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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






3. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






4. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






5. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






6. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






7. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






8. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






9. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






10. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






11. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






12. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






14. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






15. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






16. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






17. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






18. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






19. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






20. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






21. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






22. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






23. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






24. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






25. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






26. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






27. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






28. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






29. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






30. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






31. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






32. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






33. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






34. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






35. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






36. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






37. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






38. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






39. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






40. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






41. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






42. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






43. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






45. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






46. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






47. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






48. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






49. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






50. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn