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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Star compass
R. C. Tyron
Herring gull chicks
Instrumental learning
2. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Navigation cues
Instrumental learning
Supernormal sign stimulus
Infrasound
3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Mating of bees
R. C. Tyron
Sensitive or critical periods
4. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Gamete
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation cues
Walter Cannon
5. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Zygote
Genes
Estrus
Harry Harlow
6. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
homeostasis
Biological clocks
Hearing of owls
Interaction between instinct and learning
7. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Konrad Lorenz
Courting
Instrumental learning
Atmospheric pressure
8. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Round dance
Hierarchy of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
9. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Dominant and recessive gene
Fight or flight
Altruism
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
10. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sensitive or critical periods
Imprinting
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
11. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
behavioral isolation
Inclusive fitness
Infrasound
12. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Mimicry
Echolocation
Fight or flight
13. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Selective breeding
Mating of bees
genotype
14. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Biological clocks
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
Nikolaas Tinbergen
15. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Fight or flight
Navigation of bees
genotype
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
genotype
geographic isolation
Karl von Frisch
Natural selection
17. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Wolfgang Kohler
Genes
Fight or flight
Phenotype
18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation of animals
Waggle dance
Flower selection of bees
19. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Magnetic sense
Comparative psychology
Round dance
Dominant and recessive gene
20. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Zygote
Mating of bees
Imprinting
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
21. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Round dance
isolation by season
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Courting
22. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Sensitive or critical periods
Fixed action patterns (example)
phenotypic expression
Cross fostering experiments
23. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Supernormal sign stimulus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
phenotypic expression
24. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Phenotype
Navigation of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Atmospheric pressure
25. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Magnetic sense
homeostasis
Releasing stimuli
26. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Magnetic sense
Communication of bees
Selective breeding
27. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Mimicry
mechanical isolation
Selective breeding
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
28. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Atmospheric pressure
phenotypic expression
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
29. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Instinctual drift (example)
behavioral isolation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
30. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Flower selection of bees
Sexual selection
Cross fostering experiments
Pheromones
31. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Navigation of bees
32. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Infrasound
genotype
Releasing stimuli
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Waggle dance
Fixed action patterns (example)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
34. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Courting
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Stickleback fish
Altruism
35. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Genes
Sexual selection
Magnetic sense
36. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Biological clocks
Natural selection
Navigation cues
Waggle dance
37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Zygote
isolation by season
Animal aggression
38. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Sensitive or critical periods
Magnetic sense
Navigation of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
39. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Instrumental learning
Genes
Konrad Lorenz
Gamete
40. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Fight or flight
Comparative psychology
Alleles
Sensitive or critical periods
41. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
phenotypic expression
homeostasis
Sun compass
Sensitive or critical periods
42. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
isolation by season
43. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Courting
Star compass
genotype
Biological clocks
44. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Hierarchy of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Infrasound
45. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Mimicry
Infrasound
Navigation of animals
Sun compass
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Natural selection
Flower selection of bees
isolation by season
Selective breeding
47. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Imprinting
Alleles
Stickleback fish
Instinctual drift (example)
48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation cues
Sexual dimorphism
49. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Herring gull chicks
Sun compass
Releasing stimuli
Navigation of bees
50. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Charles Darwin
homeostasis
Inbreeding
Stickleback fish
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