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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
ER
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Meiosis creates germ cells

2. FLAT PG: prolactin
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

3. PNS nerve signal
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Estradiol
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

4. Anterior eye
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

5. small intestine=
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

6. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Zygotes are diploid

7. ADH
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

8. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

9. glucagon secreted by
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

10. The esophageal sphincter is...
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Normally contracted
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

11. What do lipases do
Estradiol
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

12. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Night vision

13. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Testosterone upon stim by LH
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

14. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

15. micelles vs liposomes
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

16. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Direction of differentiation
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

17. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

18. lysosome main function and derivation
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

19. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Glucose
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

20. zygotic life cycle
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Outermost layer of blood vessel
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

21. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

22. Think of spinal cord injury
ER
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

23. Posterior eye
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

24. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

25. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
An endogenous morphine
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

26. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Increases blood Calcium
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

27. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

28. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
The renal corpuscle
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

29. parathyroid hormones
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

30. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

31. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Night vision
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Testosterone and estradiol

32. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

33. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

34. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

35. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

36. Embryology
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

37. Liver Functions
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

38. Kidney physiology...

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39. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

40. what happens to bile secretions
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

41. In other words...
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

42. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

43. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
90-140 mg/dl
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

44. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Testosterone and estradiol
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

45. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
An endogenous morphine
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

46. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

47. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Meiosis creates germ cells
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

48. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

49. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

50. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Increases blood Calcium
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium