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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






4. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






5. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






6. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






7. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






8. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






10. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






12. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






13. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






15. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






16. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






17. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






18. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






19. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






20. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






21. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






22. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






24. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






25. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






26. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






28. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






31. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






32. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






33. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






34. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






35. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






36. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






37. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






38. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






39. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






40. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






41. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






43. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






44. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






47. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






48. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






49. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






50. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes