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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






2. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






3. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






6. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






7. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






8. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






9. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






11. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






12. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






13. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






14. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






15. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






16. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






17. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






18. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






19. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






20. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






21. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






23. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






24. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






25. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






26. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






27. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






28. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






29. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






30. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






31. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






32. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






33. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






34. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






35. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






36. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






38. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






39. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






40. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






41. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






42. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






43. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






44. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






45. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






46. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






47. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






48. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






49. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






50. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic