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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

2. Where is bile produced
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

3. PNS is broken down into
Organs
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

4. important pancreatic enzymes
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

5. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
90-140 mg/dl
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

6. exocrine types
Night vision
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

7. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

8. bile + fat forms
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

9. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Testosterone and estradiol
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

10. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

11. What are phagosomes
Organs
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

12. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Fallopian tubes
Testosterone and estradiol

13. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

14. What do villli do
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Digestion
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

15. The esophageal sphincter is...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Normally contracted
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

16. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Processes: axons - dendrites

17. Peritoneal refers to...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Direction of differentiation
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

18. PNS nerve signal
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

19. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
An endogenous morphine
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

20. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

21. calcitonin

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22. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

23. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Ganglion
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

24. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Ganglion
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

25. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

26. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

27. Morula (...totipotent)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

28. micelles vs liposomes
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

29. What is a normal blood glucose range
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
90-140 mg/dl
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

30. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

31. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

32. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

33. portal vein physiology...

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34. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

35. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Chylomicrons are much bigger
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

36. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Below hypothalamus
Glucose
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

37. FLAT PG: ACTH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Nitrogen
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

38. signal transduction occurs only in
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Eukaryotes
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

39. What is the mesentery?
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Organs

40. What is feces composed of...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

41. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

42. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

43. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Faces the lumen
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

44. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

45. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Testosterone and estradiol
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

46. Where are these exocrine glands located
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
90-140 mg/dl
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

47. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

48. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

49. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Eukaryotes

50. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum