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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






2. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






3. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






4. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






5. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






6. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






7. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






8. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






9. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






10. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






11. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






12. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






13. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






14. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






15. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






16. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






17. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






18. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






21. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






23. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






24. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






26. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






27. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






28. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






29. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






30. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






31. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






32. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






33. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






34. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






35. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






36. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






38. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






39. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






40. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






41. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






42. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






43. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






44. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






45. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






46. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






47. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






48. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






49. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






50. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core