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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Zygotes are diploid
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

2. trypsin is secreted by
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

3. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

4. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

5. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Zygotes are diploid
Organs

6. What does lipase attack exactly
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

7. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

8. Chewing does what?
Organs
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

9. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

10. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

11. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

12. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Lysosome
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

13. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

14. Which fats are not absorbed like this
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Estradiol
Glucose
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

15. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

16. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

17. FLAT PG: LH
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

18. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
90-140 mg/dl
Estradiol
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

19. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

20. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

21. Determination is different than differentiation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Inner lining of circulatory system

22. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

23. Anterior eye
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

24. At post - two weeks ovulation
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Glucose
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

25. mucus cells line the stomach...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

26. Path of urine

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27. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Smooth ER
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

28. lysosome main function and derivation
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

29. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Estradiol
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Increases blood Calcium

30. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

31. STOMACH: no absorption
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

32. Peritoneal refers to...
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

33. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Fallopian tubes
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

34. After meiosis II - Female

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35. From that point...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

36. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Digestion

37. Different tissues working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Organs

38. Failure of apoptosis can result in
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

39. What is gastric acid?
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

40. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

41. cytosol pH
About 7.2
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

42. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

43. What are the major carbohydrates
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

44. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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45. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

46. Path of food entering body...
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

47. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

48. Stomach has no lacteals
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

49. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

50. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat