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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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2. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

3. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

4. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

5. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Increases blood Calcium
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

6. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Outermost layer of blood vessel

7. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

8. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

9. what happens to bile secretions
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Processes: axons - dendrites
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

10. What hormones affect the stomach?
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

11. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

12. E storage per unit mass
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Lower blood pH

13. energy source of neurons
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

14. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Increases blood Calcium

15. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

16. lysosome pH
Normally contracted
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
5
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

17. sensory (afferent) neurons
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

18. gametic life cycle
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

19. lining of abdominal cavity=
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

20. main point of fat transport...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

21. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Fallopian tubes
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

22. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

23. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Faces the lumen
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
About 7.2

24. The path from blood plasma to urine

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25. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

26. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

27. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Outermost layer of blood vessel

28. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Fallopian tubes

29. components of interstitial fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

30. calcitonin

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31. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

32. During ejaculation - sperm...

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33. What does peroxisome do
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

34. What is feces composed of...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Glucose

35. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

36. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Inner lining of blood vessels
An endogenous morphine
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

37. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Zygotes are diploid
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

38. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Inner lining of circulatory system
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

39. from the loop of henle...
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

40. How does birth control work?
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

41. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

42. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

43. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

44. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

45. medium for paracrine hormones
Lysosome
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

46. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Lysosome
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

47. What else do parietals do?
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

48. Chewing does what?
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

49. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

50. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity