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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Zygote
Selective breeding
Fitness
2. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Instrumental learning
Nikolaas Tinbergen
behavioral isolation
Animal aggression
3. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Harry Harlow
Fitness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Konrad Lorenz
4. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
geographic isolation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sexual selection
phenotypic expression
5. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
6. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
R. C. Tyron
Dominant and recessive gene
mechanical isolation
Releasing stimuli
7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
mechanical isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Waggle dance
8. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Walter Cannon
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
9. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Mating of bees
Hierarchy of bees
Instrumental learning
Dominant and recessive gene
10. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Sensitive or critical periods
Alleles
Sun compass
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
11. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Genes
Biological clocks
Sun compass
Altruism
12. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Sexual dimorphism
Courting
Inbreeding
Polarized light
13. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Karl von Frisch
Charles Darwin
Echolocation
14. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Wolfgang Kohler
Waggle dance
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Fixed action patterns (example)
15. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
isolation by season
Stickleback fish
Eric Kandel
Imprinting
16. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Atmospheric pressure
Inclusive fitness
Fight or flight
17. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
homeostasis
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Imprinting
18. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Harry Harlow
Natural selection
behavioral isolation
19. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Natural selection
Communication of bees
Inbreeding
20. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Fitness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Round dance
21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
Magnetic sense
Infrasound
Sun compass
22. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Alleles
Cross fostering experiments
Magnetic sense
23. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Natural selection
Courting
Stickleback fish
24. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Instrumental learning
Ethology
Dominant and recessive gene
Fitness
25. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Instinctual drift (example)
Cross fostering experiments
Natural selection
26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Genes
Ethology
Zygote
Flower selection of bees
27. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Karl von Frisch
Navigation cues
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
28. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Instrumental learning
Cross fostering experiments
Fixed action patterns (example)
Estrus
29. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Interaction between instinct and learning
Alleles
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
30. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Charles Darwin
Harry Harlow
genotype
Atmospheric pressure
31. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Releasing stimuli
Pheromones
mechanical isolation
32. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Wolfgang Kohler
R. C. Tyron
Navigation of animals
Round dance
33. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Edward Thorndike
Infrasound
Nikolaas Tinbergen
34. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Mating of bees
Charles Darwin
Altruism
Pheromones
35. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Round dance
Konrad Lorenz
Supernormal sign stimulus
36. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Waggle dance
isolation by season
Atmospheric pressure
37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Supernormal sign stimulus
Imprinting
Wolfgang Kohler
Pheromones
38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Sexual selection
Round dance
Eric Kandel
Inclusive fitness
39. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Navigation cues
Sun compass
Alleles
40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Dominant and recessive gene
Gamete
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
41. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Genes
Natural selection
Altruism
Infrasound
42. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Genes
R. C. Tyron
Navigation of animals
Star compass
43. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Animal aggression
geographic isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
phenotypic expression
44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Polarized light
homeostasis
Altruism
Walter Cannon
45. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Imprinting
Flower selection of bees
Eric Kandel
Fitness
46. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Wolfgang Kohler
Navigation of animals
Herring gull chicks
47. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Fight or flight
behavioral isolation
Inbreeding
48. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Communication of bees
Konrad Lorenz
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
49. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Genetic drift
mechanical isolation
Waggle dance
50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Communication of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
Zygote
homeostasis