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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. At least on of the two - possibly both.
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2. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
Method of Reasoning
2 speaker questions
Exceptional case/over generalization
Family #3: Hurt
3. Stimulus (affected or determined)--/-> answer choices (accepted) Negative sign on the arrow reflects attacking or hurting the argument (weaken).
Survey errors
Family #3: Hurt
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
4. Mis-assessing the force of evidence is a frequent error committed by LSAT authors 1. Lack of evidence for a position is taken to prove that position is false 2. lack of evidence against a position is taken to prove that position is true 3. some evide
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Errors in the use of evidence
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
5. Carefully read and identify the question stem. DO NOT assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain questions types.
Primary Objective #5
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
2 speaker questions
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
6. Because - since - for - for example - for the reason that - in that - given that - as indicated by - due to - owing to - this can be seen from - we know this by.
How to determine the strength of an argument
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Premise Indicators
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
7. 1. new element answers - an answer that describes something that did not occure or describes an element new to the argument cannot be correct 2. Half right - half wrong answers - LSAT makers like to start off with something that happened - then end w
Method of Reasoning questions
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Primary Objective #8
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
8. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Weaken question signal words
How to determine the strength of an argument
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
9. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
Conclusion definition
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Primary Objective #7
10. The mistake involves assuming that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be the case in the future or present. n
Logical negation
Premise definition
Primary Objective #5
Time shift errors
11. 1. Stimulus will contain an argument. Must isolate and identify and assess the premises and the conclusion. 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct Weaken answers impact the conclusion. 3. The info in the stimulus is suspect. There are often r
Common weakening scenarios
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Family #1: Prove
Primary Objective #3
12. 1. Increasing percentages automatically lead to increasing numbers. This is not necessarily true because the overall size of the group could get smaller. 2. Decreasing percentages automatically lead to decreasing numbers 3. Increasing numbers automat
Primary Objective #2
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
13. Take the statements under consideration and place them in an arrangement that forces once to be the conclusion and the other(s) to be the premise (s). Use premise and conclusion indicators to achieve this end. Once the pieces are arranged - determine
Conclusion Identification Method
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Primary Objective #7
Primary Objective #1
14. They can be in the premises or conclusion. If they are in the conclusion the argument is flawed. Classic mistaken cause and effect reasoning refers to occurences when a causal assertion is made in the conclusion or the conclusion presumes a causal re
Causal statements
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Family #1: Prove
Logical negation
15. The makers of the LSAT do not think that there are multiple causes for the same effect. When an LSAT speaker concludes that one occurance caused another - that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and th
False dilemma
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Central assumption of causal conclusions
16. Immediately look for the repeat or contrapositive in the answer choices. Avoid mistaken reversals and mistaken negations.
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Survey errors
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Primary Objective #3
17. Always read each of the five answer choices. If an answer choice appears somewhat attractive - interesting or even confusing - keep it as a contender and move to the next answer.
Primary Objective #7
Primary Objective #4
Probability indicators
Uncertain use of a term or concept
18. Supporter - the traditional linking role - where an assumption connects pieces of the argument. (often new or rogue pieces) They also can close gaps. Ex: All male citizens of athens had the right to vote. Therefore - Socrates had the right to vote in
2 roles played by assumptions
Family #1: Prove
Family #4: Disprove
Central assumption of causal conclusions
19. A. Eliminates an alternate cause for the stated effect B. Shows that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs - assumption answers affirm the cause/effect relationship C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect doe not occur D. Eliminat
Logical negation
Exceptional case/over generalization
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Family #4: Disprove
20. To logically negate a conditional statement - negate the necessary condition. Example: neither...nor becomes either...or.
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Straw Man
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Logical negation
21. 1. The info in the stimulus is supect. There are often reasoning errors present - and you will further weaken the argument in some way. 2. The answer choices are accepted as given - even if they include 'new' info. The task is to determine which answ
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Primary Objective #2
Rules for Family #3
Straw Man
22. A statement or judgement that follows from one or more reasons. Ask: What is the author driving at? What does the author want me to believe? What point follows from the others?
Conclusion definition
Primary Objective #1
How to strengthen an argument
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
23. 1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase 'at least one' or 'at least some'. When an assumption answer choice starts with one of these phrases it is usually right. But ALWAYS verify with A.N.T. 2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most imp
Method of Reasoning questions
Survey errors
Conclusion Identification Method
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
24. Read closely and know precisely what the author said. DO NOT GENERALIZE!.
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Primary Objective #4
Assumption Negation Technique
Primary Objective #1
25. Switches the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Reversal: Study --> A+.
Errors in the use of evidence
Sufficient Condition
Primary Objective #4
Mistaken Reversal
26. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
How to determine the strength of an argument
27. If all 5 answer choices appear to be 'losers' - return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Primary Objective #9
28. Occurs when an author makes conflicting statements. n
Circular reasoning
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
29. First Family The correct answer choice will be a rephrasing of the main conclusion of the argument. The conclusion is either in the middle or beginning of the stimulus. The correct answer choice must not only be true it also must summarize the author
Conclusion definition
Family #4: Disprove
Common weakening scenarios
Main Point Questions
30. Whenever you identify a causal relationship in the conclusion of an LSAT problem - immediately prepare to either weaken or strengthen the argument. Tasks for Weaken questions...must always identify a causal conclusion. Then ask if there relationship
Appeal Fallacies
How to determine the strength of an argument
Primary Objective #6
How to attack a causal conclusion
31. Separate the answer choices into 'contenders' and 'loser'. After completing this process - review the contenders and decide which answer correct.
Errors in the use of evidence
Weakening conditional reasoning
Mistaken Reversal
Primary Objective #8
32. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Causal statements
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
33. Takes a small number of intstances and treats those instances as if they support a broad - sweeping conclusion. Often appears as an incorrect answer.n
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Exceptional case/over generalization
Justify the conclusion formula
Conclusion Indicators
34. Assumes that only 2 courses of action are available when there may be others. n
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Logical negation
False dilemma
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
35. They h ave failed to fully and accurately identify the conclusion of the argument. If a conclusion is present - you MUST identify it prior to proceeding on to the question stem.
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Primary Objective #8
36. 1. if you recognize the form of reasoning used in the stimulus (causal - conditional - etc.) immediately attack the answers and search for the answer with similar reasoning (analogy - circular reasoning) 2. The Conclusion - match the conclusions - to
False dilemma
Necessary Condition
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
37. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
Primary Objective #2
Sufficient Condition
'Additional' Premise Indicators
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
38. 1. Opposite answers. These answers do the exact opposite of What is needed. 2. Shell game answers. Occurs when an idea or concept is raised in the stimulus and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choices - but the idea is changed just enou
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Primary Objective #7
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
39. Introduce something that actually contains an idea that is counter to the argument. By raising opposition - the author can minimize the damage that would be done by the objection if it were raised elsewhere. but yet - however - on the other hand - ad
Primary Objective #4
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Rules for Family #3
Counter Premise Indicators
40. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
2 roles played by assumptions
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Numbers and percentage errors
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
41. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
Primary Objective #2
Method of Reasoning questions
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
42. Involves judgements made about groups and parts of a group. an error or composition occurs when the author attributes a characteristic of part of the group to the group as a whole or to each member of the group Error of division - author attributes c
Errors of composition and division
Conclusion definition
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Source argument AKA ad hominen
43. An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.
Premise Indicators
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Primary Objective #9
Sufficient Condition
44. Refer to the likelihood of occurence or the obligation present - as in 'The mayor should resign.' 'the law will never pass.' Examples: (do not need to memorize) must - will - always - not always - probably - likely - would - never - rarely - could -
Numbers and percentage errors
Main Point Questions
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Probability indicators
45. Amount - quantity - sum - total - count - tally.n
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Premise Indicators
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
46. 1. The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur. That is - the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. 2. Temporally speaking - either condition can occur first - or the two conditions c
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Method of Reasoning
Family #4: Disprove
47. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
Mistaken Reversal
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
48. Weaken - attack - undermine - refute - argue against - call into question - cast doubt - challenge - damage - counter - When evaluating answers ask yourself: 'Would this answer choice make the author reconsider his position or force the author to res
Weaken question signal words
Sufficient Condition
Premise Indicators
Primary Objective #5
49. 1. The survey uses a biased sample 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses. People do not always tell the truth when responding to surveys.n
Survey errors
False analogy
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Primary Objective #7
50. Thus - therefore - hence - consequently - as a result - so - accordingly - clearly - must be that - shows that - conclude that - follows that - for this reason.
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Conclusion Indicators
Premise Indicators
Exceptional case/over generalization