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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Outermost layer of blood vessel

2. Liver Functions
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

3. Meiosis I Telophase I
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Peptides

4. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

5. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

6. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Estradiol

7. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

8. lysosome pH
5
90-140 mg/dl
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

9. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

10. How does birth control work?
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

11. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Peptides
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

12. At post - two weeks ovulation
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

13. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

14. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

15. What determines number of chromosomes?
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

16. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

17. spermatogonia arise from
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

18. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

19. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

20. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

21. Peritoneal refers to...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

22. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

23. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

24. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
About 7.2

25. euk cell has two principal sides
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Lysosome
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

26. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Testosterone and estradiol
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

27. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

28. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

29. Stomach has no lacteals
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

30. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

31. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

32. Think of spinal cord injury
Zygotes are diploid
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

33. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

34. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Peripheral nervous sys

35. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

36. portal vein physiology...

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37. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

38. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

39. golgi body
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

40. liver receives blood from...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

41. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

42. FLAT PG: LH
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Night vision
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

43. Morula (...totipotent)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

44. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

45. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

46. Local vs long - distance mediators
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

47. smooth ER main function
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

48. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

49. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

50. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Testosterone and estradiol