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GRE Psychology: Social Psychology

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Evaluating one'S own actions - abilities - opinions - and ideas and comparing to others; - since others are generally familiar people (own social group) - used for argument against mainstreaming; --> when children with difficulties in classes with no






2. Lewin; collection of forces (valence - vector - barrier) on the individual - field of perception and action






3. Petty and Cacioppo; model of persuasion suggests those involved in an issue listen to strength of arguments rather than more superficial factors






4. It is majority opinion - majority has unanimous position - majority has high status majority or individual is concerned for her own status - situation in public - not previously committed to a position - low self-esteem - scores high on authoritarian






5. Humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize costs






6. Achieved through: self-perception - high-self-monitoring - internality - self-efficacy; experiments facilitate this by having subjects perform tasks while looking in a mirror; deindividuation works against it






7. Festinger; it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match actions; people are motivated to back actions up by changing beliefs; the less act is justified by circumstance - the more we feel need to justify it by aligning attitude wit






8. Tendency for person doing the behaviour to have different perspective on situation than observer






9. Hawthorne effect






10. Had subjects listen to 'opinion' of others of which lines were equal - subjects conformed to clearly incorrect opinion of others 33% of the time; unanimity seemed to be influential






11. Occurs when individual identity or accountability is de-emphasized - may be the result of mingling in a crowd - wearing uniforms - or otherwise adopting a larger group identity






12. Milgram; explains why urbanities are less prosocial than country people; they do not need any more interaction; e.g. emergency situations familiar to city people - novelty for town people will attract attention and help






13. Interpreting own actions and motives ina positive way - blaming situations for failures and taking credit for successes; think self as better than average






14. Follows from self-perception theory; tendency to assume we must not want to do things we are paid or compensated to do






15. Believing after the fact that you knew something all along






16. Expert and/or trustworthy - similar to listener - acceptable to listener - overheard rather than obviously influencing - anecdotal - emotional - or shocking - part of a debate rather than one-sided argument

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17. People most comfortable in situations which rewards and punishments are equal - fitting - or logical; - overbenefited people feel guilt - random/ illogical punishments create anxiety






18. Code facial expressions for emotion; can determine whether a smile is genuine (happiness engages the upper cheek) or fake (eyes and whole face are less involved)






19. Method of work design - acknowledges interaction between people and technology in the workplace






20. Continued Milgram'S study - --> deindividuated individuals more willing to administer higher levels of shock; --> prison simulation experiments found normal subjects could easily be transformed into sadistic prison guards; --> also found antisocial b






21. The total influences upon individual behavior






22. The attributions we make about our actions or those of others usually accurate; we base this on consistency - distinctiveness - and consensus of the action






23. Berkowitz; there is a relationship between frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) and show aggression






24. Heider; how people infer causes of other'S behaviour; attribute intentions and emotions to almost anything - even shapes on a screen; 3 elements: locus - stability - controllability






25. Ellen langer - Belief that you can control things that you actually have no influence on - The driving force behind manipulating the lottery - gambling and superstition






26. Most in a group privately disagree but incorrectly believe most in group agree






27. Sales tactic - persuader ask for more than they would ever get and then 'Settle' for less






28. Theory of reasoned action






29. Attribution theory - balance theory






30. Process by which people pay close attention to their actions - often change behaviours to be more favourable






31. Overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with






32. Heider; how people make feelings/actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis






33. Particularly positive self-presentation is influencial on behaviour - we act in ways that align with our attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others; self-monitoring; impression management






34. founder of social psychology -; - applied Gestalt ideas to social behaviour; - conceived field theory - life space - valence - vector - barrier






35. Studied subjects who were first made to believe a state and then later told it was false. subjects continued to believe the state if they had processed it and devised their own logical explanation for it






36. One of the first to apply psychology to business - specifically in advertising; also involved in helping military implement psychological testing to aid with personnel selection






37. Conformity; change actions and beliefs to conform






38. Lewin; life space; block locomotion between regions of person and psychological environment






39. Behaving in ways that might make a good impression






40. With opposing party decreases conflict - we fear what we do not know`






41. Assuming most other people think as you do






42. Clark; demonstrated negative effects that group segregation had on African-American children'S self-esteem - they thought white dolls were better






43. Assuming 2 unrelated things are related






44. Expense incurred and cannot be recovered; because money already spent is irrelevant to the future - best to ignore these when making decisions but we often do not






45. Group polarization






46. Thinking if someone has a good quality then he has only good qualities






47. Self-perception theory






48. Doll preference studies






49. Showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do






50. Competition for scare resources usually causes conflict in a group - Sherif'S Robber'S cave experiment







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