MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Some epithelial cells are... others...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation


2. What is a normal blood glucose range
Normally contracted
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
90-140 mg/dl
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen


3. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Organs
Zygotes are diploid
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat


4. Think of spinal cord injury
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion


5. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases


6. What is the adventitia?
Lysosome
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Outermost layer of blood vessel


7. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Smooth ER
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle


8. Anatomy of the villi
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)


9. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr


10. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure


11. exocrine types
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal


12. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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13. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)


14. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation


15. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity


16. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle


17. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Estradiol
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Lysosome


18. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases


19. Where else does ADH act
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine


20. parathyroid hormone
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Increases blood Calcium
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood


21. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Peripheral nervous sys
Chylomicrons are much bigger


22. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Testosterone and estradiol
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans


23. Embryology
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males


24. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol


25. What is somatostatin
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion


26. What determines number of chromosomes?
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen


27. Does bile digest fat?
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Lysosome
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase


28. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Digestion
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)


29. Chewing does what?
Organs
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)


30. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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31. gametic life cycle
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose


32. lysosome main function and derivation
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome


33. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Night vision


34. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Inner lining of blood vessels


35. liver receives blood from...
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava


36. Posterior eye
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Outermost layer of blood vessel


37. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Zygotes are diploid
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion


38. In IBS - What is defective

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39. What does peptic refer to in general
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Digestion
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue


40. What is the function of the loop of Henle
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)


41. What else do parietals do?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest


42. spermatogonia arise from
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)


43. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Chylomicrons are much bigger


44. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Testosterone upon stim by LH
5


45. PNS nerve signal
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides


46. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining


47. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep


48. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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49. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases


50. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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