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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






3. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






4. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






5. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






6. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






7. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






8. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






9. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






10. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






11. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






12. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






13. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






14. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






15. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






16. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






17. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






18. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






19. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






21. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






22. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






23. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






24. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






25. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






26. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






27. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






28. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






29. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






30. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






31. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






32. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






33. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






34. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






35. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






36. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






37. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






38. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






39. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






40. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






42. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






43. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






44. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






45. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






46. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






47. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






48. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






49. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






50. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics