MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. sporic life cycle
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles


2. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption


3. position of AP...
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Below hypothalamus
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan


4. Does bile digest fat?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase


5. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)


6. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin


7. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
About 7.2
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles


8. Liver Functions
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase


9. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)


10. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Normally contracted
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage


11. What is the mesentery?
90-140 mg/dl
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Beta cells
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue


12. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap


13. Determination is different than differentiation
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate


14. After meiosis II - Male

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


15. Stomach has no lacteals
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons


16. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Night vision
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Lysosome


17. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)


18. What does peptic refer to in general
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Digestion
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera


19. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei


20. After meiosis II - Female

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


21. Some epithelial cells are... others...
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase


22. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor


23. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste


24. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
ER
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border


25. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Night vision


26. Anatomy of the villi
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes


27. main point of fat transport...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol


28. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Inner lining of blood vessels
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis


29. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Faces the lumen


30. Blastocyst
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome


31. What is somatostatin
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine


32. Path of urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


33. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Normally contracted
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Peptides


34. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Eukaryotes
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss


35. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans


36. energy source of neurons
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang


37. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


38. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility


39. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border


40. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Normally contracted
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)


41. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer


42. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation


43. calcitonin

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


44. Where does fertilization occur
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Fallopian tubes


45. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'


46. insulin secreted by
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Beta cells
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)


47. ADH
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen


48. What does portal vein do
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)


49. FLAT PG: FSH
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Digestion
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter


50. small intestine=
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides