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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Creating gradients requires what?
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

2. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

3. golgi body
Estradiol
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

4. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

5. cytosol pH
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
About 7.2

6. Morula (...totipotent)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
5
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

7. What hormones affect the stomach?
Night vision
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Nitrogen
Normally contracted

8. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

9. medium for paracrine hormones
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Estradiol
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

10. at lo blood sugar...
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

11. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Faces the lumen

12. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

13. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Inner lining of circulatory system
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

14. from the loop of henle...
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Faces the lumen

15. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

16. In general - parietal=
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
The renal corpuscle

17. sporic life cycle
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Peptides

18. liver and blood glucose...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

19. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

20. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

21. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

22. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

23. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

24. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Inner lining of blood vessels
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

25. What does lipase attack exactly
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

26. oxytocin
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

27. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
5
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

28. Think of spinal cord injury
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

29. After meiosis II - Male

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30. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

31. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

32. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

33. Path of food entering body...
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

34. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

35. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

36. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

37. In other words...
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

38. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

39. insulin secreted by
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Beta cells
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

40. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Smooth ER
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

41. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

42. gametes are haploid
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Zygotes are diploid

43. Local vs long - distance mediators
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

44. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Estradiol

45. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Fallopian tubes
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

46. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

47. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
The renal corpuscle
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

48. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

49. Liver Functions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

50. What does portal vein do
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein