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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






2. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






3. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






4. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






5. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






6. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






7. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






8. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






9. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






10. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






11. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






12. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






13. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






14. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






15. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






17. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






18. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






19. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






20. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






21. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






22. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






23. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






24. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






25. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






26. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






27. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






28. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






29. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






30. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






31. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






32. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






33. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






34. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






35. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






36. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






37. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






38. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






39. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






40. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






42. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






43. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






44. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






45. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






46. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






47. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






48. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






49. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






50. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections