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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Selective breeding
Courting
Hearing of owls
2. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Estrus
Cross fostering experiments
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Fitness
3. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Instrumental learning
Releasing stimuli
Selective breeding
Eric Kandel
4. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
geographic isolation
Imprinting
Gamete
Phenotype
5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Walter Cannon
Charles Darwin
mechanical isolation
Sun compass
6. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
homeostasis
Ethology
Releasing stimuli
Fight or flight
7. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
genotype
geographic isolation
Zygote
Sensitive or critical periods
8. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Animal aggression
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of animals
Instinctual drift (example)
9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
R. C. Tyron
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of animals
Eric Kandel
10. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Imprinting
Dominant and recessive gene
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
11. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Estrus
Gamete
Sensitive or critical periods
Star compass
12. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Mating of bees
Karl von Frisch
mechanical isolation
Wolfgang Kohler
13. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Wolfgang Kohler
Fight or flight
Flower selection of bees
Infrasound
14. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Genes
Round dance
Star compass
Interaction between instinct and learning
15. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Natural selection
Hierarchy of bees
Inbreeding
Atmospheric pressure
16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Mimicry
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of animals
Natural selection
17. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Pheromones
Hierarchy of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Atmospheric pressure
Fitness
Comparative psychology
Zygote
19. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Round dance
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sexual dimorphism
Instinctual drift (example)
20. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
geographic isolation
genotype
Round dance
21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Imprinting
Atmospheric pressure
Supernormal sign stimulus
Flower selection of bees
23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Hearing of owls
Natural selection
Animal aggression
Navigation of bees
24. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
mechanical isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mimicry
Stickleback fish
25. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Zygote
Harry Harlow
Ethology
26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Gamete
Communication of bees
isolation by season
Star compass
27. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Mimicry
Eric Kandel
Biological clocks
28. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Dominant and recessive gene
Round dance
Alleles
Sensitive or critical periods
29. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
homeostasis
Mating of bees
isolation by season
30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Mimicry
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hearing of owls
Gamete
31. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Altruism
Estrus
Gamete
32. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Sexual selection
Zygote
Navigation cues
33. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Navigation of bees
Echolocation
Charles Darwin
34. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
Navigation cues
isolation by season
Biological clocks
35. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Phenotype
Wolfgang Kohler
Genes
geographic isolation
36. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Waggle dance
homeostasis
Polarized light
genotype
37. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Genetic drift
genotype
Releasing stimuli
Mating of bees
38. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Flower selection of bees
Fitness
Releasing stimuli
Charles Darwin
39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
phenotypic expression
Ethology
40. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Instrumental learning
Edward Thorndike
Communication of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Edward Thorndike
Charles Darwin
Fixed action patterns (example)
Hearing of owls
42. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Fixed action patterns (example)
Dominant and recessive gene
Flower selection of bees
Magnetic sense
43. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Polarized light
Star compass
Edward Thorndike
Sexual selection
44. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Star compass
Mating of bees
Imprinting
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
45. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Selective breeding
Navigation of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
behavioral isolation
Round dance
Sensitive or critical periods
R. C. Tyron
47. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Releasing stimuli
Imprinting
Round dance
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
48. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Karl von Frisch
Infrasound
Charles Darwin
Sexual selection
49. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Navigation cues
Fitness
Zygote
Fixed action patterns (example)
50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Eric Kandel
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
behavioral isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen