MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. calcitonin

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2. gametes are haploid
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Zygotes are diploid
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)


3. From that point...
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.


4. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges


5. What is the mesentery?
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun


6. components of interstitial fluid
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Nitrogen
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle


7. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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8. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Lysosome
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter


9. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation


10. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
An endogenous morphine
Nitrogen
Testosterone upon stim by LH


11. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Peripheral nervous sys
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
The renal corpuscle


12. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane


13. In other words...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation


14. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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15. E storage per unit mass
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla


16. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter


17. Kidney physiology...

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18. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Processes: axons - dendrites
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.


19. After meiosis II - Male

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20. FLAT PG: ACTH
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Faces the lumen
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP


21. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)


22. micelles vs liposomes
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer


23. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol


24. bile + fat forms
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Faces the lumen
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Fovea (highest amount of cones)


25. interneurons
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney


26. Creating gradients requires what?
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass


27. lysosome main function and derivation
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)


28. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Digestion
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)


29. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Fallopian tubes


30. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP


31. What determines number of chromosomes?
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons


32. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Outermost layer of blood vessel
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui


33. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Carry signals to musc OR Gland


34. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Ganglion


35. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system


36. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin


37. parathyroid hormones
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)


38. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Beta cells


39. Different organs working together
Processes: axons - dendrites
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Lower blood pH


40. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Ganglion
Nitrogen
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)


41. mitosis creates somatic cells
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Meiosis creates germ cells
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue


42. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum


43. Four tissues
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin


44. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Ganglion
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal


45. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc


46. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter


47. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Fallopian tubes
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach


48. when thinking of proteins - think
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Nitrogen


49. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap


50. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate