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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does peptic refer to in general
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Digestion

2. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
ER
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

3. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

4. zygotic life cycle
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

5. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

6. What is a plasmalogen?
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

7. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Peripheral nervous sys
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

8. trypsin is secreted by
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

9. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

10. smooth ER main function
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

11. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

12. exocrine types
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

13. calcitonin

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14. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Digestion

15. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

16. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

17. golgi body
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Lower blood pH
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

18. protein absorption at enterocyte
Estradiol
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

19. oxytocin
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Normally contracted
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

20. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

21. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

22. What do villli do
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

23. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

24. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

25. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Outermost layer of blood vessel
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

26. Where is bile produced
Chylomicrons are much bigger
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Night vision
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

27. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
An endogenous morphine
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

28. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

29. mitosis creates somatic cells
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Meiosis creates germ cells

30. Meiosis I Metaphase I
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

31. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Digestion
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

32. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Lysosome
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

33. Where does fertilization occur
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Glucose
Fallopian tubes

34. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

35. After meiosis II - Male

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36. micelles vs liposomes
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

37. euk cell has two principal sides
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

38. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

39. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

40. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

41. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Zygotes are diploid
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

42. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

43. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

44. FLAT PG: FSH
Beta cells
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

45. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Below hypothalamus

46. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

47. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

48. Different organs working together
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

49. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Peptides
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

50. micelles also pick up
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys