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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Organs
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

2. FLAT PG: ACTH
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
An endogenous morphine

3. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Ganglion
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
About 7.2

4. What is endothelium?
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Fallopian tubes
Inner lining of blood vessels

5. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

6. fructose enters enterocyte by
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

7. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

8. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

9. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

10. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

11. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

12. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

13. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Smooth ER
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

14. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Testosterone and estradiol

15. fat digestion is time - intensive
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

16. interneurons
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Normally contracted
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

17. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

18. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

19. oxytocin
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

20. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

21. What is a normal blood glucose range
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
90-140 mg/dl
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

22. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

23. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Chylomicrons are much bigger

24. parathyroid hormones
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Inner lining of blood vessels

25. Where are these exocrine glands located
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

26. light detection via GPCRs
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Peripheral nervous sys
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
5

27. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

28. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

29. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

30. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

31. At post - two weeks ovulation
Direction of differentiation
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

32. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

33. During ejaculation - sperm...

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34. overview of prot digestion
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Eukaryotes

35. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

36. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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37. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

38. Liver Functions
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

39. Luteal surge
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

40. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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41. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

42. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Lower blood pH
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

43. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
90-140 mg/dl
Lower blood pH
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

44. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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45. Kidney
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

46. Meiosis I Telophase I
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

47. glucagon secreted by
Below hypothalamus
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

48. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

49. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Peptides

50. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis