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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

2. What do villli do
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

3. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

4. Posterior eye
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

5. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Inner lining of blood vessels
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

6. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

7. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

8. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

9. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

10. What is endothelium?
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Inner lining of blood vessels
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

11. Different tissues working together
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Organs

12. After meiosis II...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

13. Determination is different than differentiation
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

14. exocrine types
About 7.2
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

15. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Lysosome
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

16. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

17. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

18. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Peripheral nervous sys
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

19. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

20. parathyroid hormones
About 7.2
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

21. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Inner lining of blood vessels
Nitrogen
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
The renal corpuscle

22. Morula (...totipotent)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

23. euk cell has two principal sides
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

24. Where are these exocrine glands located
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

25. FLAT PG: prolactin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
An endogenous morphine
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

26. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Increases blood Calcium
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

27. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

28. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

29. After meiosis II - Female

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30. position of AP...
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Below hypothalamus
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

31. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

32. oxytocin
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

33. sporic life cycle
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Lysosome
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

34. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Ganglion
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

35. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

36. parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

37. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

38. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

39. micelles also pick up
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

40. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

41. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

42. main point of fat transport...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

43. What is the mesentery?
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Direction of differentiation

44. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Organs
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

45. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

46. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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47. In IBS - What is defective

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48. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

49. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
An endogenous morphine
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Ganglion

50. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Fallopian tubes