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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Chylomicrons are much bigger

2. What are phagosomes
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

3. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

4. main point of fat transport...
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

5. What hormones affect the stomach?
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Lysosome
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

6. fat digestion is time - intensive
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

7. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

8. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

9. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

10. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

11. glucagon secreted by
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

12. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Direction of differentiation
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

13. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

14. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

15. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

16. lysosome pH
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
5
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

17. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Peripheral nervous sys
Direction of differentiation

18. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

19. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

20. FLAT PG: LH
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

21. PNS is broken down into
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Eukaryotes
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

22. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

23. quote on cavities/viscera

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24. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

25. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

26. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

27. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Lower blood pH
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

28. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Meiosis creates germ cells
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

29. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

30. trypsin is secreted by
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

31. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

32. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
5

33. From that point...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

34. Path of food entering body...
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Inner lining of circulatory system

35. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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36. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Glucose
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

37. Meiosis I Telophase I
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Chylomicrons are much bigger
5

38. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

39. lysosome main function and derivation
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

40. portal vein physiology...

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41. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

42. zygotic life cycle
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Peripheral nervous sys

43. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

44. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

45. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

46. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

47. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Peptides
Ganglion
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

48. Liver Functions
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

49. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

50. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt