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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Zygotes are diploid
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

2. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

3. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
ER

4. Meiosis I Telophase I
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
ER
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

5. amylase acts where on carbs
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

6. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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7. At post - two weeks ovulation
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Normally contracted
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

8. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
About 7.2
Increases blood Calcium
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

9. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

10. gametes are haploid
Zygotes are diploid
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

11. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
The renal corpuscle
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

12. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Night vision
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

13. medium for paracrine hormones
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

14. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

15. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

16. Creating gradients requires what?
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

17. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

18. The apical side of the villi...
Fallopian tubes
Faces the lumen
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

19. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Organs

20. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Testosterone and estradiol
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

21. liver receives blood from...
Zygotes are diploid
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

22. from the loop of henle...
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Lysosome
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

23. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

24. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Lower blood pH

25. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

26. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

27. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

28. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

29. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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30. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

31. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Normally contracted
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Peripheral nervous sys
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

32. In general - parietal=
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

33. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

34. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

35. protein absorption at enterocyte
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Fallopian tubes
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

36. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

37. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

38. What is somatostatin
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

39. FLAT PG: prolactin
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

40. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
90-140 mg/dl
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

41. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
ER
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

42. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

43. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

44. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

45. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Organs
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

46. Path of food entering body...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

47. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

48. micelles vs liposomes
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

49. Bile salts and lipase
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

50. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide