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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






2. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






4. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






5. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






6. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






7. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






8. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






9. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






10. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






11. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






12. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






13. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






14. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






15. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






16. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






17. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






18. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






19. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






20. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






21. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






22. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






23. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






24. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






25. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






29. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






30. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






31. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






32. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






33. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






34. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






35. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






36. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






37. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






38. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






39. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






40. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






41. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






42. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






43. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






44. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






45. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






46. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






47. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






49. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections