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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. ADH
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Estradiol

2. Induction affects...
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Direction of differentiation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

3. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

4. What is gastric acid?
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

5. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Ganglion
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

6. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

7. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

8. What does peptic refer to in general
About 7.2
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Below hypothalamus
Digestion

9. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Beta cells
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

10. Local vs long - distance mediators
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

11. Posterior eye
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Inner lining of circulatory system
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

12. FLAT PG: prolactin
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

13. Anatomy of the villi
Inner lining of blood vessels
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
90-140 mg/dl

14. at lo blood sugar...
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

15. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Smooth ER

16. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

17. micelles vs liposomes
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

18. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
About 7.2
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

19. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

20. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Glucose
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Lysosome
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

21. calcitonin

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22. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

23. In general - parietal=
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

24. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Peripheral nervous sys
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

25. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Smooth ER

26. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Night vision
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

27. PNS nerve signal
An endogenous morphine
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Lower blood pH
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

28. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Night vision

29. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

30. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

31. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

32. smooth ER main function
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

33. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Testosterone and estradiol
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

34. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

35. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
ER

36. small intestine=
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

37. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

38. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

39. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

40. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Lower blood pH
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

41. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

42. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
90-140 mg/dl
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

43. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Increases blood Calcium
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

44. After meiosis II...
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

45. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Smooth ER
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

46. During ejaculation - sperm...

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47. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

48. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Increases blood Calcium

49. glucagon secreted by
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

50. What is the mesentery?
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue