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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






2. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






3. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






6. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






7. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






8. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






9. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






10. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






11. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






12. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






13. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






14. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






16. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






18. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






19. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






20. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






21. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






22. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






23. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






26. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






27. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






30. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






32. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






33. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






34. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






35. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






37. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






40. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






41. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






42. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






43. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






44. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






46. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






47. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






48. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






49. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






50. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning