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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






3. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






4. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






5. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






6. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






7. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






9. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






12. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






14. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






15. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






16. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






17. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






18. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






20. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






21. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






23. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






24. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






25. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






26. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






27. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






28. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






29. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






30. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






31. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






33. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






34. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






35. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






36. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






38. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






39. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






40. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






41. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






42. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






43. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






44. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






47. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






48. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






49. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






50. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate