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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
genotype
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Navigation of animals
Wolfgang Kohler
2. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Navigation cues
3. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there
Supernormal sign stimulus
Mating of bees
Echolocation
Releasing stimuli
4. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment
Circadian rhythms
Natural selection
mechanical isolation
Instinctual drift (example)
5. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Supernormal sign stimulus
Echolocation
Hierarchy of bees
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
6. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Konrad Lorenz
Wolfgang Kohler
Imprinting
phenotypic expression
7. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
geographic isolation
Comparative psychology
Sun compass
Ethology
8. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat
Courting
Ethology
phenotypic expression
Waggle dance
9. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards
Konrad Lorenz
Instinctual drift (example)
Releasing stimuli
Wolfgang Kohler
10. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Ethology
Instinctual drift (example)
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Harry Harlow
11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Round dance
Communication of bees
Atmospheric pressure
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
12. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Instinctual drift (example)
Round dance
phenotypic expression
Releasing stimuli
13. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Fight or flight
Magnetic sense
Instinctual drift (example)
Selective breeding
14. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Fitness
Natural selection
Konrad Lorenz
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
15. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Mimicry
Sensitive or critical periods
Charles Darwin
Cross fostering experiments
16. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways
Eric Kandel
Fixed action patterns (example)
Comparative psychology
Karl von Frisch
17. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Communication of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
Inbreeding
Hearing of owls
18. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Hearing of owls
mechanical isolation
Courting
19. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Instinctual drift (example)
behavioral isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
isolation by season
20. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Edward Thorndike
Circadian rhythms
Charles Darwin
21. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Gamete
phenotypic expression
homeostasis
Hierarchy of bees
22. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
genotype
Wolfgang Kohler
Instrumental learning
Sexual selection
23. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish
behavioral isolation
Karl von Frisch
Round dance
Fight or flight
24. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Fight or flight
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Gamete
Stickleback fish
25. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)
Gamete
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Natural selection
Inbreeding
26. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Inbreeding
Mimicry
Instinctual/innate behaviours
27. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing
geographic isolation
Supernormal sign stimulus
mechanical isolation
Biological clocks
28. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
Fitness
Stickleback fish
Harry Harlow
29. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Altruism
Star compass
Supernormal sign stimulus
Magnetic sense
30. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness
Sexual selection
Sexual dimorphism
Natural selection
Gamete
31. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Selective breeding
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Phenotype
Sexual dimorphism
32. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Biological clocks
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Estrus
Charles Darwin
33. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Navigation cues
Genetic drift
Estrus
34. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small
Animal aggression
Navigation cues
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
Echolocation
35. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
Supernormal sign stimulus
Polarized light
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
homeostasis
36. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like
Dominant and recessive gene
Courting
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Estrus
37. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness
Mimicry
Genes
Pheromones
Infrasound
38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Animal aggression
Karl von Frisch
Releasing stimuli
39. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Round dance
Courting
Fight or flight
40. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Animal aggression
Echolocation
Polarized light
Dominant and recessive gene
41. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Edward Thorndike
mechanical isolation
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons
Hearing of owls
Instinctual drift (example)
isolation by season
Natural selection
43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not
Polarized light
Flower selection of bees
Navigation of bees
Gamete
44. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
Dominant and recessive gene
Herring gull chicks
Atmospheric pressure
45. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Hearing of owls
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Mimicry
Flower selection of bees
46. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Infrasound
Waggle dance
R. C. Tyron
Hearing of owls
47. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Karl von Frisch
Navigation of animals
Edward Thorndike
phenotypic expression
48. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Walter Cannon
Herring gull chicks
Cross fostering experiments
49. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Sexual selection
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Inclusive fitness
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
50. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns
Sun compass
Inclusive fitness
Konrad Lorenz
Biological clocks