Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

2. The esophageal sphincter is...
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Normally contracted

3. Different organs working together
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

4. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

5. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

6. what happens to bile secretions
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

7. From that point...
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

8. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

9. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

10. Anterior eye
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

11. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

12. components of interstitial fluid
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Below hypothalamus

13. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

14. Liver Functions
Estradiol
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

15. Path of food entering body...
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Increases blood Calcium

16. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Nitrogen
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

17. lining of abdominal cavity=
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

18. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
90-140 mg/dl

19. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

20. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

21. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

22. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

23. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

24. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Processes: axons - dendrites
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

25. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

26. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

27. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

28. ADH
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

29. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

30. small intestine=
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

31. glucagon secreted by
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

32. Four tissues
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Digestion
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

33. golgi body
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

34. portal vein physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

35. What are the major carbohydrates
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Organs
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

36. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Lower blood pH
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

37. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Inner lining of blood vessels
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

38. Think of spinal cord injury
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

39. In general - parietal=
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

40. Local vs long - distance mediators
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Night vision

41. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

42. During ejaculation - sperm...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

43. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

44. Posterior eye
Organs
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

45. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

46. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

47. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Lower blood pH

48. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

49. Induction affects...
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Estradiol
Direction of differentiation

50. How does birth control work?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
ER