Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
About 7.2
Night vision

2. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

3. from the loop of henle...
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

4. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

5. During ejaculation - sperm...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

6. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

7. peroxisome is derived from this
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
ER
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

8. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
ER

9. what happens to bile secretions
Estradiol
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Meiosis creates germ cells

10. zygotic life cycle
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Glucose
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

11. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

12. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

13. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

14. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Processes: axons - dendrites

15. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

16. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

17. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Faces the lumen

18. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

19. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

20. Tight junctions
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

21. Kidney physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

22. Peritoneal refers to...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Faces the lumen
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

23. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Processes: axons - dendrites
Organs

24. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

25. important pancreatic enzymes
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

26. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

27. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
About 7.2
Peripheral nervous sys

28. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

29. Path of urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

30. What does portal vein do
Meiosis creates germ cells
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

31. interneurons
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

32. What is feces composed of...
Peripheral nervous sys
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

33. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

34. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Testosterone and estradiol
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

35. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

36. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

37. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

38. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

39. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

40. mucus cells line the stomach...
Zygotes are diploid
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Peptides
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

41. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

42. sensory (afferent) neurons
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

43. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

44. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

45. Where does fertilization occur
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Fallopian tubes
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

46. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
The renal corpuscle
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

47. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

48. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Direction of differentiation
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Nitrogen

49. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

50. protein absorption at enterocyte
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap