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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






2. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






3. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






4. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






5. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






6. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






8. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






9. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






10. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






11. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






12. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






13. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






16. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






17. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






18. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






19. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






20. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






21. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






22. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






23. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






24. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






25. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






26. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






27. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






30. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






31. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






32. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






33. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






34. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






35. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






38. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






39. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






40. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






41. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






42. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






43. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






44. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






45. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






46. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






47. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






48. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






49. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






50. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities