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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. liver and blood glucose...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

2. interneurons
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

3. quote on cavities/viscera

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4. insulin secreted by
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Beta cells
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Meiosis creates germ cells

5. What is gastric acid?
Increases blood Calcium
Ganglion
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

6. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Peripheral nervous sys
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

7. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
90-140 mg/dl
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Below hypothalamus

8. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Organs
Ganglion
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

9. portal vein physiology...

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10. axon hillock physiology
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

11. smooth ER main function
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Processes: axons - dendrites
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

12. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

13. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Smooth ER
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

14. Four tissues
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

15. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Smooth ER
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

16. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

17. Posterior eye
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

18. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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19. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

20. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Chylomicrons are much bigger
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

21. What is endothelium?
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Inner lining of blood vessels
Digestion

22. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

23. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

24. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Peripheral nervous sys

25. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
90-140 mg/dl

26. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
The renal corpuscle
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

27. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

28. What does portal vein do
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

29. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Fallopian tubes
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

30. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

31. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

32. What does peroxisome do
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

33. The esophageal sphincter is...
Normally contracted
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

34. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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35. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

36. Think of spinal cord injury
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

37. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Ganglion

38. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Beta cells
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

39. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

40. What is an endorphin?
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
An endogenous morphine
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

41. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

42. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

43. What is a plasmalogen?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Zygotes are diploid
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

44. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

45. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

46. Anterior eye
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

47. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

48. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
ER
Processes: axons - dendrites

49. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

50. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)