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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

2. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

3. Kidney physiology...

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4. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

5. E storage per unit mass
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Fallopian tubes
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

6. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Ganglion
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

7. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

8. Peritoneal refers to...
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Estradiol
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

9. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

10. Where is bile produced
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

11. What is a plasmalogen?
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

12. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

13. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Lower blood pH
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

14. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

15. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
About 7.2

16. During ejaculation - sperm...

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17. interneurons
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

18. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

19. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

20. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Peptides

21. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Ganglion
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

22. What is gastric acid?
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

23. parathyroid hormones
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

24. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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25. Difference between euk and prok flagella
90-140 mg/dl
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

26. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Beta cells
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

27. Anterior eye
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

28. what happens to bile secretions
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Lower blood pH
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

29. In other words...
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Meiosis creates germ cells
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

30. Posterior eye
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

31. After meiosis II - Female

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32. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

33. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Glucose
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

34. From that point...
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

35. How do nutrients move?
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

36. oxytocin
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

37. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

38. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Digestion

39. At post - two weeks ovulation
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

40. Different tissues working together
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Organs
ER

41. exocrine types
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
The renal corpuscle

42. gametes are haploid
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Zygotes are diploid
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

43. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Direction of differentiation
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

44. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

45. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

46. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

47. What are phagosomes
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

48. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Night vision
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

49. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Increases blood Calcium
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
About 7.2

50. micelles also pick up
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom