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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Studied sea slug Aplysia - which have few - large - easily identifiable nerve cells (chose to study this for this reason) - learning and memory evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways






2. Reproductive isolating mechanism - different species have incompatible genital structures






3. Basic unit of heredity - made of DNA molecules - organized in chromosomes - Human nucleus cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes in cells act as carriers for genes - and therefore for heredity






4. Bees dance to indicate food is extremely nearby






5. Birds - many birds can use star patterns and movements as navigational cue






6. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on






7. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections






8. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue






9. Some use map-and-compass navigation (landmarks and sun or stars) - some have true navigational abilities and can point toward their goal with no landmarks and from any position (e.g. captured birds eventually arrive at their usual goal anyway); birds






10. Prevent interbreeding between two different (but closely related / genetically compatible) species - four types: 1) behavioral isolation - 2) geographic isolation - 3) mechanical isolation - 4) isolation by season






11. Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by asserting that natural selection was at its core






12. Only one queen bee - which produces a chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other female bees - constantly tended to and fed - lays thousands of eggs in the spring; when eggs mature - scouts finds new site for old queen and her workers - a new quee






13. Contrived breeding - mates intentionally paired to increase chances of producing offspring with particular traits






14. Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effect of learning (e.g. birds learning their species' song - if reared in isolation cannot develop normal song later. and imprinting)






15. How particular genotypes selected out or eliminated from a population over time






16. Lorenz - triggered by releasing stimuli - automatic and innate - instinctual - complex chains of behaviour; four defining characteristics: 1) uniform patterns - 2) performed by most members - 3) more complex than simple reflexes - 4) cannot be interr






17. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning






18. Pigeons sensitive to pressure changes in altitude as navigational cue






19. Lorenz - certain species (often birds) young attach to first moving object they see - displayed by a 'following response' - subjective to sensitive learning period - after that period this would not occur






20. Researched development with rhesus monkeys in terms of social isolation - maternal stimulation - contact comfort - and learning to learn






21. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes






22. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural






23. Lorez - certain aggression necessary for survival of species - instinctual rather than learned






24. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids






25. Founder of ethology - imprinting - animal aggression - releasing stimuli - fixed action patterns






26. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards






27. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics






28. Harlow - study of attachment. mother-infant attachment - -infants attach to mothers through comforting experience rather than through feeding - infants placed with two surrogate mothers (wire with feeding bottle - and terrycloth with no bottle); infa






29. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away






30. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness






31. The internal regulation of body to main equilibrium (decrease in HR after the perceived threat is no longer present)






32. Period in which a female is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)






33. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness






34. present in all normal members of a species - - stereotypic in form throughout members even for the first time - independent of learning or experience






35. Harlow - the isolated monkeys --> - the lack of interaction and socialization hampered social development - - once brought together with others - males did not display normal sexual functioning and females lacked maternal behaviours






36. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms






37. Navigate at night but do not use echolocation - like humans localize sound direction and distance by binaural cues (compare intensities - arrival times) - but better at determining elevation of sound source due to asymmetrical ears






38. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light






39. Behaviour that solely benefits another - imilar to group mentality - will help if benefit outweighs cost or expect to be repaid






40. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial






41. Evolved form of deception - ex: harmless snakes may mimic coloration and pattern of more poisonous ones to escape predation






42. Fertilized egg cell - two separate sets of 23 chromosomes (from each parent) come together for 23 pairs - diploid






43. When animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response Ex: a dog with the nature to bark at visitors thinking they are intruders might have been taught to sit quietly when a guest enters through reward and punishment






44. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons






45. Tinbergen - peck at end of parents' bills which have a red spot on the tip - parents then regurgitates food for chicks; chicks pecked more at a red-tipped model bill than at a plain model bill; the greater the contrast between bill and red spot even






46. Reproductive isolating mechanism - courtship or display behavior of a particular species allows an individual to identify a mate within its own species






47. how one looks and sometimes acts - partially determined by heredity or genotype - but can also be influence by environment






48. Sperm or ovum - haploid (23 single chromosomes)






49. Bred 'maze bright' and 'maze full' rats to demonstrate heritability of behaviour






50. Pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds (e.g. emitted by surf) that travel great distances as a navigational cue