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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






2. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






3. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






4. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






7. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






8. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






9. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






10. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






11. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






12. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






13. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






14. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






15. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






16. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






18. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






19. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






20. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






21. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






22. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






23. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






24. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






25. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






26. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






27. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






28. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






29. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






30. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






31. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






32. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






33. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






34. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






36. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






37. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






38. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






39. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






40. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






42. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






43. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






45. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






47. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






48. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






49. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections