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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Instinctual drift (example)
Pheromones
Interaction between instinct and learning
Circadian rhythms
2. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Phenotype
Interaction between instinct and learning
Sexual selection
mechanical isolation
3. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Inclusive fitness
Alleles
Sun compass
4. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
isolation by season
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Animal aggression
Comparative psychology
5. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Selective breeding
Hearing of owls
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Fight or flight
6. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Konrad Lorenz
behavioral isolation
Fixed action patterns (example)
7. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Fixed action patterns (example)
Fight or flight
Round dance
Selective breeding
8. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Alleles
Inbreeding
Circadian rhythms
9. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Fixed action patterns (example)
Ethology
Genetic drift
Mimicry
10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Infrasound
Imprinting
mechanical isolation
11. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Hearing of owls
Sexual dimorphism
geographic isolation
Mating of bees
12. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Stickleback fish
Pheromones
Star compass
isolation by season
13. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Cross fostering experiments
Atmospheric pressure
Fitness
Natural selection
14. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
phenotypic expression
Instrumental learning
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Karl von Frisch
15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Eric Kandel
Polarized light
Karl von Frisch
16. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Supernormal sign stimulus
Pheromones
Inbreeding
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
17. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Hierarchy of bees
Echolocation
Flower selection of bees
Biological clocks
18. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Releasing stimuli
Sun compass
phenotypic expression
Karl von Frisch
19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inbreeding
R. C. Tyron
20. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Sexual selection
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Inclusive fitness
Polarized light
21. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Echolocation
Sensitive or critical periods
Navigation of bees
22. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Altruism
Polarized light
Supernormal sign stimulus
Fight or flight
23. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Genes
Selective breeding
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
isolation by season
24. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Zygote
mechanical isolation
Natural selection
Navigation of bees
25. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Navigation of bees
Courting
Navigation of animals
Instrumental learning
26. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Altruism
Pheromones
Courting
27. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Mimicry
Fight or flight
28. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Konrad Lorenz
Supernormal sign stimulus
Gamete
Wolfgang Kohler
29. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Gamete
Selective breeding
Atmospheric pressure
Alleles
30. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Fitness
behavioral isolation
Zygote
Releasing stimuli
31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Star compass
Polarized light
Round dance
geographic isolation
32. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Herring gull chicks
Zygote
Natural selection
33. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Sun compass
homeostasis
Dominant and recessive gene
Infrasound
34. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Round dance
Altruism
Flower selection of bees
Edward Thorndike
35. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Comparative psychology
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
R. C. Tyron
Navigation of bees
36. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Star compass
Pheromones
Atmospheric pressure
37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Polarized light
mechanical isolation
Instrumental learning
Cross fostering experiments
38. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sensitive or critical periods
Sexual dimorphism
phenotypic expression
Edward Thorndike
39. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Interaction between instinct and learning
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
Atmospheric pressure
40. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Walter Cannon
Magnetic sense
Inbreeding
41. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Dominant and recessive gene
Star compass
Interaction between instinct and learning
Polarized light
42. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Courting
Zygote
Echolocation
43. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Cross fostering experiments
Star compass
R. C. Tyron
homeostasis
44. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
geographic isolation
Herring gull chicks
Natural selection
Courting
45. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Altruism
Estrus
Stickleback fish
Gamete
46. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Karl von Frisch
Mimicry
Atmospheric pressure
Imprinting
47. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
genotype
R. C. Tyron
Cross fostering experiments
Echolocation
48. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
R. C. Tyron
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
mechanical isolation
Gamete
49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
Pheromones
Inbreeding
50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
homeostasis
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Wolfgang Kohler
Ethology