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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






2. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






3. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






4. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






5. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






6. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






7. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






9. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






10. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






11. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






12. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






13. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






14. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






15. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






17. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






18. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






19. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






20. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






22. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






26. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






28. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






29. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






30. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






31. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






32. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






33. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






34. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






35. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






36. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






37. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






39. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






40. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






41. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






42. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






43. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






44. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






45. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






47. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






49. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






50. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness