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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
An endogenous morphine
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

2. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

3. Where does fertilization occur
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Fallopian tubes
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

4. FLAT PG: LH
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

5. gametes are haploid
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Zygotes are diploid

6. liver receives blood from...
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

7. Determination is different than differentiation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

8. lysosome main function and derivation
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

9. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

10. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

11. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

12. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

13. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Lower blood pH
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

14. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

15. After meiosis II - Female

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16. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Below hypothalamus
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

17. Creating gradients requires what?
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

18. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

19. Path of food entering body...
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

20. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

21. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

22. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

23. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Fallopian tubes
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

24. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

25. What is the adventitia?
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

26. mitosis creates somatic cells
Peripheral nervous sys
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Meiosis creates germ cells
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

27. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

28. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

29. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

30. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

31. Morula (...totipotent)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

32. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Nitrogen
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

33. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

34. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

35. What hormones affect the stomach?
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Faces the lumen
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

36. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

37. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

38. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
ER
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

39. The apical side of the villi...
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Inner lining of circulatory system
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Faces the lumen

40. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Nitrogen
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Direction of differentiation

41. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Outermost layer of blood vessel
The renal corpuscle
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

42. Alpha - amylase found where
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

43. important pancreatic enzymes
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

44. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

45. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Glucose
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

46. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

47. How do nutrients move?
Digestion
About 7.2
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

48. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

49. remaining secondary follicle becomes
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

50. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel