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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






2. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






3. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






4. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






6. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






7. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






8. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






9. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






10. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






11. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






12. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






13. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






14. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






15. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






16. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






18. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






19. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






21. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






22. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






23. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






24. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






25. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






26. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






28. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






32. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






33. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






34. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






35. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






36. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






37. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






38. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






39. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






43. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






44. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






45. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






46. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






47. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






48. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






49. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






50. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)