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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
About 7.2
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Chylomicrons are much bigger

2. sporic life cycle
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

3. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

4. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

5. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
5

6. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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7. cytosol pH
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
About 7.2
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

8. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

9. What is the adventitia?
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

10. What are phagosomes
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

11. Think of spinal cord injury
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

12. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

13. liver and blood glucose...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
90-140 mg/dl
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

14. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Glucose
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

15. How does water cross the apical membrane
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

16. The EYE
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Glucose
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

17. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Lower blood pH
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Estradiol

18. fructose enters enterocyte by
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Meiosis creates germ cells
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

19. What do villli do
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Outermost layer of blood vessel

20. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Increases blood Calcium
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

21. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

22. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

23. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

24. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

25. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

26. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

27. Leydig cells produce
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

28. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Ganglion
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

29. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

30. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

31. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Inner lining of circulatory system
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

32. What is endothelium?
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Inner lining of blood vessels
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

33. Stomach has no lacteals
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

34. remaining secondary follicle becomes
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Meiosis creates germ cells
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

35. Path of urine

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36. Liver Functions
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
90-140 mg/dl
Inner lining of circulatory system
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

37. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

38. What determines number of chromosomes?
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

39. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Zygotes are diploid
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

40. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

41. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Increases blood Calcium
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

42. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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43. What is the mesentery?
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

44. gametic life cycle
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

45. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

46. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Faces the lumen

47. PNS is broken down into
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

48. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

49. mitosis creates somatic cells
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Meiosis creates germ cells
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

50. parathyroid hormones
Fallopian tubes
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)