SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Supernormal sign stimulus
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
Cross fostering experiments
2. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
genotype
Mimicry
Ethology
Genes
3. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Fight or flight
Stickleback fish
Phenotype
Hearing of owls
4. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
homeostasis
Interaction between instinct and learning
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
5. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Zygote
Interaction between instinct and learning
Stickleback fish
6. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Mimicry
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Comparative psychology
Supernormal sign stimulus
7. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
isolation by season
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Hierarchy of bees
Herring gull chicks
8. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
behavioral isolation
Animal aggression
phenotypic expression
Fitness
9. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Animal aggression
Instinctual drift (example)
Genetic drift
genotype
10. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Zygote
Fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
11. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Interaction between instinct and learning
Releasing stimuli
Estrus
Fixed action patterns (example)
12. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Altruism
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
Inclusive fitness
13. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Comparative psychology
isolation by season
Infrasound
Dominant and recessive gene
14. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Eric Kandel
Herring gull chicks
Atmospheric pressure
Polarized light
15. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Zygote
Inbreeding
Karl von Frisch
16. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Wolfgang Kohler
Fitness
Mimicry
Natural selection
17. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Selective breeding
Courting
18. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Hierarchy of bees
19. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Ethology
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
20. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Hearing of owls
Mating of bees
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Hearing of owls
Instrumental learning
Fitness
22. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Imprinting
Circadian rhythms
Estrus
23. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Cross fostering experiments
Atmospheric pressure
Pheromones
Comparative psychology
24. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
geographic isolation
Echolocation
Biological clocks
Sexual selection
25. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Selective breeding
Supernormal sign stimulus
Magnetic sense
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
26. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Star compass
Polarized light
R. C. Tyron
Konrad Lorenz
27. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Wolfgang Kohler
Sensitive or critical periods
Sun compass
Alleles
28. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Zygote
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inbreeding
Navigation of bees
29. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Sexual selection
Harry Harlow
Karl von Frisch
30. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Eric Kandel
Communication of bees
31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Instinctual/innate behaviours
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Round dance
Altruism
32. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Genetic drift
Hearing of owls
Communication of bees
Atmospheric pressure
33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Biological clocks
Sensitive or critical periods
Mating of bees
isolation by season
34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Star compass
Communication of bees
Gamete
35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Polarized light
Infrasound
geographic isolation
Genetic drift
36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fixed action patterns (example)
behavioral isolation
Biological clocks
37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Circadian rhythms
Edward Thorndike
Magnetic sense
Nikolaas Tinbergen
38. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Mimicry
Sexual dimorphism
Navigation cues
Genes
39. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Releasing stimuli
Animal aggression
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation cues
40. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fitness
isolation by season
Fixed action patterns (example)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
41. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Charles Darwin
Infrasound
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
42. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Fight or flight
Ethology
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Inbreeding
43. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
Nikolaas Tinbergen
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
44. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
R. C. Tyron
Alleles
behavioral isolation
Pheromones
45. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Comparative psychology
Estrus
Pheromones
46. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Animal aggression
Navigation of animals
47. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Sexual selection
Navigation cues
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Releasing stimuli
48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Communication of bees
Polarized light
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Sensitive or critical periods
Mimicry
Round dance
Dominant and recessive gene
50. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Magnetic sense
Fitness
genotype
Altruism