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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Night vision
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

2. micelles also pick up
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

3. After meiosis II - Female

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4. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

5. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

6. What is a plasmalogen?
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

7. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Fallopian tubes

8. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

9. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

10. from the loop of henle...
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

11. Path of urine

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12. Thus - central nervous sys is...
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Faces the lumen
Direction of differentiation
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

13. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Smooth ER
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

14. quote on cavities/viscera

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15. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

16. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Inner lining of circulatory system
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

17. sporic life cycle
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Meiosis creates germ cells

18. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Faces the lumen
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

19. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

20. What is the mesentery?
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

21. Luteal surge
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

22. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

23. What do lipases do
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

24. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

25. Where is bile produced
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

26. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

27. The apical side of the villi...
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Faces the lumen
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

28. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

29. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

30. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

31. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Nitrogen
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

32. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

33. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Organs
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

34. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

35. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Fallopian tubes
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

36. cytosol pH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
About 7.2
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

37. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

38. exocrine types
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

39. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Processes: axons - dendrites
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

40. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

41. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Peptides

42. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

43. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

44. Bile salts and lipase
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
90-140 mg/dl
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

45. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Smooth ER
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

46. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

47. parathyroid hormone
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Nitrogen
Increases blood Calcium
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

48. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Lysosome

49. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

50. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other