Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. PNS is broken down into
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Testosterone and estradiol

2. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

3. FLAT PG: LH
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

4. What is the mesentery?
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

5. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

6. mucus cells line the stomach...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

7. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

8. What do villli do
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Organs

9. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
ER
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Testosterone and estradiol

10. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

11. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

12. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
An endogenous morphine
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Processes: axons - dendrites

13. what happens to bile secretions
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

14. golgi body
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

15. exocrine types
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Nitrogen

16. fructose enters enterocyte by
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Smooth ER
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

17. What is feces composed of...
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

18. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

19. Leydig cells produce
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

20. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

21. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Zygotes are diploid
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

22. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
About 7.2

23. How does birth control work?
Processes: axons - dendrites
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

24. In other words...
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

25. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Increases blood Calcium
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

26. peroxisome is derived from this
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
ER
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

27. remaining secondary follicle becomes
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

28. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

29. The esophageal sphincter is...
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Normally contracted

30. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

31. lysosome pH
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
5
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

32. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Testosterone upon stim by LH

33. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

34. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

35. portal vein physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

36. Where does fertilization occur
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Fallopian tubes
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Lower blood pH

37. What is a normal blood glucose range
Night vision
90-140 mg/dl
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

38. What is gastric acid?
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
The renal corpuscle
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

39. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Zygotes are diploid
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

40. trypsin is secreted by
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Inner lining of circulatory system
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

41. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

42. mitosis creates somatic cells
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Meiosis creates germ cells

43. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

44. Think of spinal cord injury
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

45. PNS nerve signal
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

46. Bile salts and lipase
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

47. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

48. What is an endorphin?
An endogenous morphine
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

49. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

50. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Lower blood pH
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons