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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






2. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






3. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






6. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






7. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






8. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






10. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






11. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






12. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






13. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






14. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






16. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






17. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






18. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






19. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






20. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






21. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






22. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






24. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






25. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






26. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






27. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






28. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






29. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






30. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






31. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






32. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






33. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






34. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






37. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






38. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






39. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






40. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






41. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






42. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






43. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






44. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






45. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






46. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






47. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






48. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






49. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






50. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment