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Test your basic knowledge |
LSAT Logical Reasoning Clues
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
logic-and-reasoning
,
LSAT
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. To weaken a conditional conclusion - attack the necessary condition by showing that the necessary condition does not need to occur in order for the sufficient condition to occur. With a combo of a conditional reasoning stimulus and a weaken question
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Necessary Condition
Central assumption of causal conclusions
Weakening conditional reasoning
2. Allows you to decide between contenders or to confirm that the answer you have chosen is correct. 1. Logically negate the answer choices under consideration. Usually consists of taking a 'not' out of a sentence or putting a 'not' in a sentence. 2. Th
Assumption Negation Technique
'Additional' Premise Indicators
Time shift errors
Primary Objective #6
3. At least on of the two - possibly both.
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4. The mistake involves assuming that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be the case in the future or present. n
Time shift errors
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Counter Premise Indicators
Conclusion Indicators
5. Carefully read and identify the question stem. DO NOT assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain questions types.
Family #1: Prove
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Conclusion definition
Primary Objective #5
6. If - when - whenever - every - all - any - people who - in order to.
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
General lack of relevant evidence for the conclusion
Words used to introduce a sufficient condition
Family #2: Help
7. Always read each of the five answer choices. If an answer choice appears somewhat attractive - interesting or even confusing - keep it as a contender and move to the next answer.
How to attack a causal conclusion
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Primary Objective #7
Logical negation
8. Whenever you identify a causal relationship in the conclusion of an LSAT problem - immediately prepare to either weaken or strengthen the argument. Tasks for Weaken questions...must always identify a causal conclusion. Then ask if there relationship
How to attack a causal conclusion
Circular reasoning
Justify the conclusion formula
Primary Objective #1
9. Stimulus (affected or determined)--/-> answer choices (accepted) Negative sign on the arrow reflects attacking or hurting the argument (weaken).
Mistaken Reversal
Family #3: Hurt
Logical opposites
Rules for Family #3
10. 1. Incomplete info. The author fails to consider all of the possibilities or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or info. 2. Improper comparison. The author attempts to compare two or mo
Primary Objective #1
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Common weakening scenarios
Quantity indicators
11. Negates both conditions - creating a statement that does not have to be true. Given: A+ --> Study Mistaken Negation: Not A+ --> Not Study
Probability indicators
Rules for Family #2
Mistaken Negation
Justify the conclusion formula
12. 1. Increasing percentages automatically lead to increasing numbers. This is not necessarily true because the overall size of the group could get smaller. 2. Decreasing percentages automatically lead to decreasing numbers 3. Increasing numbers automat
Numbers and percentages Common misconceptions
Mistaken cause and effect
Errors of conditional reasoning
Main Point Questions
13. 1. The stem uses the word strengthen or a synonym (support - helps - most justifies) 2. The stem indicates that you should accept the answer choices are true.
Family #2: Help
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
Method of Reasoning
14. Assumes that only 2 courses of action are available when there may be others. n
Assumption Negation Technique
False dilemma
Conclusion Indicators
Logical negation
15. They often feature 2 conclusions (main and sub.) - when the main conclusion is typically place in the first or second sentence and the last sentence contains the sub. conclusion. The sub. conclusion is set off by conclusion indicators while the main
LSAT Conclusion trick for Method AP questions
Justify the conclusion formula
Errors of conditional reasoning
Straw Man
16. 1. If conditional statements are linked together in the argument - the correct answer choice for an assumption question will typically supply a missing link in the chain or the contrapositive to that link. 2. If you see a conditional conclusion and t
Rules for Family #3
How to attack a causal conclusion
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
17. Amount - quantity - sum - total - count - tally.n
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Logical opposites
18. First Family The correct answer choice will be a rephrasing of the main conclusion of the argument. The conclusion is either in the middle or beginning of the stimulus. The correct answer choice must not only be true it also must summarize the author
What to do when a stimulus that contains conditional reasoning is combined with a must be true question stem
Main Point Questions
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
19. Because - since - for - for example - for the reason that - in that - given that - as indicated by - due to - owing to - this can be seen from - we know this by.
Primary Objective #3
Premise Indicators
Typical assumption question stems
Central assumption of causal conclusions
20. Introduce something that actually contains an idea that is counter to the argument. By raising opposition - the author can minimize the damage that would be done by the objection if it were raised elsewhere. but yet - however - on the other hand - ad
Weaken question signal words
Counter Premise Indicators
Assumptions and conditionality: the two types of answer choices normally produced are?
Sufficient Condition
21. A. Eliminates an alternate cause for the stated effect B. Shows that when the cause occurs - the effect occurs - assumption answers affirm the cause/effect relationship C. Show that when the cause does not occur - the effect doe not occur D. Eliminat
Rules for Family #1
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Primary Objective #4
Primary Objective #3
22. 1. assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. failure to consider an alternate cause for the effect or an alternate cause for both the cause and the effect
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Mistaken cause and effect
Conclusion definition
False dilemma
23. If an answer choice describes an event that did not occur in the stimulus - then that answer is incorrect. Watch for answers that are partially true - that is answers that contain a description of something that happened in the argument but that also
Mistaken cause and effect
Premise definition
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Source argument AKA ad hominen
24. If the stimulus contains an argument - identify the conclusion. If the stimulus contains a fact set - examine each fact.
Errors in the use of evidence
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Method of Reasoning questions
Primary Objective #2
25. If the stimulus contains an argument - determine whether the argument is strong or weak.
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
Necessary Condition
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Primary Objective #3
26. Take the statements under consideration and place them in an arrangement that forces once to be the conclusion and the other(s) to be the premise (s). Use premise and conclusion indicators to achieve this end. Once the pieces are arranged - determine
How to determine the strength of an argument
Conclusion Identification Method
Straw Man
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
27. To raise a viewpoint at the beginning of the stimulus and then disagree with it immediately thereafter. The stimulus often begins with: Some people claim... Some people propose... Many people believe... Some argue that... Some critics claim... Some s
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Primary Objective #6
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
28. This type of flawed argument attacks the person (or source) instead of the argument they advance. because the LSAT is concerned solely with argument forms - a speaker can never validly attack the character or motives or a person; instead - a speaker
Family #1: Prove
Source argument AKA ad hominen
How to attack a causal conclusion
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
29. Quantity: All = 100 Not all = 0-99 Some = 1-100 None = 0 Time: Always - Not always - Sometimes - Never Space: Everywhere - Not everywhere - Somewhere - No where.
Necessary Condition
Logical opposites
Straw Man
Justify the conclusion formula
30. 1. The stimulus will almost always contain an argument you must identify - isolate and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument 2. Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct answer choices impact the conclusion 3. The info in the stimu
How to attack a causal conclusion
the unless equation (conditional reasoning)
Fact test for Method of Reasoning questions
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
31. They can be in the premises or conclusion. If they are in the conclusion the argument is flawed. Classic mistaken cause and effect reasoning refers to occurences when a causal assertion is made in the conclusion or the conclusion presumes a causal re
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Causal statements
Conclusion Identification Method
3 quirks of assumption question answer choices
32. Mis-assessing the force of evidence is a frequent error committed by LSAT authors 1. Lack of evidence for a position is taken to prove that position is false 2. lack of evidence against a position is taken to prove that position is true 3. some evide
Exceptional case/over generalization
Assumption Negation Technique
Primary Objective #9
Errors in the use of evidence
33. Stimulus (accepted) ----> Answer Choices (affected or determined) AKA: must be or prove family must be true - main point - point at issue - method of reasoning - flaw in the reasoning - parallel reasoning.
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
LSAT Definition of 'either/or'
Primary Objective #1
Family #1: Prove
34. 1. You must accept the stimulus info- even if it contains an error in reasoning-and use it to prove one of the answer choices must be true. 2. Any info in an answer choice that does not appear either directly in the stimulus or as a combination of it
Rules for Family #1
Straw Man
Mistaken Reversal
2 roles played by assumptions
35. Premises + answer choice = conclusion When approaching answers - separate them into winners and losers - then apply the justify formula.
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
Justify the conclusion formula
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
3 incorrect answer traps (weaken)
36. 1. Stem uses the word 'if' or another sufficient indicator 2. Stem uses the phrase 'allows the conclusion to be properly drawn' or 'enables the conclusion to be properly drawn'. 3. Stem does not lessen the degree of justification. Never uses 'most ju
Strengthen questions ask you to identify the answer choice that best supports the argument. 2 common features
How to identify Justify the Conclusion questions
Errors in the use of evidence
Things to remember in regards to WEAKEN questions
37. The author assumes as true What is supposed to be proved. exp: 'this essay is the best because it is better than all the others'n
Primary Objective #7
Circular reasoning
Weakening conditional reasoning
What is the biggest reason students miss questions?
38. 1. The stem uses the word assumption - presupposition or some variation 2. The stem NEVER uses the word 'if' or any other sufficient condition indicator. The stem will likely contain a necessary condition indicator such as required or unless. The cor
Typical assumption question stems
How to strengthen an argument
Numbers and percentage errors
Sufficient Condition
39. 1. if you recognize the form of reasoning used in the stimulus (causal - conditional - etc.) immediately attack the answers and search for the answer with similar reasoning (analogy - circular reasoning) 2. The Conclusion - match the conclusions - to
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
Errors of composition and division
Assumptions and causality: typical correct answer categories
Family #2: Help
40. 1. Appeal to authority - uses the opinion of an authority in an attempt to persuade the reader. The flaw is that the authority may not have relevant knowledge or all of the info regarding the situation - to there may be a difference of opinion among
Source argument AKA ad hominen
Numbers and percentage errors
Appeal Fallacies
Mistaken cause and effect
41. 1. The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur. That is - the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. 2. Temporally speaking - either condition can occur first - or the two conditions c
Family #1: Prove
Primary Objective #4
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
Premise definition
42. Occurs when an author improperly equates a percentage with a definate quantity or vice versa. n
Rules for Family #2
Numbers and percentage errors
Appeal Fallacies
Method of Reasoning
43. Usually have one male and one female. The female uses sound reasoning and the male uses flawed reasoning or makes a mistake. This is not always true - but more often than not.n
Survey errors
Numbers and percentage errors
Rules for Family #3
2 speaker questions
44. The makers of the LSAT do not think that there are multiple causes for the same effect. When an LSAT speaker concludes that one occurance caused another - that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and th
Primary Objective #3
One of the most commonly used stimulus structures is what? How are they recognized?
Mistaken Reversal
Central assumption of causal conclusions
45. Percent - proportion - fraction - ratio - incidence - likelihood - probability - segment - share. n
Incorrect answers in Point at Issue questions
Primary Objective #6
Words used to introduce percentage ideas
Primary Objective #2
46. Supporter - the traditional linking role - where an assumption connects pieces of the argument. (often new or rogue pieces) They also can close gaps. Ex: All male citizens of athens had the right to vote. Therefore - Socrates had the right to vote in
Conclusion Identification Method
Straw Man
2 roles played by assumptions
Primary Objective #9
47. Always ask: Do the given facts support the conclusion? Do the premises strongly suggest that the conclusion would be true? Does the conclusion feel like an inevitable result of the premises? Or Does the conclusion go beyond the scope of the info in t
Source argument AKA ad hominen
How to determine the strength of an argument
Words used to introduce numerical ideas
Words used to introduce cause and effect relationships. (memorize)
48. 1. No conclusion. When a stimulus does not have a conclusion and contains a paradox - expect a Resolve question 2. Language of contradiction exp: but - however - yet - although - paradoxically - surprisingly.
Common features of Resolve the Paradox
Common weakening scenarios
How to solve Justify questions mechanistically
3 logical features of conditional reasoning
49. To logically negate a conditional statement - negate the necessary condition. Example: neither...nor becomes either...or.
Mistaken Negation
Logical negation
Weakening conditional reasoning
Solving Parallel Reasoning questions in the order stated
50. Read closely and know precisely what the author said. DO NOT GENERALIZE!.
Rules for Family #2
Primary Objective #4
How to approach causality and strengthen questions?
Fundamental rules for strengthen - justify the conclusion and assumption questions
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