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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






2. Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24 hour time period






3. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species breed in different areas to prevent confusion or genetic mixing






4. The internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to a perceived threat (increase in HR or respiration)






5. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






6. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






7. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






8. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models






9. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






10. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






11. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






12. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)






13. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






14. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






15. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






16. Dance of the honeybees - and also studied senses of fish






17. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






18. Founder of modern ethology - models in naturalistic settings - stickleback fish and herring gull chicks






19. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






20. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






21. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






22. dominant gene always beat out recessive gene - recessive gene is not manifested unless it is paired with another recessive gene - combination of dominant and recessive genes determines what he/she looks like






23. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






24. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






25. Demonstrated the interaction between heredity and environment - bright rats performed better than dull only when both sets raised in normal conditions - both groups performed well in enriched environment (lots of food and activities) - both performed






26. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)






27. coined 'fight or flight' - proposed idea homeostasis






28. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






29. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)






30. Behaviours that seem out of place - illogical - and no particular survival function (e.g. scratching your head while thinking)






31. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






32. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






33. Most sophisticated type of perception - generally replaces sight - marine mammals (dolphin) and bats - - emit high-frequency sounds and locate nearby objects from the echo; bats can fly through grids of thin nylon strings and can locate and eat small






34. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






35. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






36. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat






37. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






38. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






39. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






40. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






41. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






42. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






43. Bees dance to indicate food is far away






44. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes






45. The total of all genetic material that an offspring received (23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes) - an individual'S complete genetic make up - include both dominant and recessive genes






46. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






47. E.g. rodents reared in isolation perform instinctual nest-building but much less efficient and successful than those exposed to learning opportunities






48. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






49. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






50. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards