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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






3. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






4. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






5. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






6. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






9. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






11. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






12. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






13. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






14. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






15. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






16. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






17. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






18. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






20. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






23. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






24. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






25. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






26. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






28. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






32. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






33. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






34. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






35. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






36. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






37. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






42. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






45. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






46. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






47. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






48. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






50. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation