Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Glucose
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

2. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

3. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

4. medium for paracrine hormones
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

5. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

6. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Meiosis creates germ cells
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
The renal corpuscle

7. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Lysosome
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

8. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

9. Gland: ovaries
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

10. Anatomy of the villi
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

11. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
90-140 mg/dl
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

12. what happens to bile secretions
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

13. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

14. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

15. lysosome pH
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
5

16. smooth ER main function
Digestion
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

17. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

18. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

19. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

20. sensory (afferent) neurons
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

21. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

22. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

23. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

24. After meiosis II - Male

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

25. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

26. Leydig cells produce
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Testosterone upon stim by LH
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

27. What does peroxisome do
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Zygotes are diploid

28. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

29. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

30. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Ganglion

31. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Faces the lumen
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

32. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Zygotes are diploid
Peptides

33. portal vein physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

34. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

35. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

36. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

37. Embryology
Faces the lumen
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

38. components of interstitial fluid
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

39. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

40. What determines number of chromosomes?
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

41. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Lysosome
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

42. parathyroid hormones
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

43. when thinking of proteins - think
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Nitrogen
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

44. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

45. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Testosterone and estradiol
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

46. What is an endorphin?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
An endogenous morphine
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

47. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Processes: axons - dendrites

48. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

49. mucus cells line the stomach...
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

50. How does water cross the apical membrane
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste