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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






2. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






3. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






4. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






5. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






6. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






7. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






8. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






9. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






10. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






11. Very few drones (male bees) produced - only for mating with queen - same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next - unknown how they know to gather there






12. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






13. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






14. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






15. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






16. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






17. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






18. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






19. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






20. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






21. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






22. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue






23. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






24. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






25. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






26. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






27. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






28. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






29. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






30. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






31. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






32. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






33. Behaviours that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction - to attract and isolate a mate






34. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






35. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






36. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






37. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






38. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






39. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






40. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






41. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






42. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






43. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






44. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






45. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






46. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






47. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic






48. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






49. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






50. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural