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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

2. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Inner lining of blood vessels
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

3. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

4. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Processes: axons - dendrites
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

5. zygotic life cycle
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

6. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Testosterone upon stim by LH
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

7. What else do parietals do?
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

8. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

9. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Testosterone and estradiol
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

10. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

11. What do lipases do
Testosterone and estradiol
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

12. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

13. E storage per unit mass
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

14. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Meiosis creates germ cells

15. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

16. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Eukaryotes
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

17. lysosome pH
5
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

18. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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19. micelles also pick up
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

20. euk cell has two principal sides
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

21. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

22. PNS is broken down into
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

23. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Processes: axons - dendrites

24. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Direction of differentiation

25. golgi body
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
The renal corpuscle

26. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

27. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Glucose

28. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

29. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Inner lining of blood vessels
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

30. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Lysosome
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

31. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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32. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

33. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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34. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

35. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

36. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

37. Gland: ovaries
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
5
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

38. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

39. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

40. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

41. Does bile digest fat?
Ganglion
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

42. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

43. Path of urine

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44. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

45. The apical side of the villi...
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Faces the lumen
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

46. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

47. Anterior eye
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

48. What is the mesentery?
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

49. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

50. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Direction of differentiation
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males