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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






5. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






6. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






9. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






10. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






11. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






12. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






14. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






15. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






16. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






19. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






20. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






21. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






22. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






24. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






26. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






28. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






30. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






31. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






37. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






39. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






40. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






42. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






44. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






45. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






46. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






47. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






48. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






49. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections