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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






2. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






3. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






6. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






7. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






8. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






9. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






10. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






11. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






12. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






13. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






15. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






16. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






18. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






19. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






21. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






22. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






23. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






24. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






25. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






27. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






28. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






29. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






30. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






31. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






32. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






33. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






36. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






37. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






38. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






39. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






40. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






41. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






42. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






44. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






45. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






46. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






47. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






48. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






49. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






50. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn