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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Smooth ER

2. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Night vision

3. What are the major carbohydrates
About 7.2
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

4. What is the mesentery?
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

5. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

6. Path of food entering body...
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

7. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Estradiol

8. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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9. parathyroid hormone
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
An endogenous morphine
Increases blood Calcium
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

10. lining of abdominal cavity=
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

11. What is endothelium?
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Inner lining of blood vessels

12. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Direction of differentiation
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

13. peroxisome is derived from this
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
ER
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

14. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Testosterone and estradiol
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

15. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

16. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

17. Think of spinal cord injury
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Estradiol
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

18. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Eukaryotes
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

19. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

20. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Below hypothalamus

21. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

22. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Testosterone upon stim by LH
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Ganglion
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

23. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Normally contracted
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

24. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Lower blood pH
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

25. from the loop of henle...
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

26. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Lysosome
Fallopian tubes

27. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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28. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

29. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Fallopian tubes
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

30. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

31. sensory (afferent) neurons
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

32. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

33. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

34. Embryology
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

35. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

36. Stomach has no lacteals
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

37. How does glycogen compare to starch
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

38. What is gastric acid?
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

39. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

40. Embryology
Inner lining of blood vessels
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

41. What determines number of chromosomes?
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

42. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Lower blood pH
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

43. How does birth control work?
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

44. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

45. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Increases blood Calcium
ER
Processes: axons - dendrites

46. what happens to bile secretions
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
An endogenous morphine
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

47. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Below hypothalamus
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

48. In IBS - What is defective

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49. In other words...
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Outermost layer of blood vessel

50. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Inner lining of circulatory system
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)