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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

2. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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3. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

4. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

5. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Outermost layer of blood vessel

6. FLAT PG: ACTH
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

7. liver receives blood from...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

8. Bile salts and lipase
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

9. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

10. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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11. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

12. FLAT PG: FSH
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Testosterone and estradiol

13. In general - parietal=
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

14. mucus cells line the stomach...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

15. Stomach has no lacteals
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

16. main point of fat transport...
Zygotes are diploid
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

17. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

18. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

19. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

20. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

21. cytosol pH
About 7.2
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

22. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

23. trypsin is secreted by
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

24. E storage per unit mass
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Lysosome

25. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

26. What else do parietals do?
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Glucose

27. What does peptic refer to in general
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Digestion
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

28. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Smooth ER

29. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

30. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Peptides
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

31. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

32. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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33. parathyroid hormones
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Zygotes are diploid
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

34. zygotic life cycle
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

35. important pancreatic enzymes
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Inner lining of circulatory system
Faces the lumen
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

36. Embryology
Direction of differentiation
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

37. What are phagosomes
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

38. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

39. spermatogonia arise from
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

40. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

41. light detection via GPCRs
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
90-140 mg/dl
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

42. Kidney
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Peripheral nervous sys
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

43. when thinking of proteins - think
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Nitrogen
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

44. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Smooth ER
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Processes: axons - dendrites

45. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Beta cells
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

46. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

47. What do lipases do
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Testosterone and estradiol

48. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

49. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Fallopian tubes

50. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Lysosome
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume