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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






3. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






6. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






8. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






11. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






12. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






13. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






15. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






19. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






20. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






24. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






25. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






27. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






28. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






29. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






32. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






33. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






34. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






35. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






36. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






37. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






38. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






42. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






43. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






44. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






45. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






47. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






49. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks