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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Creating gradients requires what?
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

2. protein absorption at enterocyte
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

3. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

4. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Ganglion
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

5. Blastocyst
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

6. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

7. oxytocin
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

8. when thinking of proteins - think
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Nitrogen
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

9. In general - parietal=
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

10. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Increases blood Calcium
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Faces the lumen
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

11. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Glucose
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

12. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

13. What determines number of chromosomes?
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

14. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

15. What is endothelium?
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Inner lining of blood vessels

16. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
ER
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

17. sensory (afferent) neurons
Estradiol
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

18. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

19. position of AP...
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Below hypothalamus

20. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Meiosis creates germ cells
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

21. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Ganglion
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

22. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

23. In IBS - What is defective

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24. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Increases blood Calcium

25. components of interstitial fluid
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

26. fat digestion is time - intensive
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

27. smooth ER main function
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

28. axon hillock physiology
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

29. What does peptic refer to in general
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Digestion
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

30. portal vein physiology...

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31. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

32. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

33. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

34. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Inner lining of circulatory system
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

35. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
The renal corpuscle
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Increases blood Calcium

36. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

37. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

38. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

39. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Direction of differentiation
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

40. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Zygotes are diploid
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

41. only monosaccharides are absorbed
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

42. signal transduction occurs only in
Eukaryotes
Glucose
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Zygotes are diploid

43. sporic life cycle
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

44. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Processes: axons - dendrites
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Glucose
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

45. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Processes: axons - dendrites
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

46. What else do parietals do?
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Nitrogen
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

47. Four tissues
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

48. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

49. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

50. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Estradiol
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Below hypothalamus