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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Inclusive fitness
Estrus
Animal aggression
Waggle dance
2. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Ethology
Infrasound
Phenotype
3. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Star compass
Echolocation
Fixed action patterns (example)
4. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sexual selection
Sensitive or critical periods
Charles Darwin
Instinctual/innate behaviours
5. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Natural selection
Sun compass
Sexual dimorphism
Navigation of animals
6. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Karl von Frisch
Navigation cues
Cross fostering experiments
Zygote
7. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Navigation of animals
Cross fostering experiments
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting
8. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Cross fostering experiments
Flower selection of bees
Eric Kandel
phenotypic expression
9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Sexual dimorphism
Genetic drift
Phenotype
Genes
10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Charles Darwin
Herring gull chicks
Instinctual drift (example)
11. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Inbreeding
Walter Cannon
Imprinting
Selective breeding
12. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Star compass
Estrus
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Round dance
13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Circadian rhythms
Biological clocks
Inbreeding
Eric Kandel
14. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Sexual selection
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Circadian rhythms
Biological clocks
15. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Fitness
mechanical isolation
Releasing stimuli
Inbreeding
16. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fight or flight
geographic isolation
Fitness
Infrasound
17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Cross fostering experiments
Inbreeding
Comparative psychology
18. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Pheromones
Mating of bees
Supernormal sign stimulus
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
19. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Gamete
Star compass
Nikolaas Tinbergen
20. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Comparative psychology
Waggle dance
Walter Cannon
Fitness
21. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Interaction between instinct and learning
Atmospheric pressure
Herring gull chicks
Phenotype
22. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Ethology
Karl von Frisch
Charles Darwin
23. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Selective breeding
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
24. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Alleles
Atmospheric pressure
Instrumental learning
Sexual dimorphism
25. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Sexual selection
Herring gull chicks
Supernormal sign stimulus
Konrad Lorenz
26. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Genetic drift
Sexual selection
Sexual dimorphism
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
27. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
mechanical isolation
28. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Instrumental learning
Star compass
Genes
Interaction between instinct and learning
29. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Biological clocks
Imprinting
Navigation of bees
Charles Darwin
30. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
R. C. Tyron
Konrad Lorenz
Inclusive fitness
Herring gull chicks
31. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
isolation by season
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
32. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Communication of bees
homeostasis
Selective breeding
33. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
Nikolaas Tinbergen
isolation by season
34. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Infrasound
Inclusive fitness
Charles Darwin
Communication of bees
35. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
Sensitive or critical periods
Courting
Ethology
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
36. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Instrumental learning
Infrasound
Mimicry
Inclusive fitness
37. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Star compass
Fight or flight
Dominant and recessive gene
Hierarchy of bees
38. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Charles Darwin
Imprinting
homeostasis
Fight or flight
39. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
R. C. Tyron
geographic isolation
Ethology
Mating of bees
40. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Waggle dance
Instinctual/innate behaviours
41. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Altruism
Navigation of bees
Navigation cues
R. C. Tyron
42. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Genes
genotype
Stickleback fish
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
43. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
homeostasis
Konrad Lorenz
Cross fostering experiments
Comparative psychology
44. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
Sun compass
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
45. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Wolfgang Kohler
Instrumental learning
Karl von Frisch
Imprinting
46. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Releasing stimuli
Eric Kandel
Hearing of owls
Fight or flight
47. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Estrus
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Supernormal sign stimulus
Mimicry
48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
genotype
Instinctual drift (example)
Comparative psychology
mechanical isolation
49. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Edward Thorndike
Pheromones
Comparative psychology
Navigation of bees
50. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Estrus
Herring gull chicks
Mating of bees
Genes