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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






3. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






4. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






5. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






6. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






8. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






11. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






12. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






13. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






16. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






17. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






18. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






19. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






20. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






21. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






22. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






23. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






24. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






25. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






26. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






27. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






28. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






29. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






30. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






31. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






34. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






35. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






36. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






37. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






38. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






39. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






40. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






41. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






42. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






43. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






44. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






45. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






46. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






47. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






48. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






49. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






50. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids