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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Take the statements under consideration and place them in an arrangement that forces once to be the conclusion and the other(s) to be the premise (s). Use premise and conclusion indicators to achieve this end. Once the pieces are arranged - determine
Conclusion Identification Method
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Probability indicators
Primary Objective #8
2. The author assumes as true What is supposed to be proved. exp: 'this essay is the best because it is better than all the others'n
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Circular reasoning
Weakening conditional reasoning
Exceptional case/over generalization
3. 1. The stem uses the word assumption - presupposition or some variation 2. The stem NEVER uses the word 'if' or any other sufficient condition indicator. The stem will likely contain a necessary condition indicator such as required or unless. The cor
Errors of conditional reasoning
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Typical assumption question stems
Errors in the use of evidence
4. Quantity: All = 100 Not all = 0-99 Some = 1-100 None = 0 Time: Always - Not always - Sometimes - Never Space: Everywhere - Not everywhere - Somewhere - No where.
Logical negation
Necessary Condition
Logical opposites
Mistaken Negation
5. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
Rules for Family #1
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
'Additional' Premise Indicators
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
6. Argument Part - If you do see the main conclusion at the end of a Method-AP problem - be prepared to answer a question about a part of the arguement other than the conclusion.n
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Errors in the use of evidence
Method of Reasoning
7. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Logical opposites
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
8. Always read each of the five answer choices. If an answer choice appears somewhat attractive - interesting or even confusing - keep it as a contender and move to the next answer.
Primary Objective #7
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Time shift errors
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
9. Read closely and know precisely what the author said. DO NOT GENERALIZE!.
Primary Objective #4
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Exceptional case/over generalization
False dilemma
10. 1. You must accept the stimulus info- even if it contains an error in reasoning-and use it to prove one of the answer choices must be true. 2. Any info in an answer choice that does not appear either directly in the stimulus or as a combination of it
Primary Objective #7
Rules for Family #1
Primary Objective #8
Conclusion Identification Method
11. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
Quantity indicators
2 speaker questions
Straw Man
Family #3: Hurt
12. Mis-assessing the force of evidence is a frequent error committed by LSAT authors 1. Lack of evidence for a position is taken to prove that position is false 2. lack of evidence against a position is taken to prove that position is true 3. some evide
Logical opposites
Primary Objective #1
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Errors in the use of evidence
13. Used to introduce other premises that support the conclusion but are sometimes non-essential to the conclusion furthermore - moreover - besides - in addition - whats more - after all.
14. 1. assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. failure to consider an alternate cause for the effect or an alternate cause for both the cause and the effect
Primary Objective #4
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Mistaken cause and effect
How to attack a causal conclusion
15. 1. Any 'new' element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer. 2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise normally do not appear in the correct answer. 3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclus
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Premise definition
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Primary Objective #2
16. The makers of the LSAT do not think that there are multiple causes for the same effect. When an LSAT speaker concludes that one occurance caused another - that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and th
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Common weakening scenarios
Counter Premise Indicators
Probability indicators
17. 1. Increasing percentages automatically lead to increasing numbers. This is not necessarily true because the overall size of the group could get smaller. 2. Decreasing percentages automatically lead to decreasing numbers 3. Increasing numbers automat
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Errors of conditional reasoning
Straw Man
18. Think about the structure of the argument before examining the answer choices. Do not expect to see the exact prephrase - there are too many variations. Make an abstract prephrase then examine each answer to see if it paraphrases the prephrase.n
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Rules for Family #3
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Premise Indicators
19. 1. Appeal to authority - uses the opinion of an authority in an attempt to persuade the reader. The flaw is that the authority may not have relevant knowledge or all of the info regarding the situation - to there may be a difference of opinion among
How to attack a causal conclusion
Assumption Negation Technique
Appeal Fallacies
Conclusion definition
20. As an argument progresses - the author must use each term in a constant - coherent fashion. using a term in different ways is inherently confusing and undermines the integrity of the argument. n
Family #4: Disprove
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Uncertain use of a term or concept
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
21. To raise a viewpoint at the beginning of the stimulus and then disagree with it immediately thereafter. The stimulus often begins with: Some people claim... Some people propose... Many people believe... Some argue that... Some critics claim... Some s
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Primary Objective #2
False analogy
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
22. Separate the answer choices into 'contenders' and 'loser'. After completing this process - review the contenders and decide which answer correct.
Primary Objective #8
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
How to determine the strength of an argument
23. Weaken - attack - undermine - refute - argue against - call into question - cast doubt - challenge - damage - counter - When evaluating answers ask yourself: 'Would this answer choice make the author reconsider his position or force the author to res
Causal statements
Weaken question signal words
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Errors in the use of evidence
24. 1. Incomplete info. The author fails to consider all of the possibilities or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or info. 2. Improper comparison. The author attempts to compare two or mo
Family #2: Help
Primary Objective #6
How to attack a causal conclusion
Common weakening scenarios
25. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
Primary Objective #3
Common weakening scenarios
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Numbers and percentage errors
26. Caused by because of responsible for reason for leads to induced by promoted by determined by produced by product of played a role in was a factor in is an effect of.
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Weaken question signal words
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Common weakening scenarios
27. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
How to strengthen an argument
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Family #1: Prove
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
28. Switches the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Reversal: Study --> A+.
Survey errors
Mistaken Reversal
Weakening conditional reasoning
False dilemma
29. An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.
Sufficient Condition
Errors of conditional reasoning
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
30. Refer to the likelihood of occurence or the obligation present - as in 'The mayor should resign.' 'the law will never pass.' Examples: (do not need to memorize) must - will - always - not always - probably - likely - would - never - rarely - could -
Probability indicators
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Family #1: Prove
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
31. Stimulus (accepted) --/-> answer choices (affected or determined) cannot be true.
Mistaken cause and effect
Conclusion definition
Family #4: Disprove
Necessary Condition
32. A. Eliminate any alternate causes for the stated effect. B. Show that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs. C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect does not occur. D. Eliminate the possility that the stated relationship is revers
2 roles played by assumptions
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
33. They h ave failed to fully and accurately identify the conclusion of the argument. If a conclusion is present - you MUST identify it prior to proceeding on to the question stem.
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Weaken question signal words
34. 1. Stem uses the word 'if' or another sufficient indicator 2. Stem uses the phrase 'allows the conclusion to be properly drawn' or 'enables the conclusion to be properly drawn'. 3. Stem does not lessen the degree of justification. Never uses 'most ju
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Probability indicators
Conclusion Identification Method
35. Because - since - for - for example - for the reason that - in that - given that - as indicated by - due to - owing to - this can be seen from - we know this by.
How to attack a causal conclusion
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Premise Indicators
36. Supporter - the traditional linking role - where an assumption connects pieces of the argument. (often new or rogue pieces) They also can close gaps. Ex: All male citizens of athens had the right to vote. Therefore - Socrates had the right to vote in
2 roles played by assumptions
Causal statements
Primary Objective #8
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
37. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
False dilemma
Quantity indicators
Logical negation
How to determine the strength of an argument
38. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
Survey errors
False analogy
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Primary Objective #1
39. 1. The survey uses a biased sample 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses. People do not always tell the truth when responding to surveys.n
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Survey errors
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Conclusion Indicators
40. They can be in the premises or conclusion. If they are in the conclusion the argument is flawed. Classic mistaken cause and effect reasoning refers to occurences when a causal assertion is made in the conclusion or the conclusion presumes a causal re
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Family #3: Hurt
False analogy
Causal statements
41. The mistake involves assuming that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be the case in the future or present. n
Logical opposites
Time shift errors
False dilemma
Common weakening scenarios
42. Immediately look for the repeat or contrapositive in the answer choices. Avoid mistaken reversals and mistaken negations.
Family #1: Prove
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Weakening conditional reasoning
'Additional' Premise Indicators
43. Percent - proportion - fraction - ratio - incidence - likelihood - probability - segment - share. n
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
2 speaker questions
44. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
Primary Objective #2
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Straw Man
Numbers and percentage errors
45. Occurs when an author attempts to attack an opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument - making it weaker in the process. Often prephrased by 'what you're saying
Family #1: Prove
Counter Premise Indicators
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Straw Man
46. An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.
Necessary Condition
Conclusion definition
Logical negation
Family #2: Help
47. A fact - proposition or statement from which a conclusion is made. Ask: What reasons has the author used to persuade me? Why should I believe this argument? What evidence exists?
Premise definition
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
2 speaker questions
Time shift errors
48. 1. Opposite answers. These answers do the exact opposite of What is needed. 2. Shell game answers. Occurs when an idea or concept is raised in the stimulus and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choices - but the idea is changed just enou
Primary Objective #8
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Primary Objective #4
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
49. Thus - therefore - hence - consequently - as a result - so - accordingly - clearly - must be that - shows that - conclude that - follows that - for this reason.
Family #3: Hurt
Time shift errors
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Conclusion Indicators
50. A. Eliminates an alternate cause for the stated effect B. Shows that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs - assumption answers affirm the cause/effect relationship C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect doe not occur D. Eliminat
Exceptional case/over generalization
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
How to attack a causal conclusion
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories