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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






2. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






3. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






4. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






5. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






6. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






7. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






8. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






9. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






10. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






11. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






12. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






13. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






14. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






15. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






16. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






17. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






18. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






19. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






20. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






21. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






22. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






24. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






25. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






26. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






27. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






28. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






29. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






30. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






31. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






32. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






33. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






34. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






35. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






36. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






37. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






38. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






39. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






40. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






41. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






42. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






43. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






44. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






45. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






46. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






47. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






48. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






49. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






50. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)