Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Below hypothalamus
Inner lining of circulatory system

2. What is a plasmalogen?
Inner lining of circulatory system
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

3. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

4. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

5. The esophageal sphincter is...
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Zygotes are diploid
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Normally contracted

6. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

7. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

8. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Fallopian tubes

9. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

10. Where is bile produced
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

11. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

12. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

13. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

14. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

15. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

16. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Outermost layer of blood vessel

17. What does peptic refer to in general
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Digestion
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

18. at lo blood sugar...
Digestion
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

19. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

20. Some epithelial cells are... others...
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

21. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Below hypothalamus
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

22. Posterior eye
Outermost layer of blood vessel
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

23. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

24. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

25. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

26. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

27. main point of fat transport...
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

28. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Testosterone upon stim by LH

29. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

30. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

31. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

32. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

33. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

34. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

35. In general - parietal=
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Inner lining of blood vessels
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

36. liver receives blood from...
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Nitrogen
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

37. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Lower blood pH
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

38. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

39. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

40. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
90-140 mg/dl
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

41. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

42. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Night vision

43. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Lower blood pH
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

44. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

45. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

46. interneurons
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
90-140 mg/dl
Increases blood Calcium

47. In IBS - What is defective

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

48. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

49. parathyroid hormone
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Increases blood Calcium
Peripheral nervous sys

50. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)