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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are phagosomes
Night vision
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

2. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
The renal corpuscle
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

3. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Estradiol
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

4. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

5. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

6. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

7. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

8. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

9. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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10. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
About 7.2
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

11. micelles vs liposomes
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Estradiol

12. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

13. In other words...
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

14. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

15. What do lipases do
Meiosis creates germ cells
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

16. portal vein physiology...

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17. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

18. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Digestion
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

19. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Inner lining of circulatory system
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

20. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

21. Leydig cells produce
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Testosterone upon stim by LH

22. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

23. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

24. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

25. amylase acts where on carbs
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

26. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

27. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

28. What is the adventitia?
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

29. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

30. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

31. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

32. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

33. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Glucose
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

34. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

35. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

36. Four tissues
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

37. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

38. glucagon secreted by
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Meiosis creates germ cells
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Below hypothalamus

39. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

40. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

41. After meiosis II - Male

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42. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Inner lining of circulatory system
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

43. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

44. What is a plasmalogen?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Beta cells
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Processes: axons - dendrites

45. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Processes: axons - dendrites
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

46. What does lipase attack exactly
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

47. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

48. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

49. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

50. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium