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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






2. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






3. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






4. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






5. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






6. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






7. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






8. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






10. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






11. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






12. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






13. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






14. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






16. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






18. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






20. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






21. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






22. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






23. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






24. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






25. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






26. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






27. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






28. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






31. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






32. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






33. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






34. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






35. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






37. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






39. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






40. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






41. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






42. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






43. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






44. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






45. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






46. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






47. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






48. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






49. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






50. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds