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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Lower blood pH
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Night vision

2. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

3. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

4. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

5. fructose enters enterocyte by
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Nitrogen
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

6. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

7. spermatogonia arise from
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

8. from the loop of henle...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Digestion

9. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

10. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Nitrogen
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

11. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

12. what happens to bile secretions
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

13. What does peroxisome do
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

14. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

15. What is gastric acid?
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

16. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

17. What does portal vein do
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
5
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

18. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

19. quote on cavities/viscera

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20. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

21. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

22. inhibin secreted by
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

23. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

24. Four tissues
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

25. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Lower blood pH

26. light detection via GPCRs
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

27. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

28. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
The renal corpuscle
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

29. STOMACH: no absorption
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
ER
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

30. Creating gradients requires what?
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

31. Bile salts and lipase
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

32. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

33. liver and blood glucose...
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

34. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

35. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Smooth ER
The renal corpuscle
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

36. FLAT PG: FSH
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

37. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

38. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Processes: axons - dendrites
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Chylomicrons are much bigger

39. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Smooth ER
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

40. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

41. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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42. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

43. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

44. Where are these exocrine glands located
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

45. Path of urine

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46. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

47. What are phagosomes
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Estradiol
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

48. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

49. zygotic life cycle
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

50. In IBS - What is defective

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