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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

2. PNS review: SAME DAVE
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Processes: axons - dendrites
90-140 mg/dl

3. micelles also pick up
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

4. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

5. What is gastric acid?
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

6. gametes are haploid
Zygotes are diploid
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

7. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Inner lining of circulatory system
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

8. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Below hypothalamus
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

9. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

10. interneurons
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

11. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

12. fat digestion is time - intensive
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

13. Some epithelial cells are... others...
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

14. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

15. zygotic life cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Ganglion
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

16. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
5
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

17. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Nitrogen

18. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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19. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

20. axon hillock physiology
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Peripheral nervous sys
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

21. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

22. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Night vision

23. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

24. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

25. gametic life cycle
Night vision
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

26. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

27. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

28. Failure of apoptosis can result in
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

29. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
The renal corpuscle
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

30. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

31. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Nitrogen
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

32. After meiosis II - Male

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33. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

34. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Organs
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

35. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

36. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

37. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

38. components of interstitial fluid
Peripheral nervous sys
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

39. golgi body
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

40. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

41. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Testosterone upon stim by LH

42. parathyroid hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Increases blood Calcium
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

43. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

44. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

45. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

46. Anatomy of the villi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

47. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

48. After meiosis II - Female

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49. What is the endothelium?
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Inner lining of circulatory system
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

50. signal transduction occurs only in
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Eukaryotes