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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






2. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






3. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






4. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






5. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






6. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






7. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






8. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






9. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






10. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






11. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






12. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






13. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






15. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






16. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






17. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






18. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






20. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






21. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






22. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






23. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






24. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






25. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






26. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






27. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






28. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






31. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






32. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






33. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






35. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






36. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






38. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






39. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






40. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






41. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






42. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






43. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






44. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






45. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






46. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






47. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






48. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






49. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards