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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In general - parietal=
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

2. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

3. FLAT PG: FSH
Ganglion
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

4. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

5. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

6. Induction affects...
Digestion
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Direction of differentiation
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

7. Stomach has no lacteals
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

8. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

9. Think of spinal cord injury
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

10. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

11. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Nitrogen
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

12. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

13. How do nutrients move?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

14. from the loop of henle...
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

15. bile + fat forms
Inner lining of circulatory system
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

16. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

17. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

18. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Processes: axons - dendrites
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

19. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

20. mucus cells line the stomach...
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Lower blood pH
Organs
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

21. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

22. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

23. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

24. Where are these exocrine glands located
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

25. oxytocin
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

26. Blastocyst
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

27. Anterior eye
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

28. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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29. Tight junctions
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

30. Local vs long - distance mediators
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

31. What does portal vein do
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

32. Where does fertilization occur
Peripheral nervous sys
Zygotes are diploid
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Fallopian tubes

33. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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34. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

35. The apical side of the villi...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
ER
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Faces the lumen

36. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
The renal corpuscle
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

37. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

38. What is an endorphin?
Lower blood pH
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
An endogenous morphine

39. Different organs working together
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

40. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Below hypothalamus
Digestion
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Ganglion

41. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

42. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

43. energy source of neurons
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Direction of differentiation
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

44. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

45. E storage per unit mass
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

46. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

47. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

48. PNS is broken down into
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

49. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Estradiol
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

50. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel