Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

2. After meiosis II - Female

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

3. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Fallopian tubes
Estradiol
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

4. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

5. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

6. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Estradiol
Lower blood pH

7. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

8. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Lysosome
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Peptides

9. Kidney physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

10. fat digestion is time - intensive
Smooth ER
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

11. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

12. What is a normal blood glucose range
90-140 mg/dl
Smooth ER
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

13. In other words...
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Faces the lumen

14. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Inner lining of circulatory system
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

15. Morula (...totipotent)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

16. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

17. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

18. important pancreatic enzymes
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

19. mitosis creates somatic cells
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Meiosis creates germ cells
Increases blood Calcium

20. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
The renal corpuscle
Lower blood pH
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

21. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

22. Blastocyst
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

23. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

24. Where is bile produced
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

25. PNS is broken down into
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

26. During ejaculation - sperm...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

27. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Lysosome
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

28. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Processes: axons - dendrites

29. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

30. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

31. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Ganglion
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

32. liver receives blood from...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

33. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

34. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

35. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Nitrogen

36. parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Glucose
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

37. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Processes: axons - dendrites
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

38. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Normally contracted

39. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

40. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

41. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

42. What is somatostatin
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

43. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

44. small intestine=
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

45. Posterior eye
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

46. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

47. Creating gradients requires what?
Lysosome
Glucose
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
An endogenous morphine

48. main point of fat transport...
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

49. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Lysosome
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

50. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Meiosis creates germ cells
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity