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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






2. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






3. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






4. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






6. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






7. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






8. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






9. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






10. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






11. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






12. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






13. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






14. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






15. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






16. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






18. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






19. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






20. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






21. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






22. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






24. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






25. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






26. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






27. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






28. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






29. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






30. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






31. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






32. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






33. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






34. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






35. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






36. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






38. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






39. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






41. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






42. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






43. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






44. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






45. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






46. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






47. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






48. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






49. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






50. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat