MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: prolactin
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Night vision


2. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)


3. components of interstitial fluid
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
ER
Ganglion


4. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands


5. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded


6. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep


7. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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8. exocrine types
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal


9. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
vitreous humor - retina - fovea


10. After meiosis II - Female

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11. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc


12. The esophageal sphincter is...
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Normally contracted
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)


13. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**


14. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Ganglion
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure


15. Determination is different than differentiation
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**


16. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Faces the lumen
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume


17. euk cell has two principal sides
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin


18. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid


19. interneurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons


20. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border


21. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Chylomicrons are much bigger


22. signal transduction occurs only in
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Peptides
Eukaryotes


23. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining


24. Path of urine

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25. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Outermost layer of blood vessel


26. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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27. inhibin secreted by
Increases blood Calcium
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border


28. smooth ER main function
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges


29. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan


30. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)


31. energy source of neurons
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste


32. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system


33. Stomach has no lacteals
Smooth ER
Processes: axons - dendrites
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases


34. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Below hypothalamus
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients


35. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Lower blood pH


36. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity


37. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids


38. What is a normal blood glucose range
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
90-140 mg/dl
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae


39. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)


40. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles


41. Morula (...totipotent)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera


42. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH


43. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability


44. cytosol pH
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
About 7.2


45. What is the adventitia?
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Outermost layer of blood vessel


46. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Outermost layer of blood vessel
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies


47. quote on cavities/viscera

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48. What if large intestine isn't working well
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals


49. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine


50. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
About 7.2