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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






2. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






4. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






5. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






6. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






7. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






9. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






10. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






11. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






12. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






13. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






14. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






16. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






17. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






18. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






20. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






21. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






22. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






23. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






24. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






25. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






27. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






28. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






30. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






31. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






32. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






34. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






35. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






36. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






37. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






38. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






39. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






40. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






41. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






43. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






44. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






45. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






46. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






48. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






49. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






50. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity