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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Echolocation
Star compass
Walter Cannon
Nikolaas Tinbergen
2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
geographic isolation
isolation by season
Herring gull chicks
Fitness
3. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Mating of bees
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Alleles
Star compass
4. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Inclusive fitness
R. C. Tyron
Releasing stimuli
Charles Darwin
5. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Navigation cues
Mating of bees
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
6. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Flower selection of bees
Navigation cues
Imprinting
Polarized light
7. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Fitness
Polarized light
Sun compass
Releasing stimuli
8. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Hearing of owls
Sun compass
Echolocation
9. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby
Releasing stimuli
Phenotype
Cross fostering experiments
Round dance
10. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Sensitive or critical periods
isolation by season
Nikolaas Tinbergen
11. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Stickleback fish
Dominant and recessive gene
Courting
Natural selection
12. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Cross fostering experiments
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Infrasound
Mimicry
13. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Instrumental learning
R. C. Tyron
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Star compass
14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Gamete
Instrumental learning
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Konrad Lorenz
Inclusive fitness
Altruism
Charles Darwin
16. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species
Atmospheric pressure
Pheromones
behavioral isolation
Biological clocks
17. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Navigation cues
Estrus
Fitness
geographic isolation
18. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Gamete
genotype
Animal aggression
Navigation cues
19. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Inclusive fitness
Navigation of bees
Hearing of owls
Hierarchy of bees
20. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Communication of bees
Star compass
Instrumental learning
Polarized light
21. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Magnetic sense
Stickleback fish
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Sexual dimorphism
22. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Sun compass
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
Altruism
23. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Navigation of bees
Hearing of owls
Navigation cues
Inclusive fitness
24. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Magnetic sense
Animal aggression
Sexual dimorphism
Pheromones
25. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Waggle dance
Wolfgang Kohler
Sun compass
26. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Edward Thorndike
isolation by season
Polarized light
27. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Round dance
Eric Kandel
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Natural selection
28. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Fixed action patterns (example)
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Estrus
Hierarchy of bees
29. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Konrad Lorenz
Gamete
Pheromones
Biological clocks
30. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
genotype
Mating of bees
Alleles
31. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
geographic isolation
isolation by season
mechanical isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
32. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Animal aggression
Instrumental learning
Herring gull chicks
33. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Harry Harlow
Edward Thorndike
Polarized light
Dominant and recessive gene
34. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Herring gull chicks
Courting
Inbreeding
Instinctual drift (example)
35. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Circadian rhythms
Phenotype
phenotypic expression
Karl von Frisch
36. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
Genetic drift
Stickleback fish
37. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Mimicry
Altruism
Fitness
38. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genes
Natural selection
Infrasound
39. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Navigation of animals
isolation by season
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
40. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Harry Harlow
Navigation cues
Phenotype
genotype
41. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Inclusive fitness
Charles Darwin
Round dance
Infrasound
42. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Communication of bees
genotype
Cross fostering experiments
Sexual selection
43. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Communication of bees
Flower selection of bees
Dominant and recessive gene
44. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Communication of bees
Eric Kandel
Biological clocks
Ethology
45. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Navigation cues
Inclusive fitness
Instrumental learning
46. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
mechanical isolation
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mating of bees
homeostasis
47. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Sun compass
Mating of bees
Fight or flight
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
48. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Harry Harlow
phenotypic expression
Mimicry
Round dance
49. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Waggle dance
Supernormal sign stimulus
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
50. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Genes
Animal aggression
Inclusive fitness