction between instinct and learning
5. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Infrasound
Waggle dance
Stickleback fish
Dominant and recessive gene
6. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Inclusive fitness
mechanical isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Polarized light
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Altruism
geographic isolation
8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Inbreeding
Estrus
Mimicry
9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Alleles
Altruism
Harry Harlow
Inbreeding
10. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Star compass
Communication of bees
Instrumental learning
Sexual dimorphism
11. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Zygote
Navigation cues
Magnetic sense
Pheromones
12. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Polarized light
Altruism
geographic isolation
Hearing of owls
13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
phenotypic expression
Selective breeding
Comparative psychology
Fixed action patterns (example)
14. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Magnetic sense
Polarized light
Navigation of animals
15. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Selective breeding
Hierarchy of bees
Waggle dance
Sensitive or critical periods
16. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Phenotype
Atmospheric pressure
Circadian rhythms
Stickleback fish
17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Interaction between instinct and learning
isolation by season
genotype
Supernormal sign stimulus
18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Navigation cues
Eric Kandel
Zygote
19. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Supernormal sign stimulus
Eric Kandel
Polarized light
20. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Edward Thorndike
Herring gull chicks
Mating of bees
21. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Flower selection of bees
Inclusive fitness
Fixed action patterns (example)
Mating of bees
22. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Releasing stimuli
Fitness
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Supernormal sign stimulus
Zygote
24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Mimicry
Cross fostering experiments
Selective breeding
R. C. Tyron
25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Navigation of bees
Navigation of animals
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
26. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Round dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Mimicry
27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Animal aggression
homeostasis
Polarized light
Instinctual/innate behaviours
28. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
geographic isolation
Communication of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Cross fostering experiments
Genes
Alleles
30. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Navigation of bees
Genes
Pheromones
31. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Interaction between instinct and learning
Herring gull chicks
Inbreeding
Comparative psychology
32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
homeostasis
Natural selection
Courting
geographic isolation
33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
mechanical isolation
Supernormal sign stimulus
Mimicry
34. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
behavioral isolation
Instrumental learning
Karl von Frisch
35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Selective breeding
Karl von Frisch
Instrumental learning
Edward Thorndike
36. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Magnetic sense
genotype
Mimicry
37. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Zygote
Karl von Frisch
Ethology
Sensitive or critical periods
38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
homeostasis
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Waggle dance
geographic isolation
39. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Sensitive or critical periods
Gamete
Genetic drift
Charles Darwin
40. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Genes
Phenotype
Sexual selection
Communication of bees
41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
homeostasis
Infrasound
Cross fostering experiments
42. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
behavioral isolation
Walter Cannon
Instinctual drift (example)
43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Stickleback fish
Wolfgang Kohler
Harry Harlow
44. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Genes
Sexual selection
Karl von Frisch
Zygote
45. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Echolocation
Herring gull chicks
Stickleback fish
Natural selection
46. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
genotype
Estrus
geographic isolation
47. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Imprinting
Navigation of bees
Alleles
48. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Harry Harlow
Sensitive or critical periods
Star compass
Genes
49. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Eric Kandel
Flower selection of bees
Ethology
Sun compass
50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
phenotypic expression
Altruism
Sexual dimorphism
Walter Cannon