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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






2. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






3. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






4. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






5. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






6. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






7. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






8. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






10. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






11. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






12. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






13. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






17. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






18. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






19. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






20. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






21. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






22. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






23. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






24. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






25. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






26. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






27. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






28. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






29. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






30. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






32. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






33. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






34. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






35. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






38. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






39. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






41. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






42. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






43. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






44. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






45. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






46. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






47. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing