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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






3. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






6. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






7. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






8. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






9. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






10. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






11. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






12. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






13. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






14. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






15. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






18. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






19. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






20. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






21. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






22. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






23. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






24. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






25. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






26. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






27. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






28. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






29. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






30. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






31. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






32. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






33. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






35. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






36. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






37. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






38. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






40. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






41. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






42. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






43. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






44. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






45. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






46. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






47. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






48. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






49. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






50. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)