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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the adventitia?
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

2. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

3. In IBS - What is defective

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4. from the loop of henle...
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Lysosome

5. lining of abdominal cavity=
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

6. Morula (...totipotent)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

7. interneurons
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

8. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

9. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

10. After meiosis II - Male

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11. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

12. What is gastric acid?
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

13. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Peripheral nervous sys
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

14. spermatogonia arise from
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Peripheral nervous sys

15. lysosome main function and derivation
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

16. FLAT PG: LH
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

17. Different organs working together
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

18. What do villli do
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

19. Gland: ovaries
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Below hypothalamus
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

20. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

21. Blastocyst
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Digestion
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
90-140 mg/dl

22. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

23. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

24. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

25. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

26. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

27. bile + fat forms
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
About 7.2
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

28. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Below hypothalamus
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

29. What is a normal blood glucose range
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
90-140 mg/dl
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

30. sensory (afferent) neurons
Meiosis creates germ cells
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

31. After meiosis II - Female

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32. main point of fat transport...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

33. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

34. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Increases blood Calcium
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

35. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

36. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Night vision
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

37. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

38. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

39. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

40. From that point...
Testosterone and estradiol
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

41. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

42. What is a plasmalogen?
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

43. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Fallopian tubes

44. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

45. mitosis creates somatic cells
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Meiosis creates germ cells
Nitrogen

46. What determines number of chromosomes?
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

47. FLAT PG: FSH
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

48. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Glucose
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

49. golgi body
Digestion
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

50. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle