Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: prolactin
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Inner lining of circulatory system
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

2. small intestine=
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Ganglion

3. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Below hypothalamus
An endogenous morphine
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

4. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

5. After meiosis II - Male

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

6. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Digestion
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

7. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Inner lining of circulatory system
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

8. oxytocin
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Beta cells
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Night vision

9. What does peroxisome do
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Testosterone upon stim by LH

10. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

11. components of interstitial fluid
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

12. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

13. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

14. Anatomy of the villi
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

15. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Eukaryotes
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

16. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Processes: axons - dendrites
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

17. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Below hypothalamus
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

18. Kidney physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

19. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

20. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

21. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

22. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
The renal corpuscle
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

23. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

24. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

25. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

26. from the loop of henle...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

27. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

28. What determines number of chromosomes?
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

29. What do lipases do
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

30. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

31. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

32. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

33. zygotic life cycle
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

34. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

35. Embryology
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

36. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

37. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

38. Meiosis I Telophase I
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

39. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

40. Where else does ADH act
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Direction of differentiation
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

41. Determination is different than differentiation
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

42. peroxisome is derived from this
Peripheral nervous sys
ER
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

43. important pancreatic enzymes
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

44. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
About 7.2
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Peripheral nervous sys

45. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Normally contracted

46. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Peptides
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Lysosome

47. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Beta cells
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

48. medium for paracrine hormones
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

49. smooth ER main function
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

50. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Ganglion
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)