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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






3. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






4. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






5. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






8. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






9. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






10. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






11. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






12. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






13. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






16. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






17. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






18. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






20. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






21. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






22. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






23. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






25. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






26. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






27. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






28. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






29. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






31. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






32. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






33. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






34. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






36. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






37. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






38. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






39. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






41. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






42. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






44. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






45. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






46. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






47. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






48. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






49. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






50. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core