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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning
Comparative psychology
phenotypic expression
Wolfgang Kohler
Altruism
2. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Wolfgang Kohler
Animal aggression
homeostasis
3. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid
Altruism
Phenotype
Waggle dance
Instrumental learning
4. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)
Gamete
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Dominant and recessive gene
Mating of bees
5. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections
Comparative psychology
Walter Cannon
Sexual dimorphism
behavioral isolation
6. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)
Charles Darwin
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Harry Harlow
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
7. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)
Inbreeding
Fight or flight
Altruism
R. C. Tyron
8. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Harry Harlow
Instinctual drift (example)
Estrus
9. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Fixed action patterns (example)
Phenotype
10. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms
Phenotype
Pheromones
Alleles
Biological clocks
11. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)
Phenotype
Waggle dance
Learning to learn from rhesus monkeys
Hearing of owls
12. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes
Phenotype
genotype
Karl von Frisch
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
13. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on
Communication of bees
geographic isolation
Echolocation
Imprinting
14. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity
Genes
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Echolocation
Eric Kandel
15. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience
Edward Thorndike
Instinctual/innate behaviours
Sexual selection
Eric Kandel
16. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour
R. C. Tyron
Imprinting
Edward Thorndike
Hierarchy of bees
17. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin
Inclusive fitness
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
Hierarchy of bees
Fixed action patterns (example)
18. Bees dance to indicate food is far away
Waggle dance
Mimicry
Fight or flight
Altruism
19. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids
Selective breeding
geographic isolation
Comparative psychology
Navigation of bees
20. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light
Instrumental learning
Navigation cues
phenotypic expression
Phenotype
21. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural
Displacement activities/irrelevant behaviours
Zygote
Supernormal sign stimulus
isolation by season
22. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even
Herring gull chicks
Supernormal sign stimulus
Sexual dimorphism
Edward Thorndike
23. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)
phenotypic expression
Round dance
homeostasis
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
24. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue
Star compass
Phenotype
Altruism
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
25. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Genetic drift
behavioral isolation
Polarized light
R.M. Cooper and John Zubek
26. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species
Magnetic sense
Stickleback fish
Sun compass
Releasing stimuli
27. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season
Alleles
geographic isolation
Communication of bees
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (+types)
28. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities
Inclusive fitness
Interaction between instinct and learning
Altruism
Inbreeding
29. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning
Selective breeding
Animal aggression
Polarized light
Inbreeding
30. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours
Sensitive or critical periods
Social isolation from rhesus monkeys
Communication of bees
Edward Thorndike
31. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis
Pheromones
Walter Cannon
Releasing stimuli
Courting
32. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation
Waggle dance
Mimicry
Mating of bees
Infrasound
33. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue
Sun compass
Dominant and recessive gene
geographic isolation
Interaction between instinct and learning
34. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue
Comparative psychology
Infrasound
Instinctual drift (example)
Mating of bees
35. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)
Communication of bees
Selective breeding
Sensitive or critical periods
Genetic drift
36. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa
Contact comfort from rhesus monkeys
Alleles
Herring gull chicks
Genetic drift
37. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks
Flower selection of bees
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Harry Harlow
Selective breeding
38. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds
Comparative psychology
Charles Darwin
Navigation of animals
Wolfgang Kohler
39. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes
Dominant and recessive gene
Instrumental learning
Fight or flight
Interaction between instinct and learning
40. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics
Selective breeding
Hierarchy of bees
Hearing of owls
Cross fostering experiments
41. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee
Hierarchy of bees
Biological clocks
Phenotype
behavioral isolation
42. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr
Fixed action patterns (example)
Hierarchy of bees
Sensitive or critical periods
phenotypic expression
43. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment
Cross fostering experiments
Hierarchy of bees
phenotypic expression
Sexual dimorphism
44. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue
Polarized light
Magnetic sense
Flower selection of bees
Wolfgang Kohler
45. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core
Sensitive or critical periods
Animal aggression
Phenotype
Charles Darwin
46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures
Charles Darwin
Selective breeding
mechanical isolation
Mating of bees
47. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Herring gull chicks
Circadian rhythms
Polarized light
Estrus
48. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate
Courting
Releasing stimuli
Comparative psychology
Hearing of owls
49. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur
Imprinting
Cross fostering experiments
Harry Harlow
Navigation of animals
50. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period
Navigation of animals
Dominant and recessive gene
Circadian rhythms
Supernormal sign stimulus