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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Atmospheric pressure
Cross fostering experiments
Altruism
Mimicry
2. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
Waggle dance
Altruism
3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Inbreeding
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
4. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fixed action patterns (example)
Zygote
R. C. Tyron
5. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Hearing of owls
Sensitive or critical periods
Charles Darwin
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
6. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Eric Kandel
Comparative psychology
Alleles
Instinctual drift (example)
7. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Sun compass
Genetic drift
Infrasound
Sexual dimorphism
8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Pheromones
Navigation of animals
Estrus
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
9. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Courting
Polarized light
Edward Thorndike
10. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
mechanical isolation
Echolocation
Flower selection of bees
Estrus
11. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Circadian rhythms
Instinctual drift (example)
Communication of bees
Edward Thorndike
12. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Communication of bees
Polarized light
Harry Harlow
Charles Darwin
13. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Estrus
Waggle dance
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
14. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
phenotypic expression
Circadian rhythms
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Sun compass
Interaction between instinct and learning
Circadian rhythms
16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Fight or flight
Infrasound
Karl von Frisch
Pheromones
17. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Cross fostering experiments
genotype
phenotypic expression
Round dance
18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Sun compass
Waggle dance
Navigation of animals
Navigation of bees
19. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Hearing of owls
Alleles
Harry Harlow
R. C. Tyron
20. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Herring gull chicks
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
behavioral isolation
21. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Instinctual/innate behaviours
geographic isolation
Fitness
Sexual dimorphism
22. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Comparative psychology
Sexual dimorphism
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Genetic drift
23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Sun compass
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Mating of bees
Hearing of owls
24. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
Konrad Lorenz
Estrus
25. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
mechanical isolation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
Navigation of bees
26. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
behavioral isolation
Sun compass
Star compass
Mimicry
27. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Releasing stimuli
Round dance
Interaction between instinct and learning
Karl von Frisch
28. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fight or flight
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Communication of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
30. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Communication of bees
Instinctual drift (example)
Star compass
Hierarchy of bees
31. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Dominant and recessive gene
Fight or flight
Echolocation
Supernormal sign stimulus
32. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Circadian rhythms
Karl von Frisch
Eric Kandel
Inbreeding
33. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Sun compass
behavioral isolation
Biological clocks
genotype
34. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Wolfgang Kohler
Sexual dimorphism
Fixed action patterns (example)
Communication of bees
35. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Mimicry
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
isolation by season
Animal aggression
36. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Hierarchy of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Selective breeding
Altruism
37. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
Sexual dimorphism
behavioral isolation
38. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Ethology
isolation by season
Gamete
39. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Comparative psychology
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
40. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Mating of bees
Genes
Navigation of animals
phenotypic expression
41. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Hearing of owls
Phenotype
Alleles
Imprinting
42. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Interaction between instinct and learning
Fixed action patterns (example)
Magnetic sense
43. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Comparative psychology
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation of animals
Supernormal sign stimulus
44. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Charles Darwin
Alleles
Harry Harlow
Phenotype
45. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Dominant and recessive gene
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Instinctual drift (example)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Herring gull chicks
47. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
behavioral isolation
Altruism
Instinctual/innate behaviours
48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
mechanical isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Phenotype
Walter Cannon
49. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Comparative psychology
Edward Thorndike
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Altruism
50. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Comparative psychology
Animal aggression