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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

2. exocrine types
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Fallopian tubes

3. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Smooth ER

4. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

5. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Fallopian tubes
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

6. Path of urine

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7. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

8. What are phagosomes
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
90-140 mg/dl
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

9. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

10. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

11. micelles vs liposomes
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Meiosis creates germ cells
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

12. What is feces composed of...
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Peptides
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

13. Liver Functions
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

14. smooth ER main function
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

15. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

16. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

17. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Increases blood Calcium

18. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Testosterone and estradiol
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

19. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

20. portal vein physiology...

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21. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

22. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
The renal corpuscle

23. During ejaculation - sperm...

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24. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

25. What does peptic refer to in general
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Digestion
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

26. Blastocyst
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

27. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

28. Anatomy of the villi
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

29. Local vs long - distance mediators
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

30. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

31. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

32. from the loop of henle...
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

33. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Lysosome
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

34. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

35. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

36. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

37. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Outermost layer of blood vessel

38. components of interstitial fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

39. What if large intestine isn't working well
Estradiol
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

40. Kidney physiology...

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41. overview of prot digestion
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

42. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

43. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Night vision

44. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

45. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Chylomicrons are much bigger

46. What else do parietals do?
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

47. What is somatostatin
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

48. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

49. In general - parietal=
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

50. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)