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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Instrumental learning
Konrad Lorenz
Wolfgang Kohler
2. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Navigation cues
Echolocation
Herring gull chicks
Interaction between instinct and learning
3. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Polarized light
Fixed action patterns (example)
isolation by season
Charles Darwin
4. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Fight or flight
Navigation of animals
R. C. Tyron
Cross fostering experiments
5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Inclusive fitness
mechanical isolation
Sensitive or critical periods
Fixed action patterns (example)
6. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Altruism
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Round dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
7. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Stickleback fish
Altruism
Fight or flight
R. C. Tyron
8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Walter Cannon
Navigation of bees
geographic isolation
Inclusive fitness
9. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Alleles
homeostasis
Flower selection of bees
Animal aggression
10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Estrus
Polarized light
isolation by season
Navigation of animals
11. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Comparative psychology
Interaction between instinct and learning
Inclusive fitness
Sun compass
12. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Wolfgang Kohler
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of animals
13. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Imprinting
phenotypic expression
Infrasound
Polarized light
14. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
genotype
Releasing stimuli
Inbreeding
Charles Darwin
15. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Gamete
Dominant and recessive gene
Instinctual drift (example)
Estrus
16. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
Magnetic sense
R. C. Tyron
Sun compass
17. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
behavioral isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
Konrad Lorenz
Sensitive or critical periods
18. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Stickleback fish
Hearing of owls
Sun compass
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
19. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Hearing of owls
Genes
genotype
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
20. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Selective breeding
Cross fostering experiments
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sexual dimorphism
21. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Hierarchy of bees
Echolocation
Pheromones
Sensitive or critical periods
22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Comparative psychology
Flower selection of bees
Round dance
23. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Supernormal sign stimulus
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Flower selection of bees
Animal aggression
24. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Walter Cannon
Instinctual drift (example)
Star compass
25. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Altruism
R. C. Tyron
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
homeostasis
27. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Atmospheric pressure
Interaction between instinct and learning
Konrad Lorenz
28. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Sun compass
Fight or flight
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
29. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Communication of bees
Estrus
Imprinting
30. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Wolfgang Kohler
Echolocation
Animal aggression
genotype
31. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Selective breeding
Alleles
Comparative psychology
Infrasound
32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hearing of owls
Natural selection
Dominant and recessive gene
33. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Instinctual drift (example)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Imprinting
Infrasound
34. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Edward Thorndike
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
R. C. Tyron
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
35. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Infrasound
Imprinting
Wolfgang Kohler
phenotypic expression
36. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Sun compass
Fixed action patterns (example)
phenotypic expression
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Stickleback fish
Edward Thorndike
Zygote
Fixed action patterns (example)
38. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Eric Kandel
Ethology
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
39. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Herring gull chicks
Fight or flight
Cross fostering experiments
40. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Alleles
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Stickleback fish
geographic isolation
41. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Imprinting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Comparative psychology
Star compass
42. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Magnetic sense
Fitness
Interaction between instinct and learning
Navigation cues
43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Altruism
Waggle dance
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
44. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
genotype
Imprinting
Echolocation
Dominant and recessive gene
45. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Fight or flight
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
Inclusive fitness
46. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Animal aggression
Magnetic sense
Infrasound
Harry Harlow
47. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Altruism
Instrumental learning
Inclusive fitness
Hierarchy of bees
48. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Flower selection of bees
Altruism
Genetic drift
Navigation cues
49. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
behavioral isolation
Circadian rhythms
Walter Cannon
Instinctual drift (example)
50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Hearing of owls
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Comparative psychology