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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Direction of differentiation
Glucose

2. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Testosterone and estradiol
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

3. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Processes: axons - dendrites
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

4. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Normally contracted
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

5. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

6. STOMACH: no absorption
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

7. light detection via GPCRs
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

8. What are the major carbohydrates
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

9. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Smooth ER
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Digestion

10. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

11. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

12. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

13. mitosis creates somatic cells
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Meiosis creates germ cells

14. E storage per unit mass
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Processes: axons - dendrites
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

15. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
The renal corpuscle
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

16. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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17. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Lower blood pH
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Night vision

18. What is a plasmalogen?
Fallopian tubes
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Peptides
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

19. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

20. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

21. After meiosis II - Female

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22. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Normally contracted
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

23. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

24. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

25. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

26. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

27. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Nitrogen

28. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

29. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

30. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

31. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

32. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

33. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Lower blood pH
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

34. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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35. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

36. From that point...
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Processes: axons - dendrites
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

37. FLAT PG: prolactin
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

38. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

39. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Lower blood pH

40. sensory (afferent) neurons
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Organs

41. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

42. amylase acts where on carbs
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

43. euk cell has two principal sides
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

44. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Lower blood pH

45. liver and blood glucose...
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

46. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

47. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

48. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

49. FLAT PG: ACTH
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Digestion

50. mucus cells line the stomach...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t