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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Imprinting
Cross fostering experiments
Mimicry
Fixed action patterns (example)
2. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
mechanical isolation
Alleles
Edward Thorndike
Selective breeding
3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Navigation cues
Sun compass
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Mating of bees
4. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Estrus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sensitive or critical periods
Hierarchy of bees
5. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Biological clocks
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Courting
6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Hierarchy of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Infrasound
geographic isolation
7. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Comparative psychology
Mimicry
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Fitness
8. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Phenotype
Dominant and recessive gene
Eric Kandel
Harry Harlow
9. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
homeostasis
Magnetic sense
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Wolfgang Kohler
10. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Edward Thorndike
Alleles
Dominant and recessive gene
Gamete
11. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Sexual selection
Stickleback fish
Instinctual drift (example)
Circadian rhythms
12. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Circadian rhythms
Infrasound
Animal aggression
Biological clocks
13. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Genetic drift
Navigation of bees
isolation by season
Cross fostering experiments
14. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Alleles
Fight or flight
Altruism
15. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Konrad Lorenz
Herring gull chicks
Natural selection
Releasing stimuli
16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Herring gull chicks
Altruism
Karl von Frisch
Courting
17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Supernormal sign stimulus
Round dance
Mating of bees
18. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation cues
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inbreeding
19. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Hearing of owls
Releasing stimuli
Wolfgang Kohler
Animal aggression
20. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Mimicry
Circadian rhythms
Walter Cannon
Wolfgang Kohler
21. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
behavioral isolation
22. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Polarized light
Navigation of animals
Magnetic sense
genotype
23. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Phenotype
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Wolfgang Kohler
Harry Harlow
24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Selective breeding
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Walter Cannon
25. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Fight or flight
Flower selection of bees
Ethology
Harry Harlow
26. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Ethology
Inclusive fitness
Edward Thorndike
Flower selection of bees
27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Sun compass
Cross fostering experiments
homeostasis
Star compass
28. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
behavioral isolation
Circadian rhythms
Communication of bees
Pheromones
29. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Alleles
Walter Cannon
Eric Kandel
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
30. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Polarized light
31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
R. C. Tyron
Hearing of owls
Magnetic sense
Round dance
32. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Comparative psychology
Alleles
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
33. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Comparative psychology
Stickleback fish
Alleles
Genetic drift
34. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Round dance
Hierarchy of bees
Phenotype
Edward Thorndike
35. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Fight or flight
R. C. Tyron
homeostasis
Infrasound
36. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
genotype
Waggle dance
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
37. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Sexual selection
Communication of bees
Karl von Frisch
Stickleback fish
38. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Communication of bees
Interaction between instinct and learning
Circadian rhythms
Gamete
39. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
Infrasound
Genetic drift
40. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Herring gull chicks
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Eric Kandel
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
41. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Infrasound
Instrumental learning
Alleles
Sensitive or critical periods
42. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Inclusive fitness
Echolocation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz
43. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Releasing stimuli
Animal aggression
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Instinctual drift (example)
44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Mimicry
mechanical isolation
Edward Thorndike
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
45. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Flower selection of bees
Estrus
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
R. C. Tyron
46. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Polarized light
Atmospheric pressure
Edward Thorndike
Estrus
47. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Wolfgang Kohler
Charles Darwin
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
48. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Natural selection
Supernormal sign stimulus
Karl von Frisch
49. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Instrumental learning
Phenotype
Navigation of bees
Atmospheric pressure
50. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Sexual dimorphism
Fitness
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Sun compass