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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

2. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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3. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Inner lining of circulatory system
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

4. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

5. components of interstitial fluid
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

6. What is a normal blood glucose range
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Lower blood pH
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
90-140 mg/dl

7. How does water cross the apical membrane
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

8. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

9. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

10. Alpha - amylase found where
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

11. What does peroxisome do
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

12. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

13. oxytocin
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

14. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

15. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
90-140 mg/dl

16. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Glucose
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

17. Tight junctions
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

18. What do lipases do
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

19. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

20. important pancreatic enzymes
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

21. axon hillock physiology
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Glucose

22. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Fallopian tubes
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

23. lysosome main function and derivation
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

24. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

25. What is a plasmalogen?
Digestion
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Eukaryotes

26. Different organs working together
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

27. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

28. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Lysosome
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Beta cells

29. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
About 7.2
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

30. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Below hypothalamus

31. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

32. Induction affects...
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Direction of differentiation

33. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

34. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

35. liver and blood glucose...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

36. At post - two weeks ovulation
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

37. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Increases blood Calcium
Eukaryotes

38. Different tissues working together
Organs
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

39. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

40. FLAT PG: LH
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

41. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

42. The apical side of the villi...
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Faces the lumen
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

43. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Direction of differentiation
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

44. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

45. FLAT PG: prolactin
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

46. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

47. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Glucose
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

48. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

49. Chewing does what?
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Zygotes are diploid
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

50. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer