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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: prolactin
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

2. Where are these exocrine glands located
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

3. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Peptides

4. FLAT PG: ACTH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Lower blood pH
Inner lining of circulatory system

5. Think of spinal cord injury
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

6. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

7. Anatomy of the villi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

8. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
An endogenous morphine
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

9. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
An endogenous morphine
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

10. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

11. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Ganglion
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

12. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Estradiol
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

13. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
Below hypothalamus
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

14. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

15. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

16. What do lipases do
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Eukaryotes
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

17. What is endothelium?
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Inner lining of blood vessels
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

18. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Below hypothalamus
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

19. overview of prot digestion
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
ER
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

20. Liver Functions
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

21. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

22. After meiosis II - Male

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23. bile + fat forms
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

24. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
ER
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

25. golgi body
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

26. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

27. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Night vision
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
An endogenous morphine

28. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Beta cells
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

29. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Increases blood Calcium
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Smooth ER

30. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

31. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

32. During ejaculation - sperm...

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33. Morula (...totipotent)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

34. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

35. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

36. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Processes: axons - dendrites
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

37. protein absorption at enterocyte
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

38. signal transduction occurs only in
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Eukaryotes

39. Stomach has no lacteals
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

40. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

41. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Lysosome
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

42. Induction affects...
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Direction of differentiation
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

43. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

44. Embryology
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

45. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

46. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Inner lining of circulatory system
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

47. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

48. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

49. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Inner lining of circulatory system
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

50. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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