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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






3. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






4. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






5. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






6. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






7. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






8. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






9. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






10. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






11. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






12. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






13. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






14. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






15. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






17. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






18. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






20. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






21. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






22. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






25. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






26. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






27. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






28. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






29. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






30. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






32. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






34. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






35. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






36. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






37. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






38. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






39. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






40. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






41. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






43. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






45. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






46. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






47. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






49. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time