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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
About 7.2
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

2. quote on cavities/viscera

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3. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

4. lysosome pH
5
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

5. PNS is broken down into
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

6. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

7. What are phagosomes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Glucose
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

8. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
An endogenous morphine
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

9. glucagon secreted by
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

10. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

11. Stomach has no lacteals
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

12. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

13. What hormones affect the stomach?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

14. Bile salts and lipase
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

15. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Ganglion

16. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

17. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

18. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

19. After meiosis II - Male

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20. axon hillock physiology
Night vision
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

21. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

22. PNS nerve signal
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Beta cells
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

23. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

24. What is the adventitia?
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
ER

25. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

26. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Zygotes are diploid

27. Creating gradients requires what?
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Night vision
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

28. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

29. sporic life cycle
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

30. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

31. What does lipase attack exactly
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

32. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

33. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Nitrogen
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

34. What is somatostatin
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

35. Peritoneal refers to...
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

36. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

37. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

38. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

39. smooth ER main function
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

40. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

41. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Estradiol
Fallopian tubes

42. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

43. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

44. Luteal surge
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

45. How does glycogen compare to starch
Digestion
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

46. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

47. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

48. oxytocin
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

49. interneurons
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

50. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Estradiol
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum