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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






3. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






4. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






5. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






6. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






7. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






8. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






9. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






10. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






11. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






12. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






13. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






14. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






15. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






16. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






17. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






18. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






19. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






21. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






22. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






23. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






24. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






25. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






26. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






27. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






28. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






29. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






30. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






31. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






32. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






33. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






34. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






35. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






36. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






37. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






38. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






39. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






40. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






41. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






42. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






43. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






44. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






45. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






46. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






47. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






50. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species