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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Fixed action patterns (example)
Edward Thorndike
R. C. Tyron
Phenotype
2. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Supernormal sign stimulus
Wolfgang Kohler
Interaction between instinct and learning
Selective breeding
3. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Instinctual drift (example)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Instrumental learning
Genetic drift
4. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Fight or flight
Konrad Lorenz
Comparative psychology
Sun compass
5. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Sun compass
Estrus
Selective breeding
6. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Waggle dance
Eric Kandel
Hearing of owls
7. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Selective breeding
Herring gull chicks
Wolfgang Kohler
8. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Sensitive or critical periods
Courting
Mating of bees
Fitness
9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Courting
Instrumental learning
mechanical isolation
10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
genotype
behavioral isolation
Atmospheric pressure
Navigation cues
11. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Sexual selection
Walter Cannon
Dominant and recessive gene
Comparative psychology
12. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Inclusive fitness
Edward Thorndike
Eric Kandel
Fixed action patterns (example)
13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Animal aggression
Waggle dance
Circadian rhythms
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
14. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
homeostasis
Hearing of owls
Infrasound
15. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
R. C. Tyron
Fight or flight
Navigation cues
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
16. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Communication of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Mimicry
17. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Magnetic sense
Eric Kandel
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mating of bees
18. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Gamete
Alleles
Instrumental learning
Inbreeding
19. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Infrasound
Supernormal sign stimulus
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation cues
20. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Inbreeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Natural selection
Hierarchy of bees
21. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Alleles
Hierarchy of bees
Charles Darwin
geographic isolation
22. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Interaction between instinct and learning
Fitness
Comparative psychology
genotype
23. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
Communication of bees
24. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
behavioral isolation
genotype
Karl von Frisch
Fight or flight
25. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
behavioral isolation
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Alleles
26. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
geographic isolation
27. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Alleles
behavioral isolation
homeostasis
Courting
28. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Fight or flight
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
29. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Walter Cannon
Navigation cues
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Releasing stimuli
Communication of bees
Estrus
31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Imprinting
Herring gull chicks
Sexual selection
32. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Genetic drift
Sensitive or critical periods
R. C. Tyron
33. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
isolation by season
Inbreeding
Fitness
Hearing of owls
34. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Sexual selection
Biological clocks
Walter Cannon
Sexual dimorphism
35. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Walter Cannon
Courting
homeostasis
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
36. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Communication of bees
Estrus
Releasing stimuli
mechanical isolation
37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Fixed action patterns (example)
Animal aggression
Wolfgang Kohler
R. C. Tyron
38. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Ethology
39. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Mating of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
homeostasis
40. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Biological clocks
Stickleback fish
Communication of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
Genes
Phenotype
42. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Releasing stimuli
Harry Harlow
Genes
Communication of bees
43. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Polarized light
Fixed action patterns (example)
Navigation of animals
Sensitive or critical periods
44. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Dominant and recessive gene
Herring gull chicks
Wolfgang Kohler
Fight or flight
45. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Wolfgang Kohler
Mating of bees
Cross fostering experiments
mechanical isolation
46. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Navigation of animals
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Magnetic sense
Instinctual/innate behaviours
47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Courting
Genes
48. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Ethology
Pheromones
Natural selection
mechanical isolation
49. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Sexual dimorphism
Comparative psychology
Cross fostering experiments
Natural selection
50. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Mating of bees
Flower selection of bees
Cross fostering experiments