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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






2. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






7. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






8. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






9. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






10. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






12. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






14. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






15. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






16. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






18. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






19. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






20. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






22. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






24. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






25. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






26. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






27. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






28. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






29. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






31. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






32. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






33. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






34. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






35. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






36. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






38. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






39. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






40. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






42. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






43. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






44. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






45. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






46. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






47. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






48. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






49. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






50. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)