Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

2. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

3. FLAT PG: LH
Ganglion
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Processes: axons - dendrites

4. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

5. liver and blood glucose...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

6. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

7. gametic life cycle
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

8. what happens to bile secretions
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

9. What does peptic refer to in general
Fallopian tubes
Digestion
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

10. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

11. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Glucose
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

12. Tight junctions
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

13. What is somatostatin
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Increases blood Calcium
Below hypothalamus
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

14. parathyroid hormone
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Increases blood Calcium
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

15. fat digestion is time - intensive
Lower blood pH
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

16. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Inner lining of circulatory system
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

17. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

18. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

19. exocrine types
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

20. small intestine=
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

21. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

22. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

23. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

24. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

25. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

26. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Peptides
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

27. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

28. Induction affects...
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Direction of differentiation
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

29. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Fallopian tubes
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

30. After meiosis II - Male

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

31. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Testosterone and estradiol
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

32. main point of fat transport...
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

33. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

34. peroxisome is derived from this
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
ER
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

35. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

36. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

37. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
5
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

38. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

39. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Ganglion
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Eukaryotes

40. Four tissues
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

41. bile + fat forms
An endogenous morphine
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

42. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

43. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Peripheral nervous sys

44. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

45. Morula (...totipotent)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

46. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

47. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

48. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

49. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral nervous sys

50. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Processes: axons - dendrites
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine