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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Social Psychology
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tendency to work less hard in a group as a result of diffusion of responsibility; guarded against when each individual is closely monitored
Excitation-transfer theory
Representativeness heuristic
Social loafing
Solomon Asch
2. Expert and/or trustworthy - similar to listener - acceptable to listener - overheard rather than obviously influencing - anecdotal - emotional - or shocking - part of a debate rather than one-sided argument
3. Berkowitz; there is a relationship between frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) and show aggression
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Kaplan:Relationship betwen P - O and X
Solomon Asch
Peter principle
4. Prejudice - showed group conflict most effectively overcome by need for cooperative attention to a higher superordinate goal; 2 groups of 12-year-old boys - 3 phases of group dynamics: in-group phase (bonding with own group) - friction phase (groups
5. People are promoted at work until they reach a position of incompetence in which they remain
Peter principle
Robbers' cave experiment
Group polarization
Richard Nisbett
6. Likely to occur in a group with unquestioned beliefs - pressure to conform - invulnerability - censors - cohesiveness - isolation - strong leader; to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critical testing - analyzing - or evaluating
Oversimplification
Groupthink
Risky shift
McGuire
7. Study how to increase worker productivity at Hawthorne Works - reported anything they did increased productivity; because performance changes when people are being observed
Just world bias
Self-presentation
Hawthorne effect
Acceptance
8. Lewin; life space; + if person thinks region will reduce tension by meeting present needs - - if region with increase tension/ danger
James Stoner
Valence (life space)
M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen
Kaplan:Relationship betwen P - O and X
9. Going along with real or perceived group pressure - compliance - acceptance
Conformity (types)
Vector (life space)
diffusion of responsibility
Kaplan:Relationship betwen P - O and X
10. Believing after the fact that you knew something all along
Hindsight bias
Philip Zimbardo
Slippery slope
Social comparison
11. Deutsch; 2 companies can choose to cooperate and agree on high fixed prices - or compete with lower prices - but lack of complete trust will choose to compete; prisoner'S dilemma in economic terms
bystander effect
Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
Door-in-the-face
Trucking company game
12. Festinger; it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match actions; people are motivated to back actions up by changing beliefs; the less act is justified by circumstance - the more we feel need to justify it by aligning attitude wit
Prisoner'S dilemma
Cognitive dissonance theory
Lee Ross
Social support network
13. Doing a small favour makes people more willing to do larger ones later
Social facilitation
Base-rate fallacy
Leonard Berkowitz
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
14. Using shortcut about typical assumptions rather than relying on logic; basis of stereotypes- 6 feet tall beautiful women --> we think she'S more likely to be a model than lawyer
Morton Deutsch
M. Rokeach
Representativeness heuristic
Acceptance
15. Assuming most other people think as you do
False consensus bias
Elaine Hatfield
Pluralistic ignorance
Sunk cost
16. Sales tactic - persuader ask for more than they would ever get and then 'Settle' for less
Groupthink
Door-in-the-face
Attitude
Social comparison
17. Expense incurred and cannot be recovered; because money already spent is irrelevant to the future - best to ignore these when making decisions but we often do not
Sunk cost
Norman Triplett
Stimulus-overload theory
Fritz Heider
18. Experiment where participants ordered to give 'painful electric shocks' to a 'learner' when incorrect - explored how people respond to orders; conditions that facilitated conformity: remoteness of victim - proximity of commander - legitimate-seeming
Group polarization
Barrier (life space)
Stanley MIlgram (study)
Representativeness heuristic
19. Beliefs are more vulnerable if never faced challenge
Richard Nisbett
Sunk cost
Increase in likelihood to conform (factors)
Inoculation theory
20. Achieved through: self-perception - high-self-monitoring - internality - self-efficacy; experiments facilitate this by having subjects perform tasks while looking in a mirror; deindividuation works against it
Cognitive dissonance theory
Sociotechnical systems
Objective self-awareness
Sleeper effect
21. The attributions we make about our actions or those of others usually accurate; we base this on consistency - distinctiveness - and consensus of the action
Philip Zimbardo
diffusion of responsibility
M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen
Harold Kelley
22. Sometimes attribute excitement or physiological arousal about one thing to something else (e.g. bungee jumping on first date)
Attraction (in order of importance)
Henry Landsberger
Norman Triplett
Excitation-transfer theory
23. People most comfortable in situations which rewards and punishments are equal - fitting - or logical; - overbenefited people feel guilt - random/ illogical punishments create anxiety
Field theory
Sociotechnical systems
Henry Landsberger
Equity theory
24. Area of study that combines social and clinical ideas - for mental health
Social Psychology
Balance theory
Richard Nisbett
Social support network
25. Heider; how people make feelings/actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis
Attribution theory
Balance theory
Self-perception theory
Reactance
26. Lewin; collection of forces (valence - vector - barrier) on the individual - field of perception and action
Field theory
Life space
Reactance
Increase in likelihood to conform (factors)
27. Cognitive dissonance theory
Attribution theory
Leon Festinger
Hawthorne effect
Just world bias
28. Cross-cultural research; Eastern countries value interdependence over independence; for example - in Japan - individuals likelier to demonstrate conformity - modesty - and pessimism; where in the U.S. - likelier to show optimism - self-enhancement -
Hazel Markus
bystander effect
Walter Dill Scott
Barrier (life space)
29. How stimuli are rated - the more we see/experience something - the more positively we rate it
Mere-exposure effect
Stanley MIlgram (study)
Acceptance
False consensus bias
30. Sharing secrets/feelings facilitates emotional closeness
doll preference studies
Self-perception theory
Excitation-transfer theory
Reciprocity of disclosure
31. Method of work design - acknowledges interaction between people and technology in the workplace
Fritz Heider
Just world bias
Reciprocal interaction
Sociotechnical systems
32. Particularly positive self-presentation is influencial on behaviour - we act in ways that align with our attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others; self-monitoring; impression management
M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen
Self-presentation
M. Rokeach
Philip Zimbardo
33. First official social psychology experiment on social facilitation; cyclists performed better when paced by others
Illusion of control
Norman Triplett
Valence (life space)
Attraction (in order of importance)
34. Bem; alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance; - when people are unsure of beliefs - they take cues from own behaviour (rather than aligning beliefs to match actions) - $1000 to work on Saturday
Irving Janis
Self-perception theory
Representativeness heuristic
R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo
35. Overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with
Excitation-transfer theory
Base-rate fallacy
Role
Availability heuristic
36. The Kitty Genovese care (murder witnessed by many people) - Why people are less likely to help when others are present
Equity theory
Excitation-transfer theory
Self-presentation
bystander effect
37. Stoner; group discussion generally serves to strengthen the already dominant point of view; explains risky shift
Muzafer Sherif
Stimulus-overload theory
James Stoner
Group polarization
38. 2 basic types of love: passionate love and compassionate love
Vector (life space)
Henry Landsberger
Elaine Hatfield
Richard Lazarus
39. When people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group than there really is because examples of that one thing come to mind more easily; e.g. read a list - half celebrity names - half random - may think more celebrities than random be
Availability heuristic
Contact (Groups)
Base-rate fallacy
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
40. Intense longing for the union with another and a state of profound physiological arousal - biophysiological - can be positive(when love is reciprocal) and negative (when love is unrequited)
Passionate love
Stanley MIlgram (study)
Ellen Langer
elaboration likelihood model
41. Ellen langer - Belief that you can control things that you actually have no influence on - The driving force behind manipulating the lottery - gambling and superstition
Pluralistic ignorance
Illusion of control
Reciprocity of disclosure
Social support network
42. Prisoner'S dilemma - trucking company game to illustrate struggle between cooperation and competition
Cognitive dissonance theory
Passionate love
Kurt Lewin
Morton Deutsch
43. Constant exchange of influences between people - constant factor in our behaviour
Daryl Bem
Vector (life space)
Reciprocal interaction
Hindsight bias
44. Occurs when individual identity or accountability is de-emphasized - may be the result of mingling in a crowd - wearing uniforms - or otherwise adopting a larger group identity
Leonard Berkowitz
Cognitive dissonance theory
deindividuation
Conformity (types)
45. People act in order to obtain gain and avoid loss; people favour situations that start out negative and end positive - even compared to completely positive situations
Cognitive dissonance theory
McGuire
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
Gain-loss theory
46. Conformity; go along publicly but not privately
M.J.Lerner
Door-in-the-face
Objective self-awareness
Compliance
47. The tendency that the larger the group - the less likely individuals in the group will act or take responsibility - result of deindividuation (Kitty Genovese care)
McGuire
Mere-exposure effect
diffusion of responsibility
Oversimplification
48. Those in a group think their members have more positive qualities and fewer negative than members in another group even if qualities are the same; basis for prejudice
deindividuation
Field theory
Prisoner'S dilemma
Ingroup/outgroup bias
49. Studied environmental influences on behaviour; architecture matters. students in long-corridor dorms more stressed and withdrawn than those in suite-style
Stuart Valins
M.J.Lerner
Attraction (in order of importance)
Group polarization
50. A positive - negative or neutral evaluation of a person - issue or object
R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo
bystander effect
Attitude
Cognitive dissonance theory