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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

2. Where does fertilization occur
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Fallopian tubes
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

3. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

4. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

5. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Ganglion

6. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

7. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

8. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

9. fructose enters enterocyte by
The renal corpuscle
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

10. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

11. How does glycogen compare to starch
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

12. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

13. Tight junctions
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

14. lysosome pH
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
5
Estradiol
Lower blood pH

15. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Night vision
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

16. What is feces composed of...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

17. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

18. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

19. Four tissues
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Inner lining of blood vessels
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

20. micelles also pick up
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Smooth ER

21. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

22. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Inner lining of blood vessels
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

23. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

24. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Lysosome
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Lower blood pH

25. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

26. What is a plasmalogen?
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
90-140 mg/dl
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

27. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

28. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Testosterone upon stim by LH

29. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

30. From that point...
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
An endogenous morphine
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

31. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

32. glucagon secreted by
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

33. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

34. What do villli do
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

35. quote on cavities/viscera

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36. Liver Functions
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Faces the lumen
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

37. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Eukaryotes
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

38. The apical side of the villi...
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Faces the lumen
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

39. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

40. Leydig cells produce
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Testosterone upon stim by LH

41. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

42. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

43. ADH
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

44. Luteal surge
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

45. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

46. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

47. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

48. components of interstitial fluid
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

49. Blastocyst
Peripheral nervous sys
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
About 7.2

50. Where is bile produced
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining