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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What do villli do
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

2. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Organs
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

3. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

4. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

5. Embryology
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

6. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Digestion
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

7. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Beta cells
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

8. The EYE
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

9. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

10. The path from blood plasma to urine

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11. trypsin is secreted by
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

12. Induction affects...
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Direction of differentiation
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Normally contracted

13. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

14. Morula (...totipotent)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

15. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Faces the lumen
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

16. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Inner lining of blood vessels

17. oxytocin
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

18. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

19. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

20. fat digestion is time - intensive
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

21. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

22. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

23. lysosome pH
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
5
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

24. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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25. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

26. PNS nerve signal
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

27. calcitonin

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28. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

29. What is gastric acid?
Digestion
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

30. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

31. Local vs long - distance mediators
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

32. What are the major carbohydrates
Glucose
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Faces the lumen

33. Where are these exocrine glands located
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Inner lining of circulatory system
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

34. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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35. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

36. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

37. small intestine=
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
ER
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

38. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Smooth ER
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Direction of differentiation

39. How does water cross the apical membrane
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Meiosis creates germ cells
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

40. Think of spinal cord injury
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

41. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Meiosis creates germ cells

42. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

43. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Peptides
Glucose
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

44. exocrine types
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

45. lysosome main function and derivation
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

46. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

47. FLAT PG: FSH
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

48. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

49. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

50. Chewing does what?
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
ER