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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






3. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






6. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






7. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






8. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






9. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






11. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






13. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






14. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






15. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






16. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






17. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






20. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






21. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






22. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






23. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






24. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






25. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






26. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






28. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






31. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






33. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






35. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






36. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






37. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






38. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






39. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






40. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






41. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






42. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






43. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






45. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






46. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






47. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






48. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






49. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks