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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. liver and blood glucose...
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Zygotes are diploid

2. After meiosis II...
Fallopian tubes
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Digestion
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

3. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
ER
Testosterone and estradiol

4. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

5. Anterior eye
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

6. position of AP...
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Below hypothalamus

7. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

8. important pancreatic enzymes
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

9. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

10. Meiosis I Anaphase I
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

11. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

12. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

13. signal transduction occurs only in
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Eukaryotes
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

14. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

15. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

16. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

17. glucagon secreted by
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

18. exocrine types
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

19. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

20. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

21. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

22. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

23. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
An endogenous morphine
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

24. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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25. What is a normal blood glucose range
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
90-140 mg/dl
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

26. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

27. peroxisome is derived from this
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
ER

28. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

29. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

30. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Processes: axons - dendrites
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

31. Path of urine

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32. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Peptides
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

33. sensory (afferent) neurons
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

34. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
ER
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

35. oxytocin
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

36. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

37. Does bile digest fat?
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

38. gametes are haploid
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Zygotes are diploid
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

39. What hormones affect the stomach?
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

40. Leydig cells produce
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Testosterone upon stim by LH

41. Different organs working together
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

42. What is the function of the loop of Henle
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Smooth ER
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

43. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

44. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

45. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

46. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

47. Embryology
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

48. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

49. Kidney
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
The renal corpuscle
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

50. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Normally contracted