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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






2. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






4. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






5. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






9. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






10. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






11. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






12. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






15. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






16. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






17. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






18. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






19. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






20. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






21. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






23. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






24. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






25. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






26. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






27. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






28. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






29. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






30. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






31. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






35. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






36. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






37. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






41. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






42. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






43. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






44. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






45. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






46. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






47. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






48. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






49. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






50. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period