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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






2. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






3. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






4. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






5. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






6. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






7. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






8. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






11. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






12. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






13. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






14. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






16. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






17. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






18. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






19. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






20. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






21. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






22. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






23. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






24. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






25. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






26. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






27. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






28. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






30. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






31. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






32. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






33. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






34. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






35. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






36. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






37. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






39. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






40. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






41. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






42. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






44. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






45. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






46. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






47. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






48. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






49. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






50. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears