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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
R. C. Tyron
Alleles
Cross fostering experiments
Mating of bees
2. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Circadian rhythms
Fitness
Herring gull chicks
Echolocation
3. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Polarized light
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sun compass
4. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Karl von Frisch
Navigation cues
Biological clocks
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Magnetic sense
Genetic drift
Mimicry
homeostasis
6. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Ethology
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Instrumental learning
Animal aggression
7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Flower selection of bees
Fitness
Charles Darwin
8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Navigation of animals
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Karl von Frisch
Hierarchy of bees
9. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Echolocation
Fight or flight
Sensitive or critical periods
10. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Cross fostering experiments
Natural selection
Biological clocks
11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Echolocation
Infrasound
Alleles
12. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Dominant and recessive gene
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
Zygote
13. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Herring gull chicks
Imprinting
Comparative psychology
Round dance
14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Navigation of animals
Genes
15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Alleles
Walter Cannon
Konrad Lorenz
Sensitive or critical periods
16. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Releasing stimuli
Biological clocks
mechanical isolation
Inclusive fitness
17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
geographic isolation
Imprinting
Polarized light
Wolfgang Kohler
18. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
isolation by season
Waggle dance
Interaction between instinct and learning
19. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instrumental learning
Wolfgang Kohler
Comparative psychology
20. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Zygote
Echolocation
Inbreeding
Hierarchy of bees
21. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Edward Thorndike
Eric Kandel
Navigation of bees
Round dance
22. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Imprinting
Instinctual drift (example)
Flower selection of bees
Echolocation
23. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Ethology
Star compass
Navigation of animals
Hearing of owls
24. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Courting
Zygote
Konrad Lorenz
25. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Cross fostering experiments
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inbreeding
26. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Cross fostering experiments
Sensitive or critical periods
Eric Kandel
Round dance
27. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
genotype
Fitness
Karl von Frisch
Wolfgang Kohler
28. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
phenotypic expression
Zygote
29. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
Stickleback fish
Genetic drift
30. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Echolocation
Hierarchy of bees
Stickleback fish
31. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Waggle dance
Magnetic sense
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Ethology
32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Fight or flight
Zygote
Genes
Infrasound
33. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Wolfgang Kohler
geographic isolation
Ethology
Sexual dimorphism
34. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Imprinting
mechanical isolation
Pheromones
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
35. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
behavioral isolation
Fitness
Navigation cues
36. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Harry Harlow
Sun compass
Hierarchy of bees
Pheromones
37. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Natural selection
Magnetic sense
Phenotype
Mimicry
38. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Courting
Alleles
Navigation cues
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
39. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
isolation by season
Sexual selection
Sexual dimorphism
Sun compass
40. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Navigation of animals
Instrumental learning
Alleles
Interaction between instinct and learning
41. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Imprinting
R. C. Tyron
genotype
isolation by season
42. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Imprinting
Fitness
Phenotype
43. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Charles Darwin
Animal aggression
Navigation cues
Releasing stimuli
44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Edward Thorndike
Biological clocks
geographic isolation
Dominant and recessive gene
45. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Konrad Lorenz
Mating of bees
Waggle dance
Navigation cues
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Infrasound
Natural selection
mechanical isolation
Hearing of owls
47. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Fitness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Genes
Navigation of animals
48. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Harry Harlow
Pheromones
Animal aggression
phenotypic expression
49. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Releasing stimuli
Fixed action patterns (example)
50. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Genetic drift
Hearing of owls
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Mimicry