Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






2. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






4. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






5. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






6. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






7. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






8. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






9. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






10. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






11. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






12. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






13. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






14. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






15. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






16. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






18. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






19. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






20. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






23. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






24. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






26. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






27. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






28. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






29. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






30. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






31. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






32. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






33. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






34. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






35. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






36. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






38. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






39. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






41. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






42. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






43. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






44. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






45. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






46. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






47. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






48. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






49. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)