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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Switches the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Reversal: Study --> A+.
Mistaken Reversal
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
2. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
Conclusion definition
How to determine the strength of an argument
Counter Premise Indicators
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
3. Determine whether the stimulus contains an argument or if it is only a set of factual statements. MUST recognize whether a conclusion is present.
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Primary Objective #5
Primary Objective #1
Typical assumption question stems
4. An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.
2 speaker questions
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Sufficient Condition
Primary Objective #8
5. Supporter - the traditional linking role - where an assumption connects pieces of the argument. (often new or rogue pieces) They also can close gaps. Ex: All male citizens of athens had the right to vote. Therefore - Socrates had the right to vote in
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Sufficient Condition
2 roles played by assumptions
Survey errors
6. 1. assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. failure to consider an alternate cause for the effect or an alternate cause for both the cause and the effect
'Additional' Premise Indicators
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Probability indicators
Mistaken cause and effect
7. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Weakening conditional reasoning
Necessary Condition
Primary Objective #3
8. Argument Part - If you do see the main conclusion at the end of a Method-AP problem - be prepared to answer a question about a part of the arguement other than the conclusion.n
Method of Reasoning
Premise definition
Primary Objective #7
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
9. 1. The stem uses the word assumption - presupposition or some variation 2. The stem NEVER uses the word 'if' or any other sufficient condition indicator. The stem will likely contain a necessary condition indicator such as required or unless. The cor
Rules for Family #3
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Typical assumption question stems
10. 1. Opposite answers. These answers do the exact opposite of What is needed. 2. Shell game answers. Occurs when an idea or concept is raised in the stimulus and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choices - but the idea is changed just enou
Necessary Condition
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Primary Objective #6
Mistaken cause and effect
11. 1. Identify the conclusion - this is what you are trying to strengthen 2. Personalize the argument 3. Look for weaknesses in the argument 4. Arguments that contain analogies or use surveys rely upon the validity of those analogies and surveys. Answer
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Weakening conditional reasoning
How to strengthen an argument
12. The author assumes as true What is supposed to be proved. exp: 'this essay is the best because it is better than all the others'n
Mistaken Negation
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Circular reasoning
Primary Objective #2
13. 1. Stem uses the word 'if' or another sufficient indicator 2. Stem uses the phrase 'allows the conclusion to be properly drawn' or 'enables the conclusion to be properly drawn'. 3. Stem does not lessen the degree of justification. Never uses 'most ju
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Primary Objective #4
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
14. Thus - therefore - hence - consequently - as a result - so - accordingly - clearly - must be that - shows that - conclude that - follows that - for this reason.
Assumption Negation Technique
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Conclusion Indicators
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
15. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Mistaken Negation
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Main Point Questions
16. Then - only - only if - must - required - unless - except - until - without.
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
17. Amount - quantity - sum - total - count - tally.n
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Exceptional case/over generalization
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
18. 1. The info in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present and depending on the question - you will help shore up the argument in some way. 2. The answer choices are accepted as given - even if they include 'new' info. Your task
Primary Objective #1
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Rules for Family #2
Justify the conclusion formula
19. Occurs when the author uses an analogy that is two disimilar to the original situation to be applicable. n
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
False analogy
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Survey errors
20. Takes a small number of intstances and treats those instances as if they support a broad - sweeping conclusion. Often appears as an incorrect answer.n
2 speaker questions
Exceptional case/over generalization
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Rules for Family #2
21. 1. if you recognize the form of reasoning used in the stimulus (causal - conditional - etc.) immediately attack the answers and search for the answer with similar reasoning (analogy - circular reasoning) 2. The Conclusion - match the conclusions - to
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Family #4: Disprove
False analogy
22. 1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase 'at least one' or 'at least some'. When an assumption answer choice starts with one of these phrases it is usually right. But ALWAYS verify with A.N.T. 2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most imp
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
Rules for Family #1
Method of Reasoning
Typical assumption question stems
23. Percent - proportion - fraction - ratio - incidence - likelihood - probability - segment - share. n
Common weakening scenarios
Rules for Family #3
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
24. A. Eliminate any alternate causes for the stated effect. B. Show that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs. C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect does not occur. D. Eliminate the possility that the stated relationship is revers
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Justify the conclusion formula
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Quantity indicators
25. The makers of the LSAT do not think that there are multiple causes for the same effect. When an LSAT speaker concludes that one occurance caused another - that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and th
Errors of conditional reasoning
Numbers and percentage errors
Primary Objective #8
Central assumption of causal conclusions
26. Authors misuses info to such a degree that they fail to provide any info to support their conclusion or they provide info that is irrelevant to their conclusion. n
Errors of composition and division
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
27. To raise a viewpoint at the beginning of the stimulus and then disagree with it immediately thereafter. The stimulus often begins with: Some people claim... Some people propose... Many people believe... Some argue that... Some critics claim... Some s
Probability indicators
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Mistaken Reversal
'Additional' Premise Indicators
28. Occurs when an author attempts to attack an opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument - making it weaker in the process. Often prephrased by 'what you're saying
How to determine the strength of an argument
Weakening conditional reasoning
2 roles played by assumptions
Straw Man
29. Involves judgements made about groups and parts of a group. an error or composition occurs when the author attributes a characteristic of part of the group to the group as a whole or to each member of the group Error of division - author attributes c
Errors of composition and division
Quantity indicators
Primary Objective #2
Primary Objective #4
30. 1. An indication that the answer choices should be accepted as true 2. Keywords that indicate your task is to resolve the problem Action: Problem: Resolve Paradox Explain Contradiction Reconcile Discrepancy Conflict Puzzle *Attempt to prephrase Corre
Rules for Family #2
Typical assumption question stems
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
31. 1. new element answers - an answer that describes something that did not occure or describes an element new to the argument cannot be correct 2. Half right - half wrong answers - LSAT makers like to start off with something that happened - then end w
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Mistaken Reversal
32. 1. The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur. That is - the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. 2. Temporally speaking - either condition can occur first - or the two conditions c
'Additional' Premise Indicators
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
33. Because - since - for - for example - for the reason that - in that - given that - as indicated by - due to - owing to - this can be seen from - we know this by.
Method of Reasoning questions
Premise Indicators
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Family #3: Hurt
34. A. Eliminates an alternate cause for the stated effect B. Shows that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs - assumption answers affirm the cause/effect relationship C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect doe not occur D. Eliminat
Premise definition
2 speaker questions
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
35. Used to introduce other premises that support the conclusion but are sometimes non-essential to the conclusion furthermore - moreover - besides - in addition - whats more - after all.
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36. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Family #2: Help
Time shift errors
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
37. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
Circular reasoning
2 speaker questions
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Primary Objective #2
38. Quantity: All = 100 Not all = 0-99 Some = 1-100 None = 0 Time: Always - Not always - Sometimes - Never Space: Everywhere - Not everywhere - Somewhere - No where.
Method of Reasoning questions
Primary Objective #3
Straw Man
Logical opposites
39. 1. Appeal to authority - uses the opinion of an authority in an attempt to persuade the reader. The flaw is that the authority may not have relevant knowledge or all of the info regarding the situation - to there may be a difference of opinion among
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Appeal Fallacies
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
40. Refer to the amount or quantity in the relationship. Examples: (do not need to memorize) all - every - most - many - several - sole - only - not all - none - few.
Weaken question signal words
Quantity indicators
2 roles played by assumptions
'Additional' Premise Indicators
41. An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.
Weaken question signal words
Necessary Condition
Errors in the use of evidence
Family #1: Prove
42. Refer to the likelihood of occurence or the obligation present - as in 'The mayor should resign.' 'the law will never pass.' Examples: (do not need to memorize) must - will - always - not always - probably - likely - would - never - rarely - could -
Probability indicators
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Mistaken Reversal
Errors in the use of evidence
43. Occurs when an author makes conflicting statements. n
Quantity indicators
Weaken question signal words
Counter Premise Indicators
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
44. To logically negate a conditional statement - negate the necessary condition. Example: neither...nor becomes either...or.
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Primary Objective #7
Logical negation
45. Stimulus (accepted) ----> Answer Choices (affected or determined) AKA: must be or prove family must be true - main point - point at issue - method of reasoning - flaw in the reasoning - parallel reasoning.
Family #1: Prove
Primary Objective #6
Errors of composition and division
Primary Objective #9
46. Weaken - attack - undermine - refute - argue against - call into question - cast doubt - challenge - damage - counter - When evaluating answers ask yourself: 'Would this answer choice make the author reconsider his position or force the author to res
Weaken question signal words
Primary Objective #3
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Primary Objective #7
47. A statement or judgement that follows from one or more reasons. Ask: What is the author driving at? What does the author want me to believe? What point follows from the others?
Primary Objective #7
Conclusion definition
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Circular reasoning
48. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
Method of Reasoning questions
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
49. 1. The survey uses a biased sample 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses. People do not always tell the truth when responding to surveys.n
Survey errors
'Additional' Premise Indicators
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Primary Objective #7
50. Carefully read and identify the question stem. DO NOT assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain questions types.
Primary Objective #5
Sufficient Condition
Time shift errors
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
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