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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. overview of prot digestion
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

2. oxytocin
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

3. During ejaculation - sperm...

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4. parathyroid hormones
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

5. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

6. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
The renal corpuscle
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
ER

7. Anterior eye
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

8. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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9. Where is bile produced
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Smooth ER

10. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

11. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

12. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

13. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

14. euk cell has two principal sides
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
About 7.2

15. parathyroid hormone
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Digestion
Increases blood Calcium
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

16. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

17. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Nitrogen
Digestion
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

18. Think of spinal cord injury
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

19. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

20. What does portal vein do
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

21. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

22. Embryology
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

23. Induction affects...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Direction of differentiation
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

24. protein absorption at enterocyte
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

25. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

26. PNS is broken down into
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

27. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

28. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Inner lining of blood vessels
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

29. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

30. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

31. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Testosterone upon stim by LH
An endogenous morphine

32. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

33. Determination is different than differentiation
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Normally contracted
Estradiol

34. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Faces the lumen
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

35. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
90-140 mg/dl
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

36. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

37. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

38. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

39. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

40. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

41. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

42. What does lipase attack exactly
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

43. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

44. portal vein physiology...

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45. After meiosis II - Male

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46. only monosaccharides are absorbed
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

47. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

48. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

49. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

50. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient