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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Instrumental learning
Sexual dimorphism
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
2. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Edward Thorndike
Navigation of bees
Stickleback fish
Hearing of owls
3. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Selective breeding
Instinctual drift (example)
Sexual selection
Dominant and recessive gene
4. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Natural selection
Gamete
Imprinting
Sexual dimorphism
5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Edward Thorndike
Star compass
Cross fostering experiments
Magnetic sense
6. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation cues
Biological clocks
Imprinting
7. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Hierarchy of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
Communication of bees
Alleles
8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Circadian rhythms
Courting
Echolocation
homeostasis
9. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
behavioral isolation
Sun compass
Phenotype
Stickleback fish
10. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Fight or flight
Sexual selection
Eric Kandel
Circadian rhythms
11. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Navigation cues
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sun compass
phenotypic expression
12. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Instrumental learning
Natural selection
Mimicry
13. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Hearing of owls
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Polarized light
phenotypic expression
14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
mechanical isolation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Courting
isolation by season
15. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Sexual dimorphism
Instrumental learning
Alleles
16. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Ethology
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Hearing of owls
Natural selection
17. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Communication of bees
Gamete
Hierarchy of bees
isolation by season
18. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Polarized light
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
19. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Cross fostering experiments
Interaction between instinct and learning
geographic isolation
20. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genes
Mimicry
Biological clocks
21. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Alleles
phenotypic expression
Animal aggression
Gamete
22. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Polarized light
Fixed action patterns (example)
Comparative psychology
Round dance
23. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Fitness
genotype
Selective breeding
Sensitive or critical periods
24. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Comparative psychology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Alleles
Sexual dimorphism
25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Comparative psychology
Courting
26. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Karl von Frisch
Fight or flight
mechanical isolation
Genetic drift
27. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Fixed action patterns (example)
R. C. Tyron
Edward Thorndike
Genes
28. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
behavioral isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
Genetic drift
Inbreeding
29. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Navigation of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Supernormal sign stimulus
Selective breeding
30. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Releasing stimuli
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Sensitive or critical periods
Karl von Frisch
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
behavioral isolation
32. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Infrasound
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
33. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Instrumental learning
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
34. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Biological clocks
Harry Harlow
Ethology
Stickleback fish
35. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Echolocation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Pheromones
36. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Navigation of bees
Mimicry
Sexual dimorphism
37. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Comparative psychology
Charles Darwin
Walter Cannon
Pheromones
38. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Harry Harlow
Instrumental learning
R. C. Tyron
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
39. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Charles Darwin
isolation by season
Inclusive fitness
40. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Herring gull chicks
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Genes
Sexual dimorphism
Instrumental learning
42. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
mechanical isolation
isolation by season
Instinctual/innate behaviours
43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Polarized light
Genes
Alleles
Fixed action patterns (example)
44. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Interaction between instinct and learning
R. C. Tyron
Genes
Karl von Frisch
45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Flower selection of bees
Circadian rhythms
Walter Cannon
Harry Harlow
46. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Harry Harlow
Interaction between instinct and learning
Selective breeding
47. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Circadian rhythms
behavioral isolation
48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Cross fostering experiments
Courting
Karl von Frisch
Estrus
49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Magnetic sense
Courting
Instrumental learning
geographic isolation
50. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Pheromones
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Cross fostering experiments
Herring gull chicks