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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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2. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

3. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

4. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

5. medium for paracrine hormones
Increases blood Calcium
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
ER
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

6. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

7. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Glucose
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

8. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

9. liver and blood glucose...
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

10. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

11. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

12. Stomach has no lacteals
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Below hypothalamus

13. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Inner lining of circulatory system
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

14. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

15. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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16. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Estradiol
Organs

17. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

18. Alpha - amylase found where
Direction of differentiation
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

19. golgi body
Testosterone and estradiol
Smooth ER
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

20. gametes are haploid
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Zygotes are diploid
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

21. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

22. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Estradiol
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

23. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Processes: axons - dendrites
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

24. what happens to bile secretions
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

25. axon hillock physiology
Estradiol
Direction of differentiation
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

26. spermatogonia arise from
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

27. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Fallopian tubes
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

28. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

29. In IBS - What is defective

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30. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

31. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Ganglion

32. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

33. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

34. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Smooth ER
Night vision
Below hypothalamus
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

35. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

36. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

37. position of AP...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Below hypothalamus
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

38. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Eukaryotes
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

39. Chewing does what?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

40. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

41. Luteal surge
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

42. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

43. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Lysosome
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

44. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

45. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

46. What is a normal blood glucose range
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
90-140 mg/dl
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

47. Embryology
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Eukaryotes
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

48. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

49. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

50. gametic life cycle
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0