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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






4. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






5. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






6. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






7. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






8. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






9. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






10. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






11. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






13. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






14. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






15. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






16. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






17. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






18. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






19. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






20. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






21. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






22. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






24. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






25. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






26. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






28. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






29. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






30. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






31. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






32. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






33. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






34. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






35. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






37. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






38. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






39. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






40. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






41. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






44. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






45. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






46. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






47. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






48. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






49. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue