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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

2. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

3. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

4. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

5. smooth ER main function
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Inner lining of blood vessels

6. portal vein physiology...

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7. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Beta cells
Estradiol
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

8. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
The renal corpuscle
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

9. FLAT PG: ACTH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

10. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Peptides
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

11. What does portal vein do
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

12. Blastocyst
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

13. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

14. insulin secreted by
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Beta cells
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

15. FLAT PG: prolactin
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

16. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

17. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

18. What is a normal blood glucose range
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
90-140 mg/dl
Peptides

19. Does bile digest fat?
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
5
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

20. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

21. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

22. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
ER
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

23. lysosome pH
5
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

24. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Lysosome
The renal corpuscle
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

25. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
About 7.2

26. What does peroxisome do
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

27. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Processes: axons - dendrites
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

28. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

29. light detection via GPCRs
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

30. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Digestion
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

31. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

32. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Peripheral nervous sys
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

33. Induction affects...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Direction of differentiation
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

34. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Chylomicrons are much bigger
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

35. What do lipases do
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

36. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Testosterone and estradiol
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

37. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

38. lysosome main function and derivation
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Below hypothalamus
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

39. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

40. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Lower blood pH

41. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

42. Chewing does what?
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

43. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

44. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

45. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Estradiol

46. parathyroid hormone
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Lower blood pH
Increases blood Calcium
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

47. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

48. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

49. Different organs working together
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

50. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Below hypothalamus
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'