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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

2. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

3. Anatomy of the villi
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

4. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
About 7.2

5. Induction affects...
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Peptides
Direction of differentiation
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

6. Four tissues
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Estradiol

7. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

8. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Lysosome
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

9. important pancreatic enzymes
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Night vision
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

10. liver receives blood from...
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

11. Chewing does what?
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Ganglion
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
The renal corpuscle

12. What is the mesentery?
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Normally contracted
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

13. What is the endothelium?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Inner lining of circulatory system

14. What is an endorphin?
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Normally contracted
An endogenous morphine
Testosterone and estradiol

15. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

16. The apical side of the villi...
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Faces the lumen
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

17. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Peripheral nervous sys
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

18. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

19. Where are these exocrine glands located
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

20. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

21. parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Peptides

22. energy source of neurons
An endogenous morphine
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

23. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Night vision
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

24. golgi body
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

25. quote on cavities/viscera

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26. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

27. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Inner lining of circulatory system
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

28. What is a plasmalogen?
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

29. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

30. In IBS - What is defective

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31. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

32. Morula (...totipotent)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

33. light detection via GPCRs
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

34. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

35. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Peripheral nervous sys
Smooth ER
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

36. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

37. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

38. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

39. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Digestion

40. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

41. at lo blood sugar...
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

42. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Ganglion

43. main point of fat transport...
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Nitrogen
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

44. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
90-140 mg/dl
Inner lining of circulatory system

45. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

46. Difference between euk and prok flagella
ER
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

47. lysosome pH
Testosterone upon stim by LH
5
Nitrogen
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

48. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Direction of differentiation
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

49. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

50. sensory (afferent) neurons
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms