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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Embryology
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

2. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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3. lysosome pH
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
5

4. Embryology
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

5. Bile salts and lipase
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

6. Where does fertilization occur
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Fallopian tubes
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

7. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Below hypothalamus
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

8. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

9. Different tissues working together
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Organs

10. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

11. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Nitrogen
Organs

12. FLAT PG: FSH
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Glucose
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

13. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

14. PNS nerve signal
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

15. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

16. What is an endorphin?
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
An endogenous morphine
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Beta cells

17. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

18. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

19. euk cell has two principal sides
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

20. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Testosterone and estradiol

21. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

22. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
90-140 mg/dl
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

23. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

24. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

25. What does portal vein do
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

26. micelles also pick up
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

27. position of AP...
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Lysosome
Below hypothalamus

28. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

29. lining of abdominal cavity=
Night vision
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

30. components of interstitial fluid
Faces the lumen
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Inner lining of blood vessels
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

31. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

32. PNS is broken down into
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Eukaryotes
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

33. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

34. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
An endogenous morphine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

35. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

36. micelles vs liposomes
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

37. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

38. Blastocyst
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

39. What is a plasmalogen?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

40. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

41. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

42. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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43. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Digestion
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

44. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

45. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Glucose

46. what happens to bile secretions
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

47. Anterior eye
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Smooth ER
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

48. zygotic life cycle
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
90-140 mg/dl
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

49. inhibin secreted by
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

50. smooth ER main function
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP