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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
Testosterone and estradiol
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

2. inhibin secreted by
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

3. lysosome pH
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Nitrogen
5
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

4. What determines number of chromosomes?
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

5. Where is bile produced
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

6. Where else does ADH act
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

7. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

8. What hormones affect the stomach?
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

9. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

10. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Fallopian tubes
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

11. glucagon secreted by
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Normally contracted
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

12. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

13. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

14. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

15. Where does fertilization occur
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Fallopian tubes
Peptides
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

16. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Lysosome
Lower blood pH
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

17. important pancreatic enzymes
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

18. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

19. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Lysosome
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

20. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

21. What is a normal blood glucose range
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
90-140 mg/dl
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

22. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

23. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

24. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

25. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Lysosome

26. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

27. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

28. small intestine=
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

29. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

30. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
An endogenous morphine
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

31. PNS is broken down into
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

32. gametic life cycle
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

33. Tight junctions
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Fallopian tubes
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

34. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Testosterone upon stim by LH
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

35. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Processes: axons - dendrites
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

36. ADH
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Faces the lumen
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

37. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Estradiol
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

38. Peritoneal refers to...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

39. Creating gradients requires what?
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

40. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Meiosis creates germ cells
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

41. After meiosis II - Female

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42. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

43. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

44. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

45. from the loop of henle...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

46. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

47. What is a plasmalogen?
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

48. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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49. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

50. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Estradiol
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA