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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






2. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






4. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






6. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






7. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






8. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






9. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






10. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






12. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






13. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






14. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






17. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






18. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






19. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






20. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






21. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






22. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






24. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






26. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






28. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






30. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






31. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






32. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






33. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






34. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






36. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






39. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






40. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






44. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






45. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






46. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






47. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






48. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






50. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns