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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

2. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Lysosome
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

3. What else do parietals do?
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

4. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

5. How does water cross the apical membrane
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Organs
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

6. quote on cavities/viscera

7. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

8. mucus cells line the stomach...
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

9. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

10. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

11. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

12. What is gastric acid?
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Chylomicrons are much bigger
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

13. small intestine=
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Eukaryotes
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

14. calcitonin

15. In IBS - What is defective

16. What does portal vein do
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

17. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Meiosis creates germ cells

18. At post - two weeks ovulation
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

19. glucagon secreted by
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

20. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
90-140 mg/dl
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

21. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Increases blood Calcium
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Ganglion

22. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

23. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

24. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Estradiol

25. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

26. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

27. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

28. STOMACH: no absorption
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

29. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Lysosome
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

30. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

31. important pancreatic enzymes
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

32. insulin secreted by
About 7.2
Beta cells
Zygotes are diploid
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

33. trypsin is secreted by
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Digestion
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

34. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

35. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

36. How does birth control work?
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Zygotes are diploid
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

37. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Lower blood pH
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

38. After meiosis II - Female

39. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

40. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Peripheral nervous sys
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

41. The apical side of the villi...
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Faces the lumen
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

42. What is somatostatin
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Outermost layer of blood vessel

43. After meiosis II - Male

44. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
ER
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

45. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

46. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

47. lysosome pH
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Inner lining of blood vessels
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
5

48. mitosis creates somatic cells
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Meiosis creates germ cells
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

49. What determines number of chromosomes?
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
5
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

50. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys