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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

2. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

3. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

4. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

5. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

6. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

7. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

8. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

9. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

10. golgi body
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

11. Where is bile produced
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

12. FLAT PG: prolactin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

13. FLAT PG: LH
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

14. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

15. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

16. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Smooth ER

17. The esophageal sphincter is...
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Normally contracted
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Peptides

18. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

19. In other words...
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

20. Anatomy of the villi
Glucose
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

21. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
The renal corpuscle
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

22. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

23. Kidney physiology...

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24. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

25. E storage per unit mass
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

26. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

27. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

28. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

29. What does peptic refer to in general
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
ER
Digestion

30. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Lower blood pH

31. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

32. small intestine=
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

33. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

34. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

35. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

36. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
The renal corpuscle
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Processes: axons - dendrites
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

37. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Testosterone and estradiol

38. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

39. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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40. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

41. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

42. What is a normal blood glucose range
90-140 mg/dl
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

43. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

44. Bile salts and lipase
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

45. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

46. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

47. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Inner lining of circulatory system
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

48. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

49. lysosome pH
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
5

50. What determines number of chromosomes?
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome