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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






2. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






3. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






4. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






5. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






6. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






7. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






8. Bees when sun is obscured by clouds - bees can use this navigational cue to infer sun positioning






9. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






10. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






11. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






12. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






13. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






14. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






15. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






16. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






17. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






18. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






19. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






20. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






21. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






22. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






23. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






24. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






25. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






26. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






27. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






28. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






29. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






30. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






31. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






32. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






33. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






34. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






35. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






36. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






37. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






38. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






39. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






40. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






41. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






42. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






43. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






45. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






46. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






47. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






48. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






49. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






50. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation