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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. parathyroid hormone
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Smooth ER
Increases blood Calcium

2. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
90-140 mg/dl
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

3. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
90-140 mg/dl
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

4. small intestine=
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

5. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

6. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Organs
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

7. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

8. What is feces composed of...
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

9. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Fallopian tubes
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

10. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Inner lining of circulatory system
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

11. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

12. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Estradiol

13. spermatogonia arise from
Ganglion
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

14. glucagon secreted by
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

15. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Ganglion
Processes: axons - dendrites
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

16. insulin secreted by
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Beta cells
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

17. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Below hypothalamus
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Estradiol
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

18. Posterior eye
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

19. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

20. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
90-140 mg/dl

21. Gland: ovaries
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

22. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Lower blood pH
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

23. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Peptides
Ganglion
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

24. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

25. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

26. What if large intestine isn't working well
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

27. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

28. What determines number of chromosomes?
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Peptides
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

29. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

30. energy source of neurons
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

31. Leydig cells produce
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Testosterone upon stim by LH
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

32. After meiosis II - Female

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33. Blastocyst
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

34. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

35. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

36. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

37. What is the adventitia?
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Outermost layer of blood vessel

38. fat digestion is time - intensive
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

39. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

40. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Processes: axons - dendrites
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

41. Path of urine

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42. What do lipases do
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

43. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

44. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Estradiol
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

45. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Increases blood Calcium
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

46. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Eukaryotes
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

47. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Estradiol
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

48. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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49. What is a plasmalogen?
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

50. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors