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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

2. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

3. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

4. Different organs working together
Testosterone and estradiol
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

5. ADH
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

6. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

7. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

8. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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9. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Lysosome
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

10. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Eukaryotes
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

11. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

12. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

13. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Smooth ER
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

14. parathyroid hormone
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Increases blood Calcium

15. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

16. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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17. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

18. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Peripheral nervous sys
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

19. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

20. PNS nerve signal
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

21. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

22. What is a normal blood glucose range
Eukaryotes
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
90-140 mg/dl
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

23. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
The renal corpuscle
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

24. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Ganglion
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

25. Where else does ADH act
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

26. Creating gradients requires what?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Zygotes are diploid

27. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Organs
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

28. What are phagosomes
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

29. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Processes: axons - dendrites
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

30. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

31. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Increases blood Calcium
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

32. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

33. Peritoneal refers to...
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Ganglion

34. euk cell has two principal sides
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

35. After meiosis II - Male

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36. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Fallopian tubes
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

37. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

38. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Increases blood Calcium
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

39. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

40. PNS is broken down into
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

41. mitosis creates somatic cells
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Meiosis creates germ cells
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

42. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

43. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Inner lining of blood vessels
Direction of differentiation

44. Tight junctions
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

45. signal transduction occurs only in
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Eukaryotes

46. sporic life cycle
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

47. when thinking of proteins - think
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
ER
Nitrogen
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

48. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

49. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

50. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
90-140 mg/dl