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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Refer to the amount or quantity in the relationship. Examples: (do not need to memorize) all - every - most - many - several - sole - only - not all - none - few.
Numbers and percentage errors
Method of Reasoning questions
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Quantity indicators
2. Caused by because of responsible for reason for leads to induced by promoted by determined by produced by product of played a role in was a factor in is an effect of.
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Primary Objective #8
Assumption Negation Technique
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
3. Think about the structure of the argument before examining the answer choices. Do not expect to see the exact prephrase - there are too many variations. Make an abstract prephrase then examine each answer to see if it paraphrases the prephrase.n
Sufficient Condition
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Straw Man
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
4. To weaken a conditional conclusion - attack the necessary condition by showing that the necessary condition does not need to occur in order for the sufficient condition to occur. With a combo of a conditional reasoning stimulus and a weaken question
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Mistaken cause and effect
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Weakening conditional reasoning
5. 1. Stem uses the word 'if' or another sufficient indicator 2. Stem uses the phrase 'allows the conclusion to be properly drawn' or 'enables the conclusion to be properly drawn'. 3. Stem does not lessen the degree of justification. Never uses 'most ju
Causal statements
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Survey errors
6. Mis-assessing the force of evidence is a frequent error committed by LSAT authors 1. Lack of evidence for a position is taken to prove that position is false 2. lack of evidence against a position is taken to prove that position is true 3. some evide
Errors in the use of evidence
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Family #2: Help
Justify the conclusion formula
7. At least on of the two - possibly both.
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8. An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.
Necessary Condition
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Causal statements
Family #2: Help
9. Separate the answer choices into 'contenders' and 'loser'. After completing this process - review the contenders and decide which answer correct.
Primary Objective #8
Weaken question signal words
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
10. To logically negate a conditional statement - negate the necessary condition. Example: neither...nor becomes either...or.
Logical negation
Exceptional case/over generalization
Method of Reasoning
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
11. If the stimulus contains an argument - identify the conclusion. If the stimulus contains a fact set - examine each fact.
Primary Objective #2
Conclusion Identification Method
How to attack a causal conclusion
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
12. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Premise definition
Family #1: Prove
Family #4: Disprove
13. Stimulus (affected or determined)--/-> answer choices (accepted) Negative sign on the arrow reflects attacking or hurting the argument (weaken).
Typical assumption question stems
Family #3: Hurt
How to strengthen an argument
Weakening conditional reasoning
14. Prephrase: after reading the question stem - take a moment to mentally formulate your answer to the question stem.
Primary Objective #6
Errors of composition and division
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Conclusion Identification Method
15. 1. The survey uses a biased sample 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses. People do not always tell the truth when responding to surveys.n
Survey errors
Mistaken cause and effect
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Rules for Family #3
16. Whenever you identify a causal relationship in the conclusion of an LSAT problem - immediately prepare to either weaken or strengthen the argument. Tasks for Weaken questions...must always identify a causal conclusion. Then ask if there relationship
Exceptional case/over generalization
Family #2: Help
How to attack a causal conclusion
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
17. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
Causal statements
Weaken question signal words
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
18. They h ave failed to fully and accurately identify the conclusion of the argument. If a conclusion is present - you MUST identify it prior to proceeding on to the question stem.
Necessary Condition
2 roles played by assumptions
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Counter Premise Indicators
19. A. Eliminates an alternate cause for the stated effect B. Shows that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs - assumption answers affirm the cause/effect relationship C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect doe not occur D. Eliminat
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Typical assumption question stems
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
20. This type of flawed argument attacks the person (or source) instead of the argument they advance. because the LSAT is concerned solely with argument forms - a speaker can never validly attack the character or motives or a person; instead - a speaker
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Straw Man
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Central assumption of causal conclusions
21. Authors misuses info to such a degree that they fail to provide any info to support their conclusion or they provide info that is irrelevant to their conclusion. n
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Primary Objective #1
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
22. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Numbers and percentage errors
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Rules for Family #1
23. 1. You can use only the info in the stimulus to prove the correct answer choice 2. Any answer choice that describes an element or a situation that does not occur in the stimulus is incorrect Method of Reasoning questions use a variety of formats - bu
Circular reasoning
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Method of Reasoning questions
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
24. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
How to determine the strength of an argument
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Counter Premise Indicators
Primary Objective #6
25. 1. if you recognize the form of reasoning used in the stimulus (causal - conditional - etc.) immediately attack the answers and search for the answer with similar reasoning (analogy - circular reasoning) 2. The Conclusion - match the conclusions - to
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Logical opposites
26. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
Primary Objective #3
Straw Man
Circular reasoning
Causal statements
27. Thus - therefore - hence - consequently - as a result - so - accordingly - clearly - must be that - shows that - conclude that - follows that - for this reason.
Family #4: Disprove
Circular reasoning
Mistaken Negation
Conclusion Indicators
28. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
Mistaken Negation
2 speaker questions
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
29. 1. Incomplete info. The author fails to consider all of the possibilities or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or info. 2. Improper comparison. The author attempts to compare two or mo
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Time shift errors
Common weakening scenarios
Necessary Condition
30. 1. The info in the stimulus is supect. There are often reasoning errors present - and you will further weaken the argument in some way. 2. The answer choices are accepted as given - even if they include 'new' info. The task is to determine which answ
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Rules for Family #3
How to determine the strength of an argument
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
31. If all 5 answer choices appear to be 'losers' - return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.
Family #3: Hurt
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Premise Indicators
Primary Objective #9
32. Immediately look for the repeat or contrapositive in the answer choices. Avoid mistaken reversals and mistaken negations.
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Mistaken cause and effect
Rules for Family #2
33. 1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase 'at least one' or 'at least some'. When an assumption answer choice starts with one of these phrases it is usually right. But ALWAYS verify with A.N.T. 2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most imp
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Weaken question signal words
Family #4: Disprove
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
34. Amount - quantity - sum - total - count - tally.n
Method of Reasoning
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Premise Indicators
Common weakening scenarios
35. 1. ethical versus factual situations - when the stimulus addresses something ethical - a factual answer would be incorrect and vice versa 2. dual agreement or dual disagreement - often incorrect answer choices will supply statements that both speaker
Primary Objective #7
Exceptional case/over generalization
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Quantity indicators
36. 1. Increasing percentages automatically lead to increasing numbers. This is not necessarily true because the overall size of the group could get smaller. 2. Decreasing percentages automatically lead to decreasing numbers 3. Increasing numbers automat
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
2 speaker questions
Method of Reasoning questions
Family #1: Prove
37. 1. Whatever term is modified by 'unless' - 'except' - 'until' or 'without' becomes the necessary condition 2. The remaining term is negated and becomes the sufficient condition.
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Family #4: Disprove
Mistaken Reversal
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
38. Occurs when an author makes conflicting statements. n
Family #1: Prove
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
39. 1. assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. failure to consider an alternate cause for the effect or an alternate cause for both the cause and the effect
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Primary Objective #2
Appeal Fallacies
Mistaken cause and effect
40. 1. Opposite answers. These answers do the exact opposite of What is needed. 2. Shell game answers. Occurs when an idea or concept is raised in the stimulus and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choices - but the idea is changed just enou
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Errors of composition and division
Main Point Questions
41. Refer to the likelihood of occurence or the obligation present - as in 'The mayor should resign.' 'the law will never pass.' Examples: (do not need to memorize) must - will - always - not always - probably - likely - would - never - rarely - could -
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Quantity indicators
Probability indicators
42. Weaken - attack - undermine - refute - argue against - call into question - cast doubt - challenge - damage - counter - When evaluating answers ask yourself: 'Would this answer choice make the author reconsider his position or force the author to res
Rules for Family #1
Weaken question signal words
Mistaken Reversal
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
43. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Straw Man
Primary Objective #9
Method of Reasoning
44. Then - only - only if - must - required - unless - except - until - without.
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
45. The mistake involves assuming that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be the case in the future or present. n
2 roles played by assumptions
Time shift errors
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Central assumption of causal conclusions
46. Switches the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Reversal: Study --> A+.
Counter Premise Indicators
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Mistaken Reversal
47. 1. The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur. That is - the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. 2. Temporally speaking - either condition can occur first - or the two conditions c
Rules for Family #1
Justify the conclusion formula
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Rules for Family #3
48. Stimulus (accepted) ----> Answer Choices (affected or determined) AKA: must be or prove family must be true - main point - point at issue - method of reasoning - flaw in the reasoning - parallel reasoning.
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Family #1: Prove
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Weaken question signal words
49. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Mistaken Negation
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
Quantity indicators
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
50. 1. Any 'new' element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer. 2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise normally do not appear in the correct answer. 3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclus
Errors in the use of evidence
Justify the conclusion formula
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Primary Objective #9
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