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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






3. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






4. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






5. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






6. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






7. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






8. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






9. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






10. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






11. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






12. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






13. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






14. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






15. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






16. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






17. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






18. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






19. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






20. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






21. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






22. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






23. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






24. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






25. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






26. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






27. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






28. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






29. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






30. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






31. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






32. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






33. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






34. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






35. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






36. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






37. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






38. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






39. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






40. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






41. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






42. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






43. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






44. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






45. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






46. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






47. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






48. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






49. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






50. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue