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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






2. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






3. Animals invest in the survival of not only their own genes but also the genes of their kin






4. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






5. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






6. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






7. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






8. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






9. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






10. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






11. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species






12. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






13. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






14. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






15. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






16. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






17. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






18. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






19. Bees can see UV light - sees certain markers on flowers (honey guides) that people do not






20. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






21. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






22. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






23. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






24. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






25. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue






26. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






27. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






28. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






29. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






30. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






31. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






32. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






33. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






34. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






35. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






36. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






37. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






38. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






39. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






40. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






41. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






42. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






43. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






45. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






46. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






47. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






48. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






50. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic