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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

2. components of interstitial fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

3. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Faces the lumen
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

4. What is the endothelium?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Ganglion
Inner lining of circulatory system
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

5. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Smooth ER
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Fallopian tubes

6. Path of urine

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7. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

8. important pancreatic enzymes
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

9. The esophageal sphincter is...
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Normally contracted

10. lysosome main function and derivation
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

11. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Testosterone and estradiol
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

12. overview of prot digestion
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Peripheral nervous sys

13. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Chylomicrons are much bigger
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

14. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
An endogenous morphine
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

15. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

16. After meiosis II - Female

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17. How does birth control work?
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

18. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Organs

19. PNS nerve signal
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

20. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

21. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

22. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

23. at lo blood sugar...
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

24. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

25. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Night vision
Testosterone and estradiol
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

26. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

27. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

28. fructose enters enterocyte by
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

29. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Inner lining of blood vessels

30. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Zygotes are diploid

31. Four tissues
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

32. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

33. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

34. parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

35. zygotic life cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Beta cells
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

36. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

37. portal vein physiology...

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38. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Normally contracted
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

39. Chewing does what?
Night vision
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

40. What is endothelium?
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Inner lining of blood vessels
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Lysosome

41. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

42. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Glucose
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

43. At post - two weeks ovulation
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

44. liver receives blood from...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Smooth ER
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

45. Kidney
Below hypothalamus
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

46. How does water cross the apical membrane
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

47. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

48. Gland: ovaries
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

49. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Zygotes are diploid
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

50. Tight junctions
Smooth ER
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons