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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

2. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
An endogenous morphine

3. Anterior eye
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

4. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
About 7.2
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

5. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
5

6. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Direction of differentiation
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

7. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

8. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

9. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

10. oxytocin
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

11. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

12. Anatomy of the villi
Direction of differentiation
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

13. E storage per unit mass
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

14. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

15. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

16. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

17. STOMACH: no absorption
ER
Inner lining of blood vessels
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

18. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

19. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

20. components of interstitial fluid
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

21. peroxisome is derived from this
ER
The renal corpuscle
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

22. FLAT PG: FSH
Organs
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

23. What hormones affect the stomach?
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

24. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Night vision
Estradiol

25. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
ER
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

26. Blastocyst
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

27. Kidney physiology...

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28. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

29. Alpha - amylase found where
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

30. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

31. Embryology
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

32. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Faces the lumen
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

33. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

34. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

35. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Fallopian tubes
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

36. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

37. What else do parietals do?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

38. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

39. In IBS - What is defective

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40. interneurons
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

41. quote on cavities/viscera

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42. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

43. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

44. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

45. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Peptides
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

46. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

47. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
ER
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

48. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

49. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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50. mucus cells line the stomach...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter