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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






2. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






3. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






4. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






5. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






6. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






7. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






8. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






9. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






10. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






11. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






12. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






13. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






14. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






15. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






16. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






17. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






18. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






19. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






20. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






21. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






22. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






23. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






24. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






26. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






27. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






28. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






29. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






31. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






32. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






33. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






34. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






35. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






36. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






37. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






38. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






39. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






40. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






41. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






42. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






43. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






44. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






45. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






46. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






47. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






48. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






49. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






50. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)