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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






2. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






3. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






4. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






5. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






6. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






8. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






9. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






10. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






11. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






12. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






13. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






14. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






15. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






16. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






17. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






18. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






19. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






20. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






21. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






22. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






23. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






24. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






25. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






26. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






27. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






28. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






29. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






30. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






31. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






32. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






33. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






34. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






35. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






36. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






38. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






39. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






40. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






41. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






43. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






44. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






45. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






46. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






47. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






48. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






49. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






50. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways