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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






2. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






3. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






4. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






5. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






6. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






7. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






8. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






9. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






10. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






11. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






12. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






13. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






14. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






15. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






16. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






17. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






18. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






19. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






20. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






21. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






22. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






23. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






27. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






28. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






29. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






30. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






31. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






34. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






35. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






36. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






37. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






38. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






39. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






40. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






41. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






42. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






43. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






44. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






45. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






46. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






47. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






48. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






49. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






50. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core