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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Biological clocks
Infrasound
Courting
2. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Infrasound
Mimicry
Magnetic sense
3. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Imprinting
Magnetic sense
Eric Kandel
4. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Waggle dance
homeostasis
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Eric Kandel
5. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Animal aggression
Genetic drift
Alleles
6. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
phenotypic expression
Mimicry
Eric Kandel
Pheromones
7. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Dominant and recessive gene
Hearing of owls
Courting
8. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Selective breeding
Konrad Lorenz
Releasing stimuli
Zygote
9. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Biological clocks
Wolfgang Kohler
10. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
geographic isolation
Atmospheric pressure
Genetic drift
Flower selection of bees
11. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Imprinting
Round dance
R. C. Tyron
Circadian rhythms
12. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Instinctual drift (example)
Circadian rhythms
Atmospheric pressure
Phenotype
13. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
genotype
Interaction between instinct and learning
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Harry Harlow
14. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Eric Kandel
Fight or flight
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Mating of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
16. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Gamete
Selective breeding
Edward Thorndike
17. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Estrus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
Dominant and recessive gene
18. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Hierarchy of bees
Phenotype
mechanical isolation
19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Sexual selection
Animal aggression
Dominant and recessive gene
20. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Navigation of bees
Herring gull chicks
Mating of bees
Round dance
21. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Interaction between instinct and learning
Altruism
22. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
genotype
Communication of bees
phenotypic expression
Courting
23. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Polarized light
Phenotype
Fitness
Instinctual drift (example)
24. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Animal aggression
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Mating of bees
25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Selective breeding
Walter Cannon
Hearing of owls
26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Comparative psychology
Star compass
Communication of bees
mechanical isolation
27. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Flower selection of bees
homeostasis
Eric Kandel
Gamete
28. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inbreeding
Stickleback fish
Polarized light
29. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Genetic drift
Inclusive fitness
mechanical isolation
Edward Thorndike
30. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
isolation by season
homeostasis
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Ethology
mechanical isolation
Imprinting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
32. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Waggle dance
Biological clocks
Genes
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
33. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Mimicry
Herring gull chicks
Releasing stimuli
Instrumental learning
34. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Eric Kandel
Ethology
Animal aggression
Hierarchy of bees
35. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Mimicry
Atmospheric pressure
behavioral isolation
Selective breeding
36. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Polarized light
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Selective breeding
Sun compass
37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Karl von Frisch
Altruism
Genes
38. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Star compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sexual selection
39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Edward Thorndike
Inclusive fitness
Biological clocks
40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Communication of bees
Imprinting
Instrumental learning
Fixed action patterns (example)
41. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Magnetic sense
Instrumental learning
Navigation cues
Selective breeding
42. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
mechanical isolation
Circadian rhythms
Navigation of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
43. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Inbreeding
geographic isolation
Cross fostering experiments
Harry Harlow
44. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Mating of bees
Waggle dance
Instinctual/innate behaviours
45. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Supernormal sign stimulus
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Comparative psychology
Courting
46. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Genetic drift
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Mimicry
47. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Konrad Lorenz
Navigation cues
Altruism
Star compass
48. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
Charles Darwin
isolation by season
49. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Estrus
Polarized light
Supernormal sign stimulus
geographic isolation
50. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Gamete
Karl von Frisch
Selective breeding
Polarized light