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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. mitosis creates somatic cells
Inner lining of circulatory system
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Organs
Meiosis creates germ cells

2. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

3. Path of urine

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4. Induction affects...
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Direction of differentiation
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

5. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Peripheral nervous sys

6. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Peripheral nervous sys

7. energy source of neurons
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

8. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

9. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
The renal corpuscle
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

10. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

11. Meiosis I Telophase I
Organs
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Peptides

12. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Fallopian tubes
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

13. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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14. Blastocyst
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

15. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

16. small intestine=
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

17. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

18. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

19. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

20. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Below hypothalamus
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

21. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Peripheral nervous sys
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

22. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

23. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

24. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Normally contracted
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

25. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

26. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

27. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Testosterone and estradiol
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

28. micelles also pick up
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

29. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

30. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

31. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

32. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

33. Where else does ADH act
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

34. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Smooth ER
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

35. at lo blood sugar...
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
An endogenous morphine
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

36. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

37. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Estradiol
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

38. fructose enters enterocyte by
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

39. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

40. portal vein physiology...

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41. Kidney physiology...

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42. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Processes: axons - dendrites
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

43. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

44. Anatomy of the villi
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

45. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Beta cells
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

46. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

47. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

48. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

49. zygotic life cycle
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Direction of differentiation
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

50. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Outermost layer of blood vessel