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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






2. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






3. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






4. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






5. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






9. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






10. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






11. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






12. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






13. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






16. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






17. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






18. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






19. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






20. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






21. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






22. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






23. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






24. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






25. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






26. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






27. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






28. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






29. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






30. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






31. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






33. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






34. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






36. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






37. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






39. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






43. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






45. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






46. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






47. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






48. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






49. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






50. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa