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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






2. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






3. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






5. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






6. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






7. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






8. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






9. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






10. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






11. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






13. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






14. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






15. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






16. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






17. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






18. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






19. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






20. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






21. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






22. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






23. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






25. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






26. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






27. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






29. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






30. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






31. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






32. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






33. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






34. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






35. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






36. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






37. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






38. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






39. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






40. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






41. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






43. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






44. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






45. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






47. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






48. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






49. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






50. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)