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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






2. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






3. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






4. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






5. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






6. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






7. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






8. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






10. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






11. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






12. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






13. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






14. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






15. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






19. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






20. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






22. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






23. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






24. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






27. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






30. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






31. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






32. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






33. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






34. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






35. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






38. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






39. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






40. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






41. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






42. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






44. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






45. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






46. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






47. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






48. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






49. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






50. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation