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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

2. Meiosis I Telophase I
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

3. exocrine types
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

4. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

5. What is the mesentery?
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Peptides

6. What is a normal blood glucose range
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
90-140 mg/dl

7. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

8. Liver Functions
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

9. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Inner lining of blood vessels
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

10. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

11. FLAT PG: prolactin
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

12. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Glucose
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

13. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

14. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

15. portal vein physiology...

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16. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

17. Difference between euk and prok flagella
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Eukaryotes
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

18. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

19. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

20. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

21. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

22. Determination is different than differentiation
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Testosterone and estradiol

23. What is gastric acid?
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

24. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Peptides
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

25. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

26. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

27. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

28. PNS review: SAME DAVE
90-140 mg/dl
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

29. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

30. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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31. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Normally contracted
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Faces the lumen
Increases blood Calcium

32. quote on cavities/viscera

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33. energy source of neurons
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

34. Think of spinal cord injury
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

35. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Smooth ER
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

36. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Estradiol
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

37. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

38. What are phagosomes
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

39. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Glucose

40. How do nutrients move?
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

41. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Processes: axons - dendrites

42. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Below hypothalamus
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

43. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
90-140 mg/dl
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
An endogenous morphine

44. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Below hypothalamus
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

45. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

46. What is the endothelium?
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Inner lining of circulatory system
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

47. lysosome pH
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
5

48. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

49. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

50. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics