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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Family #3: Hurt
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
2. Used to introduce other premises that support the conclusion but are sometimes non-essential to the conclusion furthermore - moreover - besides - in addition - whats more - after all.
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3. Determine whether the stimulus contains an argument or if it is only a set of factual statements. MUST recognize whether a conclusion is present.
Primary Objective #1
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Mistaken Reversal
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
4. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
Appeal Fallacies
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Primary Objective #3
5. Weaken - attack - undermine - refute - argue against - call into question - cast doubt - challenge - damage - counter - When evaluating answers ask yourself: 'Would this answer choice make the author reconsider his position or force the author to res
Exceptional case/over generalization
Primary Objective #7
Weaken question signal words
Mistaken Reversal
6. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
Source argument AKA ad hominen
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Straw Man
Numbers and percentage errors
7. 1. Opposite answers. These answers do the exact opposite of What is needed. 2. Shell game answers. Occurs when an idea or concept is raised in the stimulus and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choices - but the idea is changed just enou
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Primary Objective #2
Weakening conditional reasoning
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
8. 1. assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. failure to consider an alternate cause for the effect or an alternate cause for both the cause and the effect
Mistaken cause and effect
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Mistaken Negation
9. 1. The info in the stimulus is supect. There are often reasoning errors present - and you will further weaken the argument in some way. 2. The answer choices are accepted as given - even if they include 'new' info. The task is to determine which answ
Rules for Family #3
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Mistaken Negation
Conclusion definition
10. The makers of the LSAT do not think that there are multiple causes for the same effect. When an LSAT speaker concludes that one occurance caused another - that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and th
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Primary Objective #2
Method of Reasoning
Appeal Fallacies
11. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
How to determine the strength of an argument
How to attack a causal conclusion
Logical opposites
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
12. Occurs when the author uses an analogy that is two disimilar to the original situation to be applicable. n
Weakening conditional reasoning
Primary Objective #5
'Additional' Premise Indicators
False analogy
13. Because - since - for - for example - for the reason that - in that - given that - as indicated by - due to - owing to - this can be seen from - we know this by.
How to determine the strength of an argument
Rules for Family #2
Premise Indicators
Family #1: Prove
14. Argument Part - If you do see the main conclusion at the end of a Method-AP problem - be prepared to answer a question about a part of the arguement other than the conclusion.n
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Family #4: Disprove
Primary Objective #8
Method of Reasoning
15. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
Family #1: Prove
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
16. An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Sufficient Condition
Errors of composition and division
17. 1. You must accept the stimulus info- even if it contains an error in reasoning-and use it to prove one of the answer choices must be true. 2. Any info in an answer choice that does not appear either directly in the stimulus or as a combination of it
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Necessary Condition
Rules for Family #1
18. 1. No conclusion. When a stimulus does not have a conclusion and contains a paradox - expect a Resolve question 2. Language of contradiction exp: but - however - yet - although - paradoxically - surprisingly.
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
Primary Objective #8
Method of Reasoning questions
19. They can be in the premises or conclusion. If they are in the conclusion the argument is flawed. Classic mistaken cause and effect reasoning refers to occurences when a causal assertion is made in the conclusion or the conclusion presumes a causal re
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Causal statements
Conclusion Identification Method
20. Stimulus (affected or determined)--/-> answer choices (accepted) Negative sign on the arrow reflects attacking or hurting the argument (weaken).
Family #3: Hurt
Primary Objective #3
Primary Objective #8
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
21. 1. Stem uses the word 'if' or another sufficient indicator 2. Stem uses the phrase 'allows the conclusion to be properly drawn' or 'enables the conclusion to be properly drawn'. 3. Stem does not lessen the degree of justification. Never uses 'most ju
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Rules for Family #2
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Exceptional case/over generalization
22. 1. Whatever term is modified by 'unless' - 'except' - 'until' or 'without' becomes the necessary condition 2. The remaining term is negated and becomes the sufficient condition.
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
23. 1. new element answers - an answer that describes something that did not occure or describes an element new to the argument cannot be correct 2. Half right - half wrong answers - LSAT makers like to start off with something that happened - then end w
Rules for Family #2
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
24. Think about the structure of the argument before examining the answer choices. Do not expect to see the exact prephrase - there are too many variations. Make an abstract prephrase then examine each answer to see if it paraphrases the prephrase.n
Primary Objective #8
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Rules for Family #2
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
25. 1. You can use only the info in the stimulus to prove the correct answer choice 2. Any answer choice that describes an element or a situation that does not occur in the stimulus is incorrect Method of Reasoning questions use a variety of formats - bu
Exceptional case/over generalization
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Method of Reasoning questions
Premise definition
26. 1. Any 'new' element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer. 2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise normally do not appear in the correct answer. 3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclus
Numbers and percentage errors
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
27. Read closely and know precisely what the author said. DO NOT GENERALIZE!.
Rules for Family #2
Errors in the use of evidence
Primary Objective #4
2 roles played by assumptions
28. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
29. 1. Incomplete info. The author fails to consider all of the possibilities or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or info. 2. Improper comparison. The author attempts to compare two or mo
Common weakening scenarios
Errors of composition and division
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Typical assumption question stems
30. Then - only - only if - must - required - unless - except - until - without.
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Typical assumption question stems
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
31. Take the statements under consideration and place them in an arrangement that forces once to be the conclusion and the other(s) to be the premise (s). Use premise and conclusion indicators to achieve this end. Once the pieces are arranged - determine
Conclusion Identification Method
Quantity indicators
Family #4: Disprove
Primary Objective #2
32. Refer to the likelihood of occurence or the obligation present - as in 'The mayor should resign.' 'the law will never pass.' Examples: (do not need to memorize) must - will - always - not always - probably - likely - would - never - rarely - could -
Probability indicators
Counter Premise Indicators
Premise Indicators
Common weakening scenarios
33. Assumes that only 2 courses of action are available when there may be others. n
Uncertain use of a term or concept
False dilemma
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Conclusion Identification Method
34. Switches the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Reversal: Study --> A+.
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Mistaken Reversal
Errors of composition and division
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
35. Allows you to decide between contenders or to confirm that the answer you have chosen is correct. 1. Logically negate the answer choices under consideration. Usually consists of taking a 'not' out of a sentence or putting a 'not' in a sentence. 2. Th
Logical opposites
Assumption Negation Technique
Justify the conclusion formula
2 roles played by assumptions
36. A. Eliminates an alternate cause for the stated effect B. Shows that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs - assumption answers affirm the cause/effect relationship C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect doe not occur D. Eliminat
Primary Objective #8
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Premise Indicators
Primary Objective #5
37. 1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase 'at least one' or 'at least some'. When an assumption answer choice starts with one of these phrases it is usually right. But ALWAYS verify with A.N.T. 2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most imp
Rules for Family #3
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
Exceptional case/over generalization
Errors of composition and division
38. 1. The survey uses a biased sample 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses. People do not always tell the truth when responding to surveys.n
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Survey errors
Mistaken Negation
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
39. Occurs when an author makes conflicting statements. n
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Appeal Fallacies
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Source argument AKA ad hominen
40. 1. ethical versus factual situations - when the stimulus addresses something ethical - a factual answer would be incorrect and vice versa 2. dual agreement or dual disagreement - often incorrect answer choices will supply statements that both speaker
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Rules for Family #3
41. Immediately look for the repeat or contrapositive in the answer choices. Avoid mistaken reversals and mistaken negations.
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Family #3: Hurt
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Weaken question signal words
42. 1. The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur. That is - the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. 2. Temporally speaking - either condition can occur first - or the two conditions c
Errors of composition and division
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
43. 1. if you recognize the form of reasoning used in the stimulus (causal - conditional - etc.) immediately attack the answers and search for the answer with similar reasoning (analogy - circular reasoning) 2. The Conclusion - match the conclusions - to
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Family #1: Prove
Primary Objective #4
44. 1. Increasing percentages automatically lead to increasing numbers. This is not necessarily true because the overall size of the group could get smaller. 2. Decreasing percentages automatically lead to decreasing numbers 3. Increasing numbers automat
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Causal statements
45. Thus - therefore - hence - consequently - as a result - so - accordingly - clearly - must be that - shows that - conclude that - follows that - for this reason.
Conclusion Indicators
Appeal Fallacies
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Main Point Questions
46. Amount - quantity - sum - total - count - tally.n
Conclusion Identification Method
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Primary Objective #5
Logical opposites
47. To raise a viewpoint at the beginning of the stimulus and then disagree with it immediately thereafter. The stimulus often begins with: Some people claim... Some people propose... Many people believe... Some argue that... Some critics claim... Some s
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Common weakening scenarios
Necessary Condition
48. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
Primary Objective #3
Errors in the use of evidence
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
49. Negates both conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Negation: Not A+ --> Not Study
Conclusion definition
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Premise Indicators
Mistaken Negation
50. Premises + answer choice = conclusion When approaching answers - separate them into winners and losers - then apply the justify formula.
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Errors in the use of evidence
Primary Objective #5
Justify the conclusion formula
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