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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






4. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






5. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






6. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






7. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






9. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






10. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






11. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






12. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






14. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






15. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






16. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






17. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






18. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






19. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






20. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






21. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






22. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






23. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






24. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






26. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






27. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






28. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






29. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






31. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






32. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






33. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






35. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






36. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






37. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






38. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






39. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






40. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






41. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






42. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






43. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






44. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






45. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






46. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






47. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






48. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






49. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






50. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)