Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. liver receives blood from...
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Processes: axons - dendrites
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

2. mitosis creates somatic cells
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Meiosis creates germ cells

3. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Fallopian tubes
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

4. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Digestion

5. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

6. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Testosterone and estradiol
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

7. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

8. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Ganglion
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

9. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Peripheral nervous sys
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Ganglion

10. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

11. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

12. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

13. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Organs
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

14. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

15. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
5
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

16. How does birth control work?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

17. From that point...
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

18. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

19. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

20. FLAT PG: LH
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

21. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

22. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Processes: axons - dendrites
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Direction of differentiation

23. Liver Functions
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

24. oxytocin
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

25. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Peptides
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

26. gametes are haploid
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Zygotes are diploid
Digestion

27. At post - two weeks ovulation
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

28. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Lower blood pH
Estradiol
Outermost layer of blood vessel
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

29. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Nitrogen
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

30. Kidney
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

31. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

32. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Peptides

33. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
The renal corpuscle
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

34. How does water cross the apical membrane
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

35. Anatomy of the villi
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

36. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Processes: axons - dendrites
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

37. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

38. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Zygotes are diploid
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

39. In general - parietal=
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

40. when thinking of proteins - think
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Nitrogen
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

41. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

42. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Faces the lumen
Lower blood pH
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

43. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

44. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Faces the lumen
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

45. fructose enters enterocyte by
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
ER
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

46. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

47. Embryology
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Ganglion
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

48. FLAT PG: FSH
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Glucose
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

49. Induction affects...
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Direction of differentiation
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

50. The esophageal sphincter is...
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Normally contracted
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Increases blood Calcium