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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Counter Premise Indicators
Conclusion Identification Method
2. If all 5 answer choices appear to be 'losers' - return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.
Errors of composition and division
Quantity indicators
Primary Objective #9
Conclusion definition
3. 1. No conclusion. When a stimulus does not have a conclusion and contains a paradox - expect a Resolve question 2. Language of contradiction exp: but - however - yet - although - paradoxically - surprisingly.
Primary Objective #8
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Typical assumption question stems
4. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Weaken question signal words
Family #3: Hurt
Survey errors
5. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
Necessary Condition
Numbers and percentage errors
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
2 roles played by assumptions
6. Assumes that only 2 courses of action are available when there may be others. n
Causal statements
False dilemma
Sufficient Condition
Primary Objective #4
7. Separate the answer choices into 'contenders' and 'loser'. After completing this process - review the contenders and decide which answer correct.
Appeal Fallacies
Primary Objective #8
Errors of composition and division
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
8. Quantity: All = 100 Not all = 0-99 Some = 1-100 None = 0 Time: Always - Not always - Sometimes - Never Space: Everywhere - Not everywhere - Somewhere - No where.
Family #3: Hurt
Logical opposites
Primary Objective #5
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
9. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Weaken question signal words
How to strengthen an argument
10. Premises + answer choice = conclusion When approaching answers - separate them into winners and losers - then apply the justify formula.
Appeal Fallacies
Common weakening scenarios
Justify the conclusion formula
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
11. Always read each of the five answer choices. If an answer choice appears somewhat attractive - interesting or even confusing - keep it as a contender and move to the next answer.
Necessary Condition
Mistaken Negation
Primary Objective #7
Primary Objective #5
12. Refer to the likelihood of occurence or the obligation present - as in 'The mayor should resign.' 'the law will never pass.' Examples: (do not need to memorize) must - will - always - not always - probably - likely - would - never - rarely - could -
Straw Man
Probability indicators
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Weakening conditional reasoning
13. 1. new element answers - an answer that describes something that did not occure or describes an element new to the argument cannot be correct 2. Half right - half wrong answers - LSAT makers like to start off with something that happened - then end w
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Errors in the use of evidence
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
How to attack a causal conclusion
14. 1. Appeal to authority - uses the opinion of an authority in an attempt to persuade the reader. The flaw is that the authority may not have relevant knowledge or all of the info regarding the situation - to there may be a difference of opinion among
Appeal Fallacies
Circular reasoning
2 speaker questions
Method of Reasoning questions
15. The makers of the LSAT do not think that there are multiple causes for the same effect. When an LSAT speaker concludes that one occurance caused another - that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and th
Method of Reasoning questions
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Errors in the use of evidence
Central assumption of causal conclusions
16. A. Eliminate any alternate causes for the stated effect. B. Show that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs. C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect does not occur. D. Eliminate the possility that the stated relationship is revers
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
False dilemma
Sufficient Condition
Family #4: Disprove
17. Then - only - only if - must - required - unless - except - until - without.
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Premise Indicators
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
18. To raise a viewpoint at the beginning of the stimulus and then disagree with it immediately thereafter. The stimulus often begins with: Some people claim... Some people propose... Many people believe... Some argue that... Some critics claim... Some s
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
19. Negates both conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Negation: Not A+ --> Not Study
Premise definition
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Premise Indicators
Mistaken Negation
20. Takes a small number of intstances and treats those instances as if they support a broad - sweeping conclusion. Often appears as an incorrect answer.n
Mistaken cause and effect
Exceptional case/over generalization
Probability indicators
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
21. Mistaken negation and reversal exp: taking the non-existence of something as evidence that a necessary precondition for that thing also did not exist' (MN) 'mistakes being sufficient to justify punishment for being required to justify it' (MR)n
Main Point Questions
Errors of conditional reasoning
Primary Objective #6
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
22. This type of flawed argument attacks the person (or source) instead of the argument they advance. because the LSAT is concerned solely with argument forms - a speaker can never validly attack the character or motives or a person; instead - a speaker
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Logical opposites
23. 1. Incomplete info. The author fails to consider all of the possibilities or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or info. 2. Improper comparison. The author attempts to compare two or mo
Common weakening scenarios
Central assumption of causal conclusions
How to attack a causal conclusion
Quantity indicators
24. 1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase 'at least one' or 'at least some'. When an assumption answer choice starts with one of these phrases it is usually right. But ALWAYS verify with A.N.T. 2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most imp
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
Primary Objective #6
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
25. Thus - therefore - hence - consequently - as a result - so - accordingly - clearly - must be that - shows that - conclude that - follows that - for this reason.
Counter Premise Indicators
Conclusion Indicators
Primary Objective #9
Method of Reasoning
26. Caused by because of responsible for reason for leads to induced by promoted by determined by produced by product of played a role in was a factor in is an effect of.
Errors of composition and division
Family #1: Prove
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
27. Stimulus (affected or determined)--/-> answer choices (accepted) Negative sign on the arrow reflects attacking or hurting the argument (weaken).
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Conclusion definition
Family #3: Hurt
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
28. 1. The info in the stimulus is supect. There are often reasoning errors present - and you will further weaken the argument in some way. 2. The answer choices are accepted as given - even if they include 'new' info. The task is to determine which answ
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Rules for Family #3
Errors of composition and division
How to attack a causal conclusion
29. Authors misuses info to such a degree that they fail to provide any info to support their conclusion or they provide info that is irrelevant to their conclusion. n
Mistaken cause and effect
How to attack a causal conclusion
Errors of composition and division
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
30. Used to introduce other premises that support the conclusion but are sometimes non-essential to the conclusion furthermore - moreover - besides - in addition - whats more - after all.
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31. 1. An indication that the answer choices should be accepted as true 2. Keywords that indicate your task is to resolve the problem Action: Problem: Resolve Paradox Explain Contradiction Reconcile Discrepancy Conflict Puzzle *Attempt to prephrase Corre
Errors of conditional reasoning
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Time shift errors
32. Immediately look for the repeat or contrapositive in the answer choices. Avoid mistaken reversals and mistaken negations.
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Logical opposites
Primary Objective #5
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
33. 1. Any 'new' element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer. 2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise normally do not appear in the correct answer. 3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclus
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
How to attack a causal conclusion
Weaken question signal words
Logical opposites
34. 1. The survey uses a biased sample 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses. People do not always tell the truth when responding to surveys.n
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Survey errors
Primary Objective #5
Numbers and percentage errors
35. The author assumes as true What is supposed to be proved. exp: 'this essay is the best because it is better than all the others'n
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Circular reasoning
Family #2: Help
Method of Reasoning
36. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Causal statements
2 speaker questions
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
37. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
How to attack a causal conclusion
Causal statements
Primary Objective #3
38. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
Numbers and percentage errors
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Primary Objective #6
39. Percent - proportion - fraction - ratio - incidence - likelihood - probability - segment - share. n
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
40. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
Primary Objective #6
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
How to determine the strength of an argument
Primary Objective #5
41. At least on of the two - possibly both.
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42. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
Exceptional case/over generalization
Quantity indicators
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
43. To weaken a conditional conclusion - attack the necessary condition by showing that the necessary condition does not need to occur in order for the sufficient condition to occur. With a combo of a conditional reasoning stimulus and a weaken question
Primary Objective #9
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Weakening conditional reasoning
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
44. Amount - quantity - sum - total - count - tally.n
False dilemma
Primary Objective #4
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
45. Argument Part - If you do see the main conclusion at the end of a Method-AP problem - be prepared to answer a question about a part of the arguement other than the conclusion.n
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Method of Reasoning
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Errors of composition and division
46. 1. You can use only the info in the stimulus to prove the correct answer choice 2. Any answer choice that describes an element or a situation that does not occur in the stimulus is incorrect Method of Reasoning questions use a variety of formats - bu
Primary Objective #4
Premise definition
Method of Reasoning questions
False dilemma
47. First Family The correct answer choice will be a rephrasing of the main conclusion of the argument. The conclusion is either in the middle or beginning of the stimulus. The correct answer choice must not only be true it also must summarize the author
Common weakening scenarios
Sufficient Condition
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Main Point Questions
48. To logically negate a conditional statement - negate the necessary condition. Example: neither...nor becomes either...or.
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Rules for Family #3
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Logical negation
49. A statement or judgement that follows from one or more reasons. Ask: What is the author driving at? What does the author want me to believe? What point follows from the others?
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Logical negation
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Conclusion definition
50. If the stimulus contains an argument - identify the conclusion. If the stimulus contains a fact set - examine each fact.
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
Logical opposites
Primary Objective #2
Justify the conclusion formula
Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?
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