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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Stimulus (affected or determined) ---> answer choices (accepted) AKA: Help Family assumption - justify the conclusion - strengthen/support - resolve the paradox.
Mistaken Reversal
Family #2: Help
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Time shift errors
2. Stimulus (accepted) ----> Answer Choices (affected or determined) AKA: must be or prove family must be true - main point - point at issue - method of reasoning - flaw in the reasoning - parallel reasoning.
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Errors of conditional reasoning
Family #1: Prove
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
3. Allows you to decide between contenders or to confirm that the answer you have chosen is correct. 1. Logically negate the answer choices under consideration. Usually consists of taking a 'not' out of a sentence or putting a 'not' in a sentence. 2. Th
Survey errors
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Assumption Negation Technique
Logical opposites
4. To logically negate a conditional statement - negate the necessary condition. Example: neither...nor becomes either...or.
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
Logical negation
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
5. 1. An indication that the answer choices should be accepted as true 2. Keywords that indicate your task is to resolve the problem Action: Problem: Resolve Paradox Explain Contradiction Reconcile Discrepancy Conflict Puzzle *Attempt to prephrase Corre
Conclusion definition
Main Point Questions
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
6. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Rules for Family #1
7. A statement or judgement that follows from one or more reasons. Ask: What is the author driving at? What does the author want me to believe? What point follows from the others?
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Conclusion definition
Errors of conditional reasoning
Primary Objective #3
8. Read closely and know precisely what the author said. DO NOT GENERALIZE!.
Probability indicators
Primary Objective #4
Premise definition
2 speaker questions
9. They can be in the premises or conclusion. If they are in the conclusion the argument is flawed. Classic mistaken cause and effect reasoning refers to occurences when a causal assertion is made in the conclusion or the conclusion presumes a causal re
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Conclusion definition
Causal statements
2 speaker questions
10. Occurs when an author attempts to attack an opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument - making it weaker in the process. Often prephrased by 'what you're saying
How to determine the strength of an argument
Straw Man
Premise Indicators
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
11. Used to introduce other premises that support the conclusion but are sometimes non-essential to the conclusion furthermore - moreover - besides - in addition - whats more - after all.
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12. The makers of the LSAT do not think that there are multiple causes for the same effect. When an LSAT speaker concludes that one occurance caused another - that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and th
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Premise definition
Central assumption of causal conclusions
13. 1. if you recognize the form of reasoning used in the stimulus (causal - conditional - etc.) immediately attack the answers and search for the answer with similar reasoning (analogy - circular reasoning) 2. The Conclusion - match the conclusions - to
Family #3: Hurt
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Mistaken Reversal
14. 1. Appeal to authority - uses the opinion of an authority in an attempt to persuade the reader. The flaw is that the authority may not have relevant knowledge or all of the info regarding the situation - to there may be a difference of opinion among
Appeal Fallacies
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
15. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Primary Objective #7
16. Authors misuses info to such a degree that they fail to provide any info to support their conclusion or they provide info that is irrelevant to their conclusion. n
Primary Objective #1
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
17. A. Eliminate any alternate causes for the stated effect. B. Show that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs. C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect does not occur. D. Eliminate the possility that the stated relationship is revers
Logical negation
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
18. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
Main Point Questions
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Weakening conditional reasoning
How to determine the strength of an argument
19. Think about the structure of the argument before examining the answer choices. Do not expect to see the exact prephrase - there are too many variations. Make an abstract prephrase then examine each answer to see if it paraphrases the prephrase.n
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Primary Objective #6
2 speaker questions
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
20. 1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase 'at least one' or 'at least some'. When an assumption answer choice starts with one of these phrases it is usually right. But ALWAYS verify with A.N.T. 2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most imp
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
How to determine the strength of an argument
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
Premise definition
21. 1. Opposite answers. These answers do the exact opposite of What is needed. 2. Shell game answers. Occurs when an idea or concept is raised in the stimulus and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choices - but the idea is changed just enou
Primary Objective #8
Primary Objective #2
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Primary Objective #6
22. Takes a small number of intstances and treats those instances as if they support a broad - sweeping conclusion. Often appears as an incorrect answer.n
How to attack a causal conclusion
Exceptional case/over generalization
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
23. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
Straw Man
2 speaker questions
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Survey errors
24. Negates both conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Negation: Not A+ --> Not Study
'Additional' Premise Indicators
Mistaken Negation
Premise definition
Primary Objective #6
25. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
Primary Objective #3
Common weakening scenarios
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
26. First Family The correct answer choice will be a rephrasing of the main conclusion of the argument. The conclusion is either in the middle or beginning of the stimulus. The correct answer choice must not only be true it also must summarize the author
Exceptional case/over generalization
Main Point Questions
Causal statements
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
27. The mistake involves assuming that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be the case in the future or present. n
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Primary Objective #3
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Time shift errors
28. They h ave failed to fully and accurately identify the conclusion of the argument. If a conclusion is present - you MUST identify it prior to proceeding on to the question stem.
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Primary Objective #8
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
29. Occurs when the author uses an analogy that is two disimilar to the original situation to be applicable. n
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
False analogy
Probability indicators
How to attack a causal conclusion
30. Whenever you identify a causal relationship in the conclusion of an LSAT problem - immediately prepare to either weaken or strengthen the argument. Tasks for Weaken questions...must always identify a causal conclusion. Then ask if there relationship
Weakening conditional reasoning
Counter Premise Indicators
'Additional' Premise Indicators
How to attack a causal conclusion
31. The author assumes as true What is supposed to be proved. exp: 'this essay is the best because it is better than all the others'n
Circular reasoning
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Typical assumption question stems
32. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Main Point Questions
33. An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
How to attack a causal conclusion
2 speaker questions
Necessary Condition
34. Refer to the amount or quantity in the relationship. Examples: (do not need to memorize) all - every - most - many - several - sole - only - not all - none - few.
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Quantity indicators
Premise Indicators
Primary Objective #3
35. Mis-assessing the force of evidence is a frequent error committed by LSAT authors 1. Lack of evidence for a position is taken to prove that position is false 2. lack of evidence against a position is taken to prove that position is true 3. some evide
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Errors in the use of evidence
How to determine the strength of an argument
36. If the stimulus contains an argument - identify the conclusion. If the stimulus contains a fact set - examine each fact.
Counter Premise Indicators
Primary Objective #2
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
37. 1. Stimulus will contain an argument. Must isolate and identify and assess the premises and the conclusion. 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct Weaken answers impact the conclusion. 3. The info in the stimulus is suspect. There are often r
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Errors of conditional reasoning
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
38. As an argument progresses - the author must use each term in a constant - coherent fashion. using a term in different ways is inherently confusing and undermines the integrity of the argument. n
Counter Premise Indicators
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
Typical assumption question stems
Uncertain use of a term or concept
39. Argument Part - If you do see the main conclusion at the end of a Method-AP problem - be prepared to answer a question about a part of the arguement other than the conclusion.n
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Method of Reasoning
Primary Objective #7
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
40. 1. Whatever term is modified by 'unless' - 'except' - 'until' or 'without' becomes the necessary condition 2. The remaining term is negated and becomes the sufficient condition.
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Primary Objective #1
Rules for Family #1
41. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
Method of Reasoning questions
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
How to determine the strength of an argument
42. 1. No conclusion. When a stimulus does not have a conclusion and contains a paradox - expect a Resolve question 2. Language of contradiction exp: but - however - yet - although - paradoxically - surprisingly.
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Mistaken cause and effect
Method of Reasoning questions
43. At least on of the two - possibly both.
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44. Then - only - only if - must - required - unless - except - until - without.
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Primary Objective #7
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Rules for Family #2
45. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Exceptional case/over generalization
Counter Premise Indicators
Straw Man
46. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
False dilemma
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Numbers and percentage errors
Primary Objective #3
47. 1. Incomplete info. The author fails to consider all of the possibilities or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or info. 2. Improper comparison. The author attempts to compare two or mo
Primary Objective #2
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Probability indicators
Common weakening scenarios
48. Amount - quantity - sum - total - count - tally.n
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Mistaken cause and effect
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
49. Quantity: All = 100 Not all = 0-99 Some = 1-100 None = 0 Time: Always - Not always - Sometimes - Never Space: Everywhere - Not everywhere - Somewhere - No where.
Circular reasoning
Logical opposites
False analogy
Mistaken cause and effect
50. 1. Any 'new' element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer. 2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise normally do not appear in the correct answer. 3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclus
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Primary Objective #2
How to strengthen an argument
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
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