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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Night vision
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

2. micelles also pick up
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

3. The EYE
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

4. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Lysosome
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

5. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

6. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Estradiol
Inner lining of blood vessels
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

7. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

8. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

9. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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10. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Smooth ER
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

11. zygotic life cycle
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

12. pancreas secretes enzymes via
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

13. liver and blood glucose...
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

14. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

15. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Digestion
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Peripheral nervous sys

16. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

17. exocrine types
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Outermost layer of blood vessel

18. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

19. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

20. Path of urine

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21. inhibin secreted by
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

22. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

23. oxytocin
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

24. amylase acts where on carbs
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

25. What does peroxisome do
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

26. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

27. components of interstitial fluid
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Nitrogen

28. gametes are haploid
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Zygotes are diploid
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

29. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Smooth ER
Below hypothalamus
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

30. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

31. Stomach has no lacteals
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Processes: axons - dendrites
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

32. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

33. What is feces composed of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Direction of differentiation
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

34. Local vs long - distance mediators
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Digestion
Inner lining of blood vessels
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

35. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Smooth ER
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

36. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Night vision
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

37. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Beta cells
Smooth ER
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

38. After meiosis II...
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
90-140 mg/dl
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

39. After meiosis II - Female

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40. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Nitrogen
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

41. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

42. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Organs
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

43. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

44. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
The renal corpuscle
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

45. Where are these exocrine glands located
Increases blood Calcium
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

46. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

47. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

48. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Ganglion
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

49. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

50. Posterior eye
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)