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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Sexual selection
Sensitive or critical periods
Hierarchy of bees
Round dance
2. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears
Eric Kandel
Fight or flight
Instrumental learning
Hearing of owls
3. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Fitness
Dominant and recessive gene
Cross fostering experiments
Communication of bees
4. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
genotype
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Flower selection of bees
Infrasound
5. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Star compass
Wolfgang Kohler
Charles Darwin
6. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Star compass
Atmospheric pressure
Sexual dimorphism
Flower selection of bees
7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Walter Cannon
Sensitive or critical periods
Fight or flight
Sexual dimorphism
8. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Eric Kandel
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Pheromones
Inclusive fitness
9. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
Wolfgang Kohler
geographic isolation
Natural selection
Sun compass
10. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Fixed action patterns (example)
Sensitive or critical periods
Comparative psychology
11. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Releasing stimuli
Genes
Infrasound
Instinctual/innate behaviours
12. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
R. C. Tyron
Inbreeding
Phenotype
Instinctual/innate behaviours
13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Inbreeding
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
isolation by season
Sensitive or critical periods
14. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Polarized light
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Gamete
Sexual dimorphism
15. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
mechanical isolation
Mating of bees
Instrumental learning
Echolocation
16. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Hierarchy of bees
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Genetic drift
Atmospheric pressure
17. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Sexual dimorphism
Gamete
Instrumental learning
behavioral isolation
18. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models
Hierarchy of bees
Communication of bees
Echolocation
Stickleback fish
19. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
phenotypic expression
Mimicry
Atmospheric pressure
Inbreeding
20. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Charles Darwin
Zygote
Biological clocks
Mimicry
21. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
genotype
Hierarchy of bees
phenotypic expression
Edward Thorndike
22. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Releasing stimuli
Sun compass
Hierarchy of bees
Magnetic sense
23. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
Harry Harlow
Fixed action patterns (example)
Cross fostering experiments
Genes
24. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Zygote
Round dance
Edward Thorndike
Sexual dimorphism
25. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
homeostasis
Altruism
Biological clocks
Fight or flight
26. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)
Sexual selection
phenotypic expression
Releasing stimuli
Eric Kandel
27. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Mimicry
Instrumental learning
Mating of bees
28. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Round dance
Hearing of owls
Ethology
Phenotype
29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Dominant and recessive gene
Waggle dance
Fight or flight
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
30. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
homeostasis
mechanical isolation
Konrad Lorenz
Hearing of owls
31. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Supernormal sign stimulus
behavioral isolation
Navigation cues
Magnetic sense
32. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Flower selection of bees
R. C. Tyron
Polarized light
Eric Kandel
33. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Interaction between instinct and learning
Karl von Frisch
mechanical isolation
Imprinting
34. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
Instinctual drift (example)
Sexual dimorphism
R. C. Tyron
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
35. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
Genetic drift
Alleles
Hearing of owls
Animal aggression
36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
Comparative psychology
Imprinting
37. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Gamete
Charles Darwin
Supernormal sign stimulus
Cross fostering experiments
38. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
phenotypic expression
Polarized light
Communication of bees
39. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
genotype
Fixed action patterns (example)
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
40. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Selective breeding
Konrad Lorenz
homeostasis
41. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Sun compass
Hearing of owls
Inclusive fitness
Natural selection
42. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
Ethology
Karl von Frisch
Sun compass
Sexual selection
43. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Animal aggression
Konrad Lorenz
genotype
Inbreeding
44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Courting
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Fitness
45. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid
Zygote
Magnetic sense
Mating of bees
Fight or flight
46. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue
Stickleback fish
Releasing stimuli
Hierarchy of bees
Atmospheric pressure
47. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Natural selection
Edward Thorndike
Eric Kandel
Releasing stimuli
48. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Fixed action patterns (example)
Instrumental learning
Star compass
isolation by season
49. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
homeostasis
Navigation of bees
Mating of bees
Sun compass
50. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Echolocation
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Selective breeding
Nikolaas Tinbergen