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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






4. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






5. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






6. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






9. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






10. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






12. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






13. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






14. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






15. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






18. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






19. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






20. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






21. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






22. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






23. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






24. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






25. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






26. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






28. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






29. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






30. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






31. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






32. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






35. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






37. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






38. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






39. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






40. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






41. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






42. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






43. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






44. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






46. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






47. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






49. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






50. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period