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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






2. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






4. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






5. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






6. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






9. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






10. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






11. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






12. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






13. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






14. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






15. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






16. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






18. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






19. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






20. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






21. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






22. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






24. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






26. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






27. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






28. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






29. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






30. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






31. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






32. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






37. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






38. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






39. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






40. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






41. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






42. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






44. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






45. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






46. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






47. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






48. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






49. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






50. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics