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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Zygotes are diploid
Inner lining of blood vessels
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

2. axon hillock physiology
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

3. Failure of apoptosis can result in
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Outermost layer of blood vessel

4. After meiosis II...
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

5. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Zygotes are diploid
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

6. In IBS - What is defective

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7. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

8. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
About 7.2
Lower blood pH

9. euk cell has two principal sides
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

10. mucus cells line the stomach...
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Organs
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

11. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

12. FLAT PG: LH
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

13. During ejaculation - sperm...

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14. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

15. The path from blood plasma to urine

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16. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

17. What are phagosomes
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

18. Meiosis I Telophase I
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

19. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

20. The EYE
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Faces the lumen

21. Blastocyst
Outermost layer of blood vessel
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

22. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

23. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

24. lysosome main function and derivation
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
About 7.2
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

25. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Digestion
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

26. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

27. Stomach has no lacteals
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Faces the lumen
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

28. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
The renal corpuscle

29. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Glucose
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

30. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Direction of differentiation
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

31. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

32. The esophageal sphincter is...
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Normally contracted
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

33. What is an endorphin?
90-140 mg/dl
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
An endogenous morphine

34. Anatomy of the villi
Digestion
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

35. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Normally contracted

36. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

37. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Below hypothalamus

38. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

39. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

40. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Inner lining of circulatory system
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

41. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

42. lining of abdominal cavity=
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

43. What does lipase attack exactly
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

44. What hormones affect the stomach?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Fallopian tubes
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

45. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

46. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Ganglion

47. Peritoneal refers to...
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

48. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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49. small intestine=
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

50. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Estradiol