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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Direction of differentiation
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

2. What does peptic refer to in general
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Digestion

3. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

4. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

5. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Meiosis creates germ cells
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

6. What if large intestine isn't working well
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

7. euk cell has two principal sides
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Fallopian tubes
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

8. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

9. Chewing does what?
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

10. What determines number of chromosomes?
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Smooth ER

11. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
ER

12. Alpha - amylase found where
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

13. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Ganglion

14. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

15. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
An endogenous morphine
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Peptides
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

16. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Increases blood Calcium
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

17. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

18. PNS nerve signal
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
About 7.2
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

19. What do lipases do
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

20. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

21. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

22. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

23. interneurons
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

24. parathyroid hormone
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Increases blood Calcium
Outermost layer of blood vessel

25. Gland: ovaries
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

26. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Smooth ER
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

27. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

28. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Estradiol
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

29. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

30. lysosome main function and derivation
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

31. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

32. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

33. liver receives blood from...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

34. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Night vision
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

35. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

36. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

37. axon hillock physiology
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

38. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Estradiol
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

39. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

40. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

41. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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42. Meiosis I Telophase I
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

43. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Below hypothalamus
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

44. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

45. How does birth control work?
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Inner lining of blood vessels
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

46. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

47. Think of spinal cord injury
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

48. Kidney
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

49. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Beta cells
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

50. In IBS - What is defective

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