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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






2. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






3. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






4. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






5. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






6. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






7. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






8. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






9. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






10. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






12. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






13. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






14. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






15. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






16. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






17. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






18. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






19. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






20. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






21. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






22. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






23. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






24. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






25. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






26. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






27. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






28. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






29. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






30. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






31. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






32. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






33. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






34. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






35. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






36. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






37. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






38. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






39. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






40. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






41. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






42. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






43. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






44. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






45. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






46. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






47. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






48. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






49. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






50. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed