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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

2. important pancreatic enzymes
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Smooth ER
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

3. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Estradiol
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

4. Luteal surge
Normally contracted
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

5. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

6. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

7. Peritoneal refers to...
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

8. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

9. gametes are haploid
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Zygotes are diploid
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

10. What is the endothelium?
ER
Inner lining of circulatory system
Lysosome
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

11. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
90-140 mg/dl
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Organs
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

12. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

13. What are the major carbohydrates
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

14. What is feces composed of...
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

15. Leydig cells produce
Increases blood Calcium
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Faces the lumen

16. PNS is broken down into
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
About 7.2

17. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Eukaryotes
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Estradiol
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

18. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

19. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

20. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

21. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

22. What does peptic refer to in general
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Digestion
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

23. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Ganglion
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

24. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

25. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Organs
Ganglion
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

26. amylase acts where on carbs
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

27. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

28. What is endothelium?
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Inner lining of blood vessels
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

29. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

30. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Peptides
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

31. signal transduction occurs only in
Eukaryotes
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

32. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

33. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

34. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Faces the lumen
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

35. liver receives blood from...
90-140 mg/dl
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

36. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

37. During ejaculation - sperm...

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38. Tight junctions
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

39. Which fats are not absorbed like this
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

40. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
An endogenous morphine
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

41. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

42. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Peptides
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

43. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Direction of differentiation
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

44. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

45. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

46. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Night vision
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

47. gametic life cycle
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Fallopian tubes

48. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

49. calcitonin

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50. The esophageal sphincter is...
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Normally contracted
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids