MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach


2. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi


3. position of AP...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Below hypothalamus
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys


4. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids


5. Stomach has no lacteals
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Fallopian tubes


6. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules


7. inhibin secreted by
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae


8. zygotic life cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Estradiol
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera


9. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
90-140 mg/dl
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Estradiol


10. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Processes: axons - dendrites
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)


11. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane


12. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Inner lining of blood vessels


13. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Fovea (highest amount of cones)


14. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP


15. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer


16. golgi body
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Inner lining of blood vessels
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)


17. sporic life cycle
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch


18. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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19. glucagon secreted by
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger


20. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Digestion
An endogenous morphine
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme


21. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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22. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose


23. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)


24. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop


25. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system


26. calcitonin

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27. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)


28. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Peptides
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood


29. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis


30. interneurons
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH


31. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Glucose
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate


32. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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33. when thinking of proteins - think
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Nitrogen
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc


34. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun


35. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule


36. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining


37. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis


38. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation


39. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)


40. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid


41. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle


42. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens


43. What is an endorphin?
An endogenous morphine
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase


44. medium for paracrine hormones
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Nitrogen


45. After meiosis II - Female

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46. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum


47. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Testosterone and estradiol
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)


48. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Beta cells


49. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Testosterone and estradiol
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
vitreous humor - retina - fovea


50. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
About 7.2
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Processes: axons - dendrites
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel