Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. lining of abdominal cavity=
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Glucose

2. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
5
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

3. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Smooth ER

4. Local vs long - distance mediators
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Processes: axons - dendrites
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

5. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
The renal corpuscle
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

6. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

7. insulin secreted by
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Beta cells
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

8. What are the major carbohydrates
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

9. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

10. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

11. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

12. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Ganglion
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

13. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Estradiol
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

14. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Nitrogen

15. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

16. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

17. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Faces the lumen
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

18. What does peroxisome do
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

19. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Below hypothalamus
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

20. Anatomy of the villi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

21. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

22. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

23. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

24. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

25. Blastocyst
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

26. Meiosis I Telophase I
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

27. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

28. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Beta cells
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

29. Path of urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

30. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

31. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

32. protein absorption at enterocyte
Ganglion
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

33. From that point...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

34. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

35. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Digestion
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

36. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

37. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

38. What is gastric acid?
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Inner lining of circulatory system
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

39. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

40. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
The renal corpuscle

41. Different organs working together
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

42. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Peptides

43. Creating gradients requires what?
Peptides
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

44. ADH
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Below hypothalamus

45. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

46. At post - two weeks ovulation
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

47. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

48. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

49. What hormones affect the stomach?
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

50. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Processes: axons - dendrites
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)