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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






2. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






6. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






8. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






9. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






10. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






11. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






12. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






13. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






15. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






17. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






18. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






19. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






20. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






21. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






22. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






24. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






25. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






26. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






28. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






30. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






31. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






32. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






33. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






34. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






35. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






41. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






42. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






43. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






44. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






45. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






46. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






48. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






49. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






50. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish