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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






3. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






4. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






5. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






6. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






7. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






8. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






9. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






10. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






11. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






13. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






14. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






15. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






17. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






19. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






20. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






21. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






22. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






23. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






24. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






25. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






28. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






29. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






30. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






31. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






32. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






33. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






35. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






36. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






37. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






38. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






39. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






40. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






42. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






43. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






44. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






46. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






48. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






49. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






50. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time