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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






2. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






3. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






4. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






5. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






6. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






7. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






8. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






9. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






10. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






11. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






12. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






15. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






16. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






19. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






20. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






22. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






23. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






24. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






25. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






28. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






30. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






31. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






32. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






33. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






34. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






35. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






36. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






37. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






38. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






39. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






40. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






42. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






44. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






45. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






46. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






47. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






48. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






49. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






50. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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