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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






2. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






3. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






4. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






5. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






6. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






7. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






9. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






10. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






12. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






13. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






14. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






15. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






16. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






17. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






18. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






19. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






20. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






22. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






23. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






25. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






26. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






27. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






28. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






29. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






30. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






31. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






32. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






33. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






34. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






35. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






36. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






37. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






38. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






41. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






42. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






43. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






44. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






46. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






47. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






48. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






49. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






50. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin