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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
mechanical isolation
2. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Imprinting
Infrasound
behavioral isolation
3. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Hearing of owls
Biological clocks
Instrumental learning
Fight or flight
4. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Navigation of bees
Polarized light
mechanical isolation
Sexual dimorphism
5. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Natural selection
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instrumental learning
Hierarchy of bees
6. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Echolocation
genotype
Estrus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
7. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Communication of bees
Flower selection of bees
Cross fostering experiments
Mimicry
8. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Wolfgang Kohler
Sun compass
Hierarchy of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
9. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Herring gull chicks
Genes
Sexual dimorphism
Zygote
10. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
phenotypic expression
Genetic drift
Instinctual/innate behaviours
11. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Dominant and recessive gene
Harry Harlow
R. C. Tyron
12. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
Fight or flight
Circadian rhythms
13. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Biological clocks
Star compass
Cross fostering experiments
Fight or flight
14. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sensitive or critical periods
Hearing of owls
Inclusive fitness
Sun compass
15. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Ethology
geographic isolation
Releasing stimuli
16. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Zygote
Imprinting
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
17. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sensitive or critical periods
Karl von Frisch
18. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Biological clocks
Edward Thorndike
Animal aggression
Alleles
19. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Alleles
Sexual selection
Circadian rhythms
Interaction between instinct and learning
20. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Instinctual drift (example)
Edward Thorndike
Selective breeding
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
21. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
mechanical isolation
Alleles
Pheromones
Fixed action patterns (example)
22. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Sexual dimorphism
Courting
Genes
Biological clocks
23. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Pheromones
Infrasound
Natural selection
mechanical isolation
24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Wolfgang Kohler
Sensitive or critical periods
Harry Harlow
Instinctual drift (example)
25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Karl von Frisch
Altruism
mechanical isolation
Inbreeding
26. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
isolation by season
Infrasound
Dominant and recessive gene
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
27. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Genes
Animal aggression
Walter Cannon
Ethology
28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Animal aggression
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
29. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Echolocation
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
Inclusive fitness
30. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Round dance
Magnetic sense
Star compass
Herring gull chicks
31. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Interaction between instinct and learning
Dominant and recessive gene
phenotypic expression
Gamete
32. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Konrad Lorenz
Herring gull chicks
homeostasis
33. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
isolation by season
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
behavioral isolation
34. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Star compass
Round dance
Releasing stimuli
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Herring gull chicks
Mating of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
36. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Herring gull chicks
Genes
Sexual dimorphism
37. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Konrad Lorenz
Navigation of bees
Round dance
38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Herring gull chicks
isolation by season
Natural selection
Inclusive fitness
39. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Ethology
Courting
Instinctual drift (example)
Stickleback fish
40. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Animal aggression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Inbreeding
Altruism
41. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
phenotypic expression
Eric Kandel
Supernormal sign stimulus
Echolocation
42. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Inclusive fitness
Selective breeding
Mimicry
Releasing stimuli
43. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Stickleback fish
Mating of bees
Fight or flight
Selective breeding
44. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Infrasound
Fight or flight
Genetic drift
45. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
isolation by season
Echolocation
Fitness
Gamete
46. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Wolfgang Kohler
Navigation of bees
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
47. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
geographic isolation
Edward Thorndike
phenotypic expression
Inclusive fitness
48. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Inclusive fitness
Animal aggression
Pheromones
Comparative psychology
49. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Charles Darwin
phenotypic expression
Konrad Lorenz
Altruism
50. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Ethology
mechanical isolation
Hearing of owls
Phenotype