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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Gamete
Releasing stimuli
Waggle dance
Inbreeding
2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Charles Darwin
R. C. Tyron
Magnetic sense
3. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Cross fostering experiments
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Zygote
Navigation of bees
4. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
mechanical isolation
Herring gull chicks
Sexual selection
Releasing stimuli
5. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Estrus
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sexual dimorphism
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
6. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Instrumental learning
Circadian rhythms
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation cues
7. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Herring gull chicks
Mating of bees
Flower selection of bees
8. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Hierarchy of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Communication of bees
Gamete
9. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Echolocation
Harry Harlow
Navigation of animals
Mimicry
10. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Edward Thorndike
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Genetic drift
Star compass
11. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Walter Cannon
Inclusive fitness
Hierarchy of bees
Instrumental learning
12. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Instinctual drift (example)
Sexual dimorphism
Infrasound
13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
Biological clocks
isolation by season
14. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Animal aggression
Genetic drift
Edward Thorndike
Herring gull chicks
15. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Stickleback fish
Charles Darwin
Cross fostering experiments
genotype
16. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Estrus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Echolocation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Altruism
18. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Supernormal sign stimulus
Genes
19. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Supernormal sign stimulus
Flower selection of bees
Charles Darwin
20. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Flower selection of bees
phenotypic expression
Zygote
Gamete
21. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
homeostasis
Navigation cues
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Estrus
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Supernormal sign stimulus
Karl von Frisch
23. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Sensitive or critical periods
genotype
Phenotype
24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Inclusive fitness
Edward Thorndike
Sexual selection
Navigation of bees
25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Echolocation
Cross fostering experiments
Waggle dance
Sexual selection
26. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Charles Darwin
Sensitive or critical periods
Polarized light
Harry Harlow
27. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Selective breeding
isolation by season
phenotypic expression
Biological clocks
28. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Ethology
Infrasound
Sensitive or critical periods
29. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Alleles
Instinctual drift (example)
Fitness
Flower selection of bees
30. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Altruism
Zygote
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Charles Darwin
31. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Star compass
Karl von Frisch
Eric Kandel
Pheromones
32. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Natural selection
Fight or flight
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Wolfgang Kohler
33. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Hierarchy of bees
mechanical isolation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Genes
34. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
Fitness
Genetic drift
35. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
phenotypic expression
mechanical isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
36. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
Konrad Lorenz
Estrus
37. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Waggle dance
Infrasound
Comparative psychology
genotype
38. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Gamete
Waggle dance
phenotypic expression
Hierarchy of bees
39. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Infrasound
Animal aggression
Navigation cues
40. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Magnetic sense
Natural selection
Walter Cannon
Hierarchy of bees
41. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Dominant and recessive gene
behavioral isolation
Round dance
42. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Communication of bees
Sun compass
Mating of bees
Magnetic sense
43. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Star compass
Flower selection of bees
Harry Harlow
Natural selection
44. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Mimicry
Magnetic sense
Waggle dance
45. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Stickleback fish
isolation by season
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Magnetic sense
46. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
geographic isolation
Courting
Imprinting
Hierarchy of bees
47. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Mating of bees
Hierarchy of bees
Polarized light
R. C. Tyron
48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Eric Kandel
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Inbreeding
49. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Altruism
Phenotype
Instinctual drift (example)
50. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
mechanical isolation
Star compass
Instrumental learning
Comparative psychology