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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does birth control work?
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

2. Bile salts and lipase
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Zygotes are diploid
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

3. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

4. lysosome main function and derivation
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

5. fructose enters enterocyte by
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Organs
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

6. FLAT PG: FSH
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Faces the lumen
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

7. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

8. What is the endothelium?
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Inner lining of circulatory system

9. liver receives blood from...
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Digestion

10. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Fallopian tubes
Chylomicrons are much bigger

11. PNS is broken down into
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Below hypothalamus
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

12. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Inner lining of blood vessels
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

13. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

14. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

15. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Peripheral nervous sys
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

16. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Night vision
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

17. At post - two weeks ovulation
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

18. In other words...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

19. Does bile digest fat?
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
90-140 mg/dl

20. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

21. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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22. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
The renal corpuscle

23. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Night vision
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

24. interneurons
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

25. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

26. What is somatostatin
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

27. Kidney physiology...

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28. In general - parietal=
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Testosterone and estradiol
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

29. parathyroid hormone
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Increases blood Calcium

30. What is the mesentery?
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

31. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Faces the lumen
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

32. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

33. light detection via GPCRs
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

34. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Peptides
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
The renal corpuscle

35. Chewing does what?
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

36. fat digestion is time - intensive
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

37. gametes are haploid
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Zygotes are diploid
Beta cells
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

38. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
90-140 mg/dl
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

39. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Inner lining of circulatory system
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Inner lining of blood vessels

40. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
ER
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

41. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

42. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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43. Think of spinal cord injury
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Processes: axons - dendrites

44. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

45. Path of urine

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46. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

47. sporic life cycle
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Night vision
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

48. Thus - central nervous sys is...
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

49. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

50. Posterior eye
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions