Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Normally contracted
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

2. What do lipases do
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

3. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

4. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

5. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

6. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Processes: axons - dendrites
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Ganglion

7. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Peripheral nervous sys
Increases blood Calcium
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

8. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

9. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Eukaryotes
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

10. exocrine types
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
About 7.2
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

11. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

12. What else do parietals do?
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

13. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
The renal corpuscle
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

14. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

15. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Faces the lumen
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

16. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Eukaryotes
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

17. cytosol pH
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
About 7.2
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Fallopian tubes

18. smooth ER main function
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Zygotes are diploid
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

19. The apical side of the villi...
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Faces the lumen
Processes: axons - dendrites

20. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

21. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

22. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

23. How do nutrients move?
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

24. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

25. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

26. lysosome main function and derivation
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Estradiol
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

27. when thinking of proteins - think
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Nitrogen

28. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

29. bile + fat forms
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

30. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

31. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

32. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

33. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

34. axon hillock physiology
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

35. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Increases blood Calcium

36. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Estradiol

37. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Peptides
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

38. sporic life cycle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Smooth ER
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

39. The path from blood plasma to urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

40. What are phagosomes
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

41. signal transduction occurs only in
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Eukaryotes

42. Liver Functions
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

43. euk cell has two principal sides
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

44. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

45. lysosome pH
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
5

46. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
An endogenous morphine
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

47. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Beta cells
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

48. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

49. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

50. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right