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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Anatomy of the villi
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

2. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

3. What is the endothelium?
Smooth ER
Inner lining of circulatory system
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

4. How do nutrients move?
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

5. Meiosis I Telophase I
Lower blood pH
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

6. After meiosis II - Female

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7. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

8. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Glucose
Zygotes are diploid
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

9. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
About 7.2
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Digestion

10. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

11. Different tissues working together
Organs
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

12. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

13. Kidney
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

14. What else do parietals do?
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

15. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Beta cells
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

16. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

17. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

18. interneurons
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

19. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

20. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

21. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

22. What does lipase attack exactly
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

23. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Smooth ER
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

24. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

25. The esophageal sphincter is...
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Normally contracted

26. calcitonin

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27. Stomach has no lacteals
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Eukaryotes

28. exocrine types
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

29. What is feces composed of...
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

30. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
The renal corpuscle

31. glucagon secreted by
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

32. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

33. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

34. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

35. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Peptides
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

36. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

37. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

38. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Beta cells
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

39. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Night vision

40. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Lower blood pH
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

41. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Glucose
An endogenous morphine
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

42. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Organs
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Lysosome

43. gametes are haploid
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Zygotes are diploid
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

44. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
90-140 mg/dl

45. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

46. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

47. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Increases blood Calcium
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

48. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

49. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Glucose
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

50. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel