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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Estrus
Interaction between instinct and learning
Edward Thorndike
Communication of bees
2. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Courting
Nikolaas Tinbergen
3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Echolocation
Infrasound
Alleles
4. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fitness
Gamete
5. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Ethology
Walter Cannon
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Navigation cues
6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
R. C. Tyron
Eric Kandel
Charles Darwin
7. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Walter Cannon
Harry Harlow
Navigation of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
8. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Stickleback fish
genotype
phenotypic expression
Supernormal sign stimulus
9. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Polarized light
Eric Kandel
genotype
phenotypic expression
10. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Polarized light
Natural selection
Mimicry
Inbreeding
11. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
phenotypic expression
Karl von Frisch
Instinctual drift (example)
Supernormal sign stimulus
12. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Navigation of animals
Cross fostering experiments
Hearing of owls
Ethology
13. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Comparative psychology
Fixed action patterns (example)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instrumental learning
14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Interaction between instinct and learning
mechanical isolation
Comparative psychology
Courting
15. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Sexual dimorphism
geographic isolation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Courting
16. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
isolation by season
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instinctual drift (example)
Flower selection of bees
17. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Konrad Lorenz
Fixed action patterns (example)
Courting
Atmospheric pressure
18. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Sexual dimorphism
Stickleback fish
Mating of bees
19. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Hearing of owls
Comparative psychology
Konrad Lorenz
Genes
20. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Biological clocks
Harry Harlow
21. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Natural selection
Supernormal sign stimulus
Inbreeding
Wolfgang Kohler
22. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Sensitive or critical periods
Altruism
Mating of bees
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
23. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Round dance
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Eric Kandel
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
24. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Waggle dance
Sun compass
Selective breeding
Pheromones
25. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Courting
Pheromones
Round dance
Konrad Lorenz
26. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fight or flight
Sensitive or critical periods
Navigation of animals
27. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Ethology
Stickleback fish
Estrus
Interaction between instinct and learning
28. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Eric Kandel
Pheromones
Animal aggression
isolation by season
29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Natural selection
Magnetic sense
Comparative psychology
Atmospheric pressure
30. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Karl von Frisch
phenotypic expression
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Biological clocks
31. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Selective breeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Releasing stimuli
32. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
Eric Kandel
Inclusive fitness
Karl von Frisch
33. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Echolocation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fitness
Mating of bees
34. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Walter Cannon
Herring gull chicks
Atmospheric pressure
Circadian rhythms
35. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Karl von Frisch
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
mechanical isolation
Zygote
36. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Star compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
37. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Circadian rhythms
Sexual dimorphism
Zygote
38. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Ethology
Hierarchy of bees
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
39. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Atmospheric pressure
R. C. Tyron
Dominant and recessive gene
Magnetic sense
40. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Altruism
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Stickleback fish
Genes
41. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Eric Kandel
Selective breeding
Pheromones
42. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
genotype
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sexual dimorphism
Konrad Lorenz
43. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Ethology
Polarized light
Hearing of owls
Round dance
44. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
isolation by season
Biological clocks
Instinctual drift (example)
Navigation of bees
45. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
behavioral isolation
Estrus
Circadian rhythms
46. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Mimicry
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Altruism
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
47. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Releasing stimuli
Navigation of animals
Instrumental learning
Sensitive or critical periods
48. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Edward Thorndike
Courting
Waggle dance
Navigation of animals
49. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Waggle dance
Instinctual drift (example)
Interaction between instinct and learning
Circadian rhythms
50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Comparative psychology
Genes
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation