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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






2. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






4. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






5. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






6. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






7. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






8. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






9. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






10. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






11. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






12. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






13. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






14. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






16. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






17. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






18. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






19. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






20. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






21. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






23. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






24. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






25. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






26. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






27. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






28. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






29. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






30. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






31. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






32. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






33. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






34. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






35. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






36. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






37. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






38. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






39. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






40. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






41. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






42. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






43. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






44. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






45. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






46. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






47. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






48. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






49. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






50. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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