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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

2. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

3. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

4. What else do parietals do?
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
ER
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

5. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

6. After meiosis II - Female

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7. lysosome pH
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
5
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Faces the lumen

8. interneurons
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

9. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Night vision
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
The renal corpuscle
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

10. Where else does ADH act
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

11. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

12. Gland: ovaries
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

13. signal transduction occurs only in
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Eukaryotes
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

14. trypsin is secreted by
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

15. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

16. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

17. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Lower blood pH
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

18. Where is bile produced
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

19. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

20. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Digestion
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

21. calcitonin

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22. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

23. The path from blood plasma to urine

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24. components of interstitial fluid
Normally contracted
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

25. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
The renal corpuscle
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

26. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

27. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Faces the lumen
Inner lining of circulatory system
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

28. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Digestion
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

29. Morula (...totipotent)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Fallopian tubes
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

30. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

31. STOMACH: no absorption
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

32. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

33. small intestine=
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

34. medium for paracrine hormones
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

35. cytosol pH
About 7.2
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

36. How do nutrients move?
About 7.2
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
90-140 mg/dl

37. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

38. After meiosis II - Male

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39. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

40. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

41. Anterior eye
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

42. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

43. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

44. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

45. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Lower blood pH
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Peptides

46. oxytocin
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

47. Local vs long - distance mediators
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

48. The esophageal sphincter is...
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Normally contracted

49. lysosome main function and derivation
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
90-140 mg/dl
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

50. How does water cross the apical membrane
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Below hypothalamus
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)