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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What else do parietals do?
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

2. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Below hypothalamus
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

3. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Chylomicrons are much bigger
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

4. Path of urine

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5. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

6. Gland: ovaries
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

7. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

8. quote on cavities/viscera

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9. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

10. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

11. Meiosis I Telophase I
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

12. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

13. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Normally contracted
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

14. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

15. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

16. Different organs working together
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Faces the lumen
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

17. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

18. Blastocyst
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

19. What does lipase attack exactly
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

20. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

21. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

22. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Inner lining of blood vessels
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Peripheral nervous sys
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

23. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

24. In other words...
Processes: axons - dendrites
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Lysosome
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

25. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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26. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Lower blood pH
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Beta cells
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

27. Morula (...totipotent)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

28. axon hillock physiology
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

29. What is a plasmalogen?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

30. How does birth control work?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

31. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

32. overview of prot digestion
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

33. Bile salts and lipase
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

34. sensory (afferent) neurons
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

35. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

36. amylase acts where on carbs
Digestion
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
90-140 mg/dl
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

37. exocrine types
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

38. At post - two weeks ovulation
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

39. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
The renal corpuscle
Below hypothalamus
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

40. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

41. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Testosterone and estradiol
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

42. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

43. energy source of neurons
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

44. FLAT PG: FSH
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

45. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Estradiol
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

46. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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47. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

48. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

49. micelles also pick up
Below hypothalamus
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

50. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron