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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






2. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






3. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






4. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






5. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






7. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






9. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






10. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






11. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






12. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






13. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






14. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






15. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






17. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






18. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






19. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






20. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






21. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






23. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






24. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






25. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






27. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






29. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






30. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






31. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






32. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






34. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






35. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






37. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






38. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






39. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






40. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






42. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






43. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






44. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






45. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






46. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






47. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






48. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






49. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






50. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away