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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Stickleback fish
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Genetic drift
isolation by season
2. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Selective breeding
Infrasound
Animal aggression
3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Alleles
Flower selection of bees
Cross fostering experiments
Charles Darwin
4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Selective breeding
Pheromones
Mimicry
Echolocation
5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
isolation by season
Fitness
Hierarchy of bees
Inbreeding
6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Navigation of animals
mechanical isolation
Alleles
7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Karl von Frisch
Walter Cannon
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Dominant and recessive gene
8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Karl von Frisch
Echolocation
Comparative psychology
Fight or flight
9. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Mating of bees
Genes
Instrumental learning
10. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Harry Harlow
Atmospheric pressure
Flower selection of bees
Communication of bees
11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Stickleback fish
Genetic drift
Charles Darwin
12. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Circadian rhythms
Zygote
Courting
Herring gull chicks
13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Round dance
Biological clocks
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fixed action patterns (example)
14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Comparative psychology
Magnetic sense
Infrasound
mechanical isolation
15. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Karl von Frisch
Infrasound
Circadian rhythms
Sun compass
16. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Phenotype
Instinctual drift (example)
Supernormal sign stimulus
17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Stickleback fish
Atmospheric pressure
Estrus
geographic isolation
18. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Fitness
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
19. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
geographic isolation
Konrad Lorenz
Estrus
20. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Animal aggression
genotype
Stickleback fish
Polarized light
21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Magnetic sense
Dominant and recessive gene
Waggle dance
Comparative psychology
22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Magnetic sense
behavioral isolation
Alleles
Sexual dimorphism
23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Fight or flight
Releasing stimuli
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
24. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Fitness
Genetic drift
Karl von Frisch
Charles Darwin
25. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Navigation of animals
Round dance
Edward Thorndike
Herring gull chicks
27. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Communication of bees
Altruism
Echolocation
Waggle dance
28. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Atmospheric pressure
Animal aggression
Phenotype
29. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Inbreeding
Mating of bees
Ethology
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Comparative psychology
Interaction between instinct and learning
Edward Thorndike
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Comparative psychology
isolation by season
Fitness
Imprinting
32. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Biological clocks
Supernormal sign stimulus
Inbreeding
Atmospheric pressure
33. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Fixed action patterns (example)
homeostasis
Edward Thorndike
Instinctual drift (example)
34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Selective breeding
isolation by season
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Biological clocks
Communication of bees
Instrumental learning
Fight or flight
36. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Cross fostering experiments
Herring gull chicks
Alleles
37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
R. C. Tyron
Fixed action patterns (example)
Circadian rhythms
38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Instrumental learning
Biological clocks
Inclusive fitness
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Inbreeding
Konrad Lorenz
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation of animals
40. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Ethology
Estrus
Cross fostering experiments
Fixed action patterns (example)
41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Round dance
Konrad Lorenz
Navigation of bees
42. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Communication of bees
Harry Harlow
Walter Cannon
43. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Navigation of animals
Sensitive or critical periods
Supernormal sign stimulus
44. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Animal aggression
Courting
Sexual selection
Selective breeding
45. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Atmospheric pressure
Genetic drift
Navigation of animals
Navigation of bees
46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Cross fostering experiments
Navigation of bees
47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Polarized light
Gamete
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
48. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Round dance
Eric Kandel
Pheromones
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
49. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Altruism
Hierarchy of bees
50. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Fitness
Inbreeding
genotype
Instrumental learning