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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Caused by because of responsible for reason for leads to induced by promoted by determined by produced by product of played a role in was a factor in is an effect of.
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Rules for Family #2
Mistaken Reversal
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
2. Whenever you identify a causal relationship in the conclusion of an LSAT problem - immediately prepare to either weaken or strengthen the argument. Tasks for Weaken questions...must always identify a causal conclusion. Then ask if there relationship
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Family #4: Disprove
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
How to attack a causal conclusion
3. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
4. Think about the structure of the argument before examining the answer choices. Do not expect to see the exact prephrase - there are too many variations. Make an abstract prephrase then examine each answer to see if it paraphrases the prephrase.n
Family #2: Help
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Premise Indicators
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
5. The mistake involves assuming that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be the case in the future or present. n
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Mistaken Reversal
Rules for Family #2
Time shift errors
6. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
Conclusion Identification Method
Weaken question signal words
2 speaker questions
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
7. 1. ethical versus factual situations - when the stimulus addresses something ethical - a factual answer would be incorrect and vice versa 2. dual agreement or dual disagreement - often incorrect answer choices will supply statements that both speaker
Errors in the use of evidence
Premise Indicators
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Family #2: Help
8. Switches the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Reversal: Study --> A+.
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
How to determine the strength of an argument
Exceptional case/over generalization
Mistaken Reversal
9. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Errors in the use of evidence
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
10. Allows you to decide between contenders or to confirm that the answer you have chosen is correct. 1. Logically negate the answer choices under consideration. Usually consists of taking a 'not' out of a sentence or putting a 'not' in a sentence. 2. Th
Uncertain use of a term or concept
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Assumption Negation Technique
11. Stimulus (accepted) --/-> answer choices (affected or determined) cannot be true.
Family #4: Disprove
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
12. 1. assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. failure to consider an alternate cause for the effect or an alternate cause for both the cause and the effect
False analogy
Method of Reasoning
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Mistaken cause and effect
13. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Quantity indicators
Weaken question signal words
Justify the conclusion formula
14. 1. Stimulus will contain an argument. Must isolate and identify and assess the premises and the conclusion. 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct Weaken answers impact the conclusion. 3. The info in the stimulus is suspect. There are often r
Errors in the use of evidence
Primary Objective #4
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Errors of composition and division
15. A fact - proposition or statement from which a conclusion is made. Ask: What reasons has the author used to persuade me? Why should I believe this argument? What evidence exists?
'Additional' Premise Indicators
Mistaken Negation
Premise definition
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
16. Determine whether the stimulus contains an argument or if it is only a set of factual statements. MUST recognize whether a conclusion is present.
Primary Objective #7
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Causal statements
Primary Objective #1
17. 1. You must accept the stimulus info- even if it contains an error in reasoning-and use it to prove one of the answer choices must be true. 2. Any info in an answer choice that does not appear either directly in the stimulus or as a combination of it
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Rules for Family #1
Numbers and percentage errors
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
18. Stimulus (affected or determined)--/-> answer choices (accepted) Negative sign on the arrow reflects attacking or hurting the argument (weaken).
Family #3: Hurt
Appeal Fallacies
Premise definition
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
19. They can be in the premises or conclusion. If they are in the conclusion the argument is flawed. Classic mistaken cause and effect reasoning refers to occurences when a causal assertion is made in the conclusion or the conclusion presumes a causal re
Mistaken Reversal
Primary Objective #6
Causal statements
Necessary Condition
20. Occurs when an author attempts to attack an opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument - making it weaker in the process. Often prephrased by 'what you're saying
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Straw Man
2 roles played by assumptions
Logical opposites
21. Prephrase: after reading the question stem - take a moment to mentally formulate your answer to the question stem.
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Primary Objective #6
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
22. First Family The correct answer choice will be a rephrasing of the main conclusion of the argument. The conclusion is either in the middle or beginning of the stimulus. The correct answer choice must not only be true it also must summarize the author
Mistaken cause and effect
Main Point Questions
Conclusion definition
2 speaker questions
23. Introduce something that actually contains an idea that is counter to the argument. By raising opposition - the author can minimize the damage that would be done by the objection if it were raised elsewhere. but yet - however - on the other hand - ad
Counter Premise Indicators
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Primary Objective #5
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
24. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
Mistaken cause and effect
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Exceptional case/over generalization
25. Mistaken negation and reversal exp: taking the non-existence of something as evidence that a necessary precondition for that thing also did not exist' (MN) 'mistakes being sufficient to justify punishment for being required to justify it' (MR)n
Common weakening scenarios
Errors of conditional reasoning
2 roles played by assumptions
Family #2: Help
26. 1. The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur. That is - the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. 2. Temporally speaking - either condition can occur first - or the two conditions c
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Appeal Fallacies
Rules for Family #3
Method of Reasoning questions
27. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Appeal Fallacies
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Primary Objective #3
28. Always read each of the five answer choices. If an answer choice appears somewhat attractive - interesting or even confusing - keep it as a contender and move to the next answer.
Primary Objective #2
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Rules for Family #3
Primary Objective #7
29. 1. The info in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present and depending on the question - you will help shore up the argument in some way. 2. The answer choices are accepted as given - even if they include 'new' info. Your task
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Rules for Family #2
How to strengthen an argument
Weaken question signal words
30. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
Primary Objective #4
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
How to attack a causal conclusion
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
31. 1. Increasing percentages automatically lead to increasing numbers. This is not necessarily true because the overall size of the group could get smaller. 2. Decreasing percentages automatically lead to decreasing numbers 3. Increasing numbers automat
Family #2: Help
2 roles played by assumptions
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Weakening conditional reasoning
32. 1. Any 'new' element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer. 2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise normally do not appear in the correct answer. 3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclus
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Conclusion Identification Method
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Mistaken Negation
33. Supporter - the traditional linking role - where an assumption connects pieces of the argument. (often new or rogue pieces) They also can close gaps. Ex: All male citizens of athens had the right to vote. Therefore - Socrates had the right to vote in
How to strengthen an argument
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Main Point Questions
2 roles played by assumptions
34. An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Probability indicators
Necessary Condition
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
35. If all 5 answer choices appear to be 'losers' - return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.
Primary Objective #9
Numbers and percentage errors
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
36. Because - since - for - for example - for the reason that - in that - given that - as indicated by - due to - owing to - this can be seen from - we know this by.
Rules for Family #2
Mistaken Reversal
Primary Objective #8
Premise Indicators
37. This type of flawed argument attacks the person (or source) instead of the argument they advance. because the LSAT is concerned solely with argument forms - a speaker can never validly attack the character or motives or a person; instead - a speaker
Rules for Family #3
Probability indicators
Family #3: Hurt
Source argument AKA ad hominen
38. 1. You can use only the info in the stimulus to prove the correct answer choice 2. Any answer choice that describes an element or a situation that does not occur in the stimulus is incorrect Method of Reasoning questions use a variety of formats - bu
False dilemma
Method of Reasoning questions
Primary Objective #1
Rules for Family #3
39. 1. Incomplete info. The author fails to consider all of the possibilities or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or info. 2. Improper comparison. The author attempts to compare two or mo
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Family #4: Disprove
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Common weakening scenarios
40. As an argument progresses - the author must use each term in a constant - coherent fashion. using a term in different ways is inherently confusing and undermines the integrity of the argument. n
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Primary Objective #1
Rules for Family #2
41. 1. Identify the conclusion - this is what you are trying to strengthen 2. Personalize the argument 3. Look for weaknesses in the argument 4. Arguments that contain analogies or use surveys rely upon the validity of those analogies and surveys. Answer
Conclusion Indicators
Source argument AKA ad hominen
How to strengthen an argument
Family #3: Hurt
42. Authors misuses info to such a degree that they fail to provide any info to support their conclusion or they provide info that is irrelevant to their conclusion. n
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Uncertain use of a term or concept
43. Stimulus (accepted) ----> Answer Choices (affected or determined) AKA: must be or prove family must be true - main point - point at issue - method of reasoning - flaw in the reasoning - parallel reasoning.
Family #1: Prove
Logical negation
How to determine the strength of an argument
Premise Indicators
44. If the stimulus contains an argument - identify the conclusion. If the stimulus contains a fact set - examine each fact.
Method of Reasoning
Logical negation
Primary Objective #2
Appeal Fallacies
45. Occurs when an author makes conflicting statements. n
Central assumption of causal conclusions
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
46. Thus - therefore - hence - consequently - as a result - so - accordingly - clearly - must be that - shows that - conclude that - follows that - for this reason.
Family #1: Prove
Family #4: Disprove
Justify the conclusion formula
Conclusion Indicators
47. Immediately look for the repeat or contrapositive in the answer choices. Avoid mistaken reversals and mistaken negations.
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Errors of composition and division
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Primary Objective #4
48. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
Sufficient Condition
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
49. Used to introduce other premises that support the conclusion but are sometimes non-essential to the conclusion furthermore - moreover - besides - in addition - whats more - after all.
50. 1. Appeal to authority - uses the opinion of an authority in an attempt to persuade the reader. The flaw is that the authority may not have relevant knowledge or all of the info regarding the situation - to there may be a difference of opinion among
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Appeal Fallacies
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions