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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






2. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






3. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






4. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






5. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






6. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






7. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






8. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






9. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






10. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






11. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






12. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






13. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






14. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






15. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






16. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






17. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






18. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






19. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






20. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






21. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






22. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






23. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






24. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






25. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






26. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






28. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






29. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






30. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






31. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






32. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






33. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






34. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






35. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






36. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






37. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






39. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






40. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






41. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






42. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






43. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






44. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






45. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






46. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






47. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






48. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






49. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






50. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity