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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Mimicry
Alleles
Pheromones
Nikolaas Tinbergen
2. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Mimicry
Round dance
Edward Thorndike
Genetic drift
3. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Dominant and recessive gene
Interaction between instinct and learning
homeostasis
Navigation of animals
4. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
Cross fostering experiments
Sun compass
5. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Interaction between instinct and learning
R. C. Tyron
Genetic drift
Flower selection of bees
6. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
homeostasis
Flower selection of bees
Estrus
Inbreeding
7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
R. C. Tyron
Instrumental learning
Mimicry
Sexual dimorphism
8. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Hierarchy of bees
Polarized light
Infrasound
Navigation of animals
9. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Genetic drift
Wolfgang Kohler
Alleles
10. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Karl von Frisch
Wolfgang Kohler
Animal aggression
11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Konrad Lorenz
Inbreeding
Wolfgang Kohler
behavioral isolation
12. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
isolation by season
Inbreeding
Imprinting
13. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Echolocation
Zygote
Sensitive or critical periods
14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Comparative psychology
Altruism
Ethology
Releasing stimuli
15. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Hierarchy of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation of bees
Animal aggression
16. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Walter Cannon
Communication of bees
Round dance
17. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Zygote
behavioral isolation
Harry Harlow
Phenotype
18. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Magnetic sense
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inbreeding
Waggle dance
19. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Fight or flight
Navigation cues
Star compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
20. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Harry Harlow
21. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
isolation by season
Round dance
Comparative psychology
22. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Inclusive fitness
Stickleback fish
Selective breeding
genotype
23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fitness
24. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Instinctual drift (example)
Edward Thorndike
Walter Cannon
Natural selection
25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Cross fostering experiments
26. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Navigation of animals
Zygote
genotype
27. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Fixed action patterns (example)
Phenotype
Waggle dance
Genetic drift
28. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Navigation of bees
geographic isolation
Navigation of animals
Comparative psychology
29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Echolocation
Selective breeding
Mimicry
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
30. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
isolation by season
Fixed action patterns (example)
Animal aggression
Genetic drift
31. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Waggle dance
Courting
Genetic drift
behavioral isolation
32. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Courting
Sensitive or critical periods
Gamete
genotype
33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation of animals
34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Instinctual drift (example)
Hearing of owls
Edward Thorndike
Supernormal sign stimulus
35. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Fixed action patterns (example)
Supernormal sign stimulus
Konrad Lorenz
Circadian rhythms
36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Hierarchy of bees
Waggle dance
Konrad Lorenz
Communication of bees
37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Sensitive or critical periods
Releasing stimuli
38. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
genotype
Navigation of bees
homeostasis
Biological clocks
39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fixed action patterns (example)
phenotypic expression
Alleles
40. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
Sensitive or critical periods
genotype
behavioral isolation
41. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Hierarchy of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
genotype
Navigation of bees
42. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Polarized light
homeostasis
Fight or flight
Zygote
43. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
geographic isolation
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
Pheromones
44. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Walter Cannon
Sexual selection
Releasing stimuli
Infrasound
45. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Edward Thorndike
Mating of bees
Atmospheric pressure
Biological clocks
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Releasing stimuli
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Edward Thorndike
47. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Star compass
Animal aggression
Hierarchy of bees
48. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Konrad Lorenz
Star compass
Fight or flight
Sun compass
49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
Waggle dance
Biological clocks
50. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Circadian rhythms
Sexual selection
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Animal aggression