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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






2. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






3. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






4. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






5. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






6. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






7. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






8. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






9. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






10. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






11. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






12. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






13. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






14. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






16. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






17. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






18. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






20. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






21. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






22. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






25. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






26. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






27. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






28. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






29. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






30. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






32. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






33. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






34. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






35. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






36. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






37. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






38. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






39. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






40. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






41. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






43. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






46. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






47. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






50. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes