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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. An indication that the answer choices should be accepted as true 2. Keywords that indicate your task is to resolve the problem Action: Problem: Resolve Paradox Explain Contradiction Reconcile Discrepancy Conflict Puzzle *Attempt to prephrase Corre
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Primary Objective #4
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Weakening conditional reasoning
2. Whenever you identify a causal relationship in the conclusion of an LSAT problem - immediately prepare to either weaken or strengthen the argument. Tasks for Weaken questions...must always identify a causal conclusion. Then ask if there relationship
Conclusion Identification Method
2 speaker questions
Conclusion definition
How to attack a causal conclusion
3. Switches the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Reversal: Study --> A+.
Survey errors
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Mistaken Reversal
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
4. If all 5 answer choices appear to be 'losers' - return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Straw Man
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Primary Objective #9
5. To raise a viewpoint at the beginning of the stimulus and then disagree with it immediately thereafter. The stimulus often begins with: Some people claim... Some people propose... Many people believe... Some argue that... Some critics claim... Some s
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Causal statements
Exceptional case/over generalization
Family #3: Hurt
6. Take the statements under consideration and place them in an arrangement that forces once to be the conclusion and the other(s) to be the premise (s). Use premise and conclusion indicators to achieve this end. Once the pieces are arranged - determine
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
How to attack a causal conclusion
Primary Objective #2
Conclusion Identification Method
7. 1. Any 'new' element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer. 2. Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise normally do not appear in the correct answer. 3. Elements that appear in the premises but not the conclus
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Typical assumption question stems
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
8. Assumes that only 2 courses of action are available when there may be others. n
False dilemma
Weakening conditional reasoning
Causal statements
How to determine the strength of an argument
9. Immediately look for the repeat or contrapositive in the answer choices. Avoid mistaken reversals and mistaken negations.
Survey errors
Method of Reasoning questions
Causal statements
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
10. Used to introduce other premises that support the conclusion but are sometimes non-essential to the conclusion furthermore - moreover - besides - in addition - whats more - after all.
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11. Stimulus (accepted) ----> Answer Choices (affected or determined) AKA: must be or prove family must be true - main point - point at issue - method of reasoning - flaw in the reasoning - parallel reasoning.
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Family #1: Prove
Typical assumption question stems
Causal statements
12. 1. The survey uses a biased sample 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses. People do not always tell the truth when responding to surveys.n
Sufficient Condition
Survey errors
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
13. Premises + answer choice = conclusion When approaching answers - separate them into winners and losers - then apply the justify formula.
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Justify the conclusion formula
Quantity indicators
Assumption Negation Technique
14. 1. new element answers - an answer that describes something that did not occure or describes an element new to the argument cannot be correct 2. Half right - half wrong answers - LSAT makers like to start off with something that happened - then end w
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Counter Premise Indicators
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
15. Carefully read and identify the question stem. DO NOT assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain questions types.
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Primary Objective #5
Justify the conclusion formula
16. Determine whether the stimulus contains an argument or if it is only a set of factual statements. MUST recognize whether a conclusion is present.
Weakening conditional reasoning
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Primary Objective #1
Survey errors
17. Always read each of the five answer choices. If an answer choice appears somewhat attractive - interesting or even confusing - keep it as a contender and move to the next answer.
Weaken question signal words
Conclusion definition
Mistaken Negation
Primary Objective #7
18. A. Eliminate any alternate causes for the stated effect. B. Show that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs. C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect does not occur. D. Eliminate the possility that the stated relationship is revers
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Rules for Family #1
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Premise definition
19. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
Logical opposites
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Probability indicators
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
20. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
Primary Objective #7
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Premise Indicators
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
21. 1. The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur. That is - the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. 2. Temporally speaking - either condition can occur first - or the two conditions c
Necessary Condition
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Exceptional case/over generalization
22. 1. assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. failure to consider an alternate cause for the effect or an alternate cause for both the cause and the effect
Necessary Condition
Mistaken cause and effect
Probability indicators
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
23. A. Eliminates an alternate cause for the stated effect B. Shows that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs - assumption answers affirm the cause/effect relationship C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect doe not occur D. Eliminat
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
False dilemma
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Causal statements
24. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
Numbers and percentage errors
Mistaken cause and effect
Primary Objective #5
How to attack a causal conclusion
25. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
2 roles played by assumptions
Primary Objective #3
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
26. Occurs when the author uses an analogy that is two disimilar to the original situation to be applicable. n
Rules for Family #3
Conclusion definition
2 speaker questions
False analogy
27. Authors misuses info to such a degree that they fail to provide any info to support their conclusion or they provide info that is irrelevant to their conclusion. n
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
Survey errors
28. Think about the structure of the argument before examining the answer choices. Do not expect to see the exact prephrase - there are too many variations. Make an abstract prephrase then examine each answer to see if it paraphrases the prephrase.n
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Method of Reasoning questions
Necessary Condition
Primary Objective #7
29. Caused by because of responsible for reason for leads to induced by promoted by determined by produced by product of played a role in was a factor in is an effect of.
Counter Premise Indicators
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
30. Introduce something that actually contains an idea that is counter to the argument. By raising opposition - the author can minimize the damage that would be done by the objection if it were raised elsewhere. but yet - however - on the other hand - ad
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
Counter Premise Indicators
Assumption Negation Technique
Family #1: Prove
31. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
Premise definition
How to determine the strength of an argument
Counter Premise Indicators
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
32. The mistake involves assuming that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be the case in the future or present. n
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Prephrasing Method of Reasoning questions
Time shift errors
33. 1. ethical versus factual situations - when the stimulus addresses something ethical - a factual answer would be incorrect and vice versa 2. dual agreement or dual disagreement - often incorrect answer choices will supply statements that both speaker
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
How to attack a causal conclusion
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
34. 1. Watch for answers starting with the phrase 'at least one' or 'at least some'. When an assumption answer choice starts with one of these phrases it is usually right. But ALWAYS verify with A.N.T. 2. Avoid answers that claim an idea was the most imp
Primary Objective #5
Weaken question signal words
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
False dilemma
35. Occurs when an author attempts to attack an opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument - making it weaker in the process. Often prephrased by 'what you're saying
Straw Man
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Conclusion Identification Method
Rules for Family #3
36. Refer to the amount or quantity in the relationship. Examples: (do not need to memorize) all - every - most - many - several - sole - only - not all - none - few.
Primary Objective #2
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
How to determine the strength of an argument
Quantity indicators
37. 1. Stem uses the word 'if' or another sufficient indicator 2. Stem uses the phrase 'allows the conclusion to be properly drawn' or 'enables the conclusion to be properly drawn'. 3. Stem does not lessen the degree of justification. Never uses 'most ju
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Exceptional case/over generalization
38. This type of flawed argument attacks the person (or source) instead of the argument they advance. because the LSAT is concerned solely with argument forms - a speaker can never validly attack the character or motives or a person; instead - a speaker
Premise definition
Primary Objective #1
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
39. 1. if you recognize the form of reasoning used in the stimulus (causal - conditional - etc.) immediately attack the answers and search for the answer with similar reasoning (analogy - circular reasoning) 2. The Conclusion - match the conclusions - to
Words used to introduce a necessary condition
Primary Objective #4
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
40. The author assumes as true What is supposed to be proved. exp: 'this essay is the best because it is better than all the others'n
Circular reasoning
Counter Premise Indicators
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
41. Separate the answer choices into 'contenders' and 'loser'. After completing this process - review the contenders and decide which answer correct.
Primary Objective #8
Weaken question signal words
Resolve the Paradox question stem features
Time shift errors
42. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
Method of Reasoning questions
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Premise definition
Necessary Condition
43. Quantity: All = 100 Not all = 0-99 Some = 1-100 None = 0 Time: Always - Not always - Sometimes - Never Space: Everywhere - Not everywhere - Somewhere - No where.
Logical opposites
Numbers and percentage errors
How to determine the strength of an argument
Rules for Family #3
44. Occurs when an author makes conflicting statements. n
Weakening conditional reasoning
Method of Reasoning questions
Primary Objective #8
Internal contradiction AKA self contradiction
45. An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.
Sufficient Condition
Conclusion Indicators
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Primary Objective #8
46. Involves judgements made about groups and parts of a group. an error or composition occurs when the author attributes a characteristic of part of the group to the group as a whole or to each member of the group Error of division - author attributes c
Uncertain use of a term or concept
Method of Reasoning questions
Errors of composition and division
Incorrect Method of Reasoning answers
47. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
2 speaker questions
Exceptional case/over generalization
2 roles played by assumptions
Family #3: Hurt
48. As an argument progresses - the author must use each term in a constant - coherent fashion. using a term in different ways is inherently confusing and undermines the integrity of the argument. n
Common weakening scenarios
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Uncertain use of a term or concept
49. 1. The stem uses the word assumption - presupposition or some variation 2. The stem NEVER uses the word 'if' or any other sufficient condition indicator. The stem will likely contain a necessary condition indicator such as required or unless. The cor
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Errors of conditional reasoning
Premise Indicators
Typical assumption question stems
50. 1. The info in the stimulus is supect. There are often reasoning errors present - and you will further weaken the argument in some way. 2. The answer choices are accepted as given - even if they include 'new' info. The task is to determine which answ
Rules for Family #3
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
Method of Reasoning