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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






2. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






5. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






8. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






9. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






10. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






11. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






12. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






13. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






15. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






16. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






17. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






18. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






19. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






20. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






21. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






22. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






23. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






24. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






25. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






26. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






27. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






28. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






31. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






32. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






33. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






34. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






35. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






36. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






37. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






38. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






39. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






40. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






41. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






42. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






43. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






44. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






45. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






46. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






47. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






48. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






49. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






50. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways