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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Testosterone upon stim by LH
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

2. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Smooth ER
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

3. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

4. The path from blood plasma to urine

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5. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

6. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

7. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Fallopian tubes
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

8. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
About 7.2
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

9. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
5
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

10. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

11. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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12. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Meiosis creates germ cells

13. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

14. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

15. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

16. pancreas secretes enzymes via
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

17. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

18. fructose enters enterocyte by
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

19. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

20. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

21. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

22. Induction affects...
Beta cells
Direction of differentiation
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

23. What is the endothelium?
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Inner lining of circulatory system
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Digestion

24. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

25. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

26. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Faces the lumen

27. What does peptic refer to in general
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Digestion
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Meiosis creates germ cells

28. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

29. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Testosterone upon stim by LH

30. golgi body
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

31. spermatogonia arise from
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

32. oxytocin
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Testosterone and estradiol

33. Local vs long - distance mediators
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

34. How do nutrients move?
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
90-140 mg/dl

35. light detection via GPCRs
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

36. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

37. FLAT PG: ACTH
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

38. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

39. Path of urine

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40. lysosome main function and derivation
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

41. Does bile digest fat?
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

42. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

43. What is gastric acid?
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

44. fat digestion is time - intensive
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

45. main point of fat transport...
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

46. interneurons
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

47. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

48. E storage per unit mass
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

49. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

50. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Organs