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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. After meiosis II - Female

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2. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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3. signal transduction occurs only in
Eukaryotes
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

4. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

5. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

6. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

7. Bile salts and lipase
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

8. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

9. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

10. zygotic life cycle
Nitrogen
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

11. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

12. After meiosis II...
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

13. What is the mesentery?
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

14. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Outermost layer of blood vessel

15. when thinking of proteins - think
Night vision
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Nitrogen
Faces the lumen

16. Anterior eye
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

17. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

18. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

19. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

20. quote on cavities/viscera

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21. Alpha - amylase found where
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

22. What is somatostatin
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Night vision

23. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Outermost layer of blood vessel

24. bile + fat forms
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

25. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Processes: axons - dendrites
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

26. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

27. What does peroxisome do
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

28. What are the major carbohydrates
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

29. Different organs working together
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

30. euk cell has two principal sides
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

31. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
90-140 mg/dl

32. trypsin is secreted by
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

33. Embryology
Lower blood pH
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

34. Induction affects...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Direction of differentiation
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

35. calcitonin

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36. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

37. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Organs
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

38. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Peripheral nervous sys
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

39. FLAT PG: ACTH
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Smooth ER

40. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

41. In general - parietal=
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

42. parathyroid hormone
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Increases blood Calcium
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

43. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

44. Anatomy of the villi
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

45. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

46. What if large intestine isn't working well
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

47. insulin secreted by
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Beta cells
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Increases blood Calcium

48. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

49. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

50. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state