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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






2. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






3. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






4. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






5. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






6. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






7. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






8. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






9. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






10. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






11. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






12. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






13. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






14. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






15. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






16. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






17. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






18. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






19. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






20. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






22. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






25. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






26. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






27. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






28. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






29. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






30. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






31. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






32. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






33. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






34. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






35. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






36. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






37. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






38. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






39. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






40. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






41. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






42. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






43. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






44. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






45. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






46. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






47. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






48. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






49. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






50. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways