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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Mimicry
homeostasis
Courting
Sun compass
2. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Instrumental learning
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual drift (example)
Imprinting
3. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
homeostasis
Courting
4. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Ethology
Genetic drift
Zygote
Navigation of bees
5. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Estrus
Navigation of animals
Magnetic sense
Instrumental learning
6. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Genes
Infrasound
isolation by season
7. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Imprinting
Natural selection
Pheromones
Cross fostering experiments
8. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
behavioral isolation
Instrumental learning
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
9. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Estrus
Natural selection
Dominant and recessive gene
Genetic drift
10. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Flower selection of bees
Hearing of owls
Infrasound
Edward Thorndike
11. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Wolfgang Kohler
Hierarchy of bees
phenotypic expression
Sun compass
12. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Konrad Lorenz
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
13. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Echolocation
Harry Harlow
14. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
geographic isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Stickleback fish
R. C. Tyron
15. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Communication of bees
R. C. Tyron
Charles Darwin
16. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Harry Harlow
genotype
Communication of bees
Pheromones
17. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
genotype
Hearing of owls
Interaction between instinct and learning
18. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Atmospheric pressure
Supernormal sign stimulus
19. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Charles Darwin
genotype
Star compass
Round dance
20. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Natural selection
Fitness
Charles Darwin
Karl von Frisch
21. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Atmospheric pressure
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Imprinting
Zygote
22. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Cross fostering experiments
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Fight or flight
23. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Courting
Alleles
Round dance
Magnetic sense
24. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Inclusive fitness
Eric Kandel
Waggle dance
25. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
26. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
mechanical isolation
Inbreeding
Genetic drift
Edward Thorndike
27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Courting
Phenotype
Infrasound
28. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Selective breeding
Phenotype
Altruism
Inclusive fitness
29. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Courting
Konrad Lorenz
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Echolocation
Wolfgang Kohler
Edward Thorndike
31. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Infrasound
Alleles
Sensitive or critical periods
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
32. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Instinctual drift (example)
Infrasound
Circadian rhythms
Biological clocks
33. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Sexual dimorphism
Round dance
genotype
Navigation of bees
34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Comparative psychology
Genes
Phenotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
35. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Dominant and recessive gene
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
36. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Releasing stimuli
Fitness
Courting
Pheromones
37. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Fight or flight
Navigation of animals
R. C. Tyron
Gamete
38. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
Edward Thorndike
Mimicry
39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Eric Kandel
Pheromones
isolation by season
40. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Eric Kandel
Comparative psychology
Inclusive fitness
Inbreeding
41. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Mating of bees
Waggle dance
42. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Stickleback fish
Natural selection
Animal aggression
43. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Dominant and recessive gene
Eric Kandel
Waggle dance
Atmospheric pressure
44. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Sun compass
Instrumental learning
behavioral isolation
45. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Mimicry
Karl von Frisch
Zygote
46. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
phenotypic expression
Edward Thorndike
Genetic drift
Hierarchy of bees
47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Hierarchy of bees
Communication of bees
Gamete
geographic isolation
48. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Navigation of bees
Sexual dimorphism
Harry Harlow
Zygote
49. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Navigation of bees
Communication of bees
Ethology
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
50. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Natural selection
Alleles
Konrad Lorenz