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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






6. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






7. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






8. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






9. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






10. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






11. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






12. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






13. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






14. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






15. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






18. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






19. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






20. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






21. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






22. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






23. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






24. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






25. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






28. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






29. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






30. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






31. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






32. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






34. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






35. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






37. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






38. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






40. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






41. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






42. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






43. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






44. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






45. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






46. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






48. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






49. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






50. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed