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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






2. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






3. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






4. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






5. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






7. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






8. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






11. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






12. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






13. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






14. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






15. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






16. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






17. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






18. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






20. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






21. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






22. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






23. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






24. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






25. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






26. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






27. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






29. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






30. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






31. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






32. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






33. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






34. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






35. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






36. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






37. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






38. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






39. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






40. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






41. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






44. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






45. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






46. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






48. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






49. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






50. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes