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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Eukaryotes
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

2. light detection via GPCRs
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

3. medium for paracrine hormones
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Digestion

4. Tight junctions
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

5. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

6. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

7. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

8. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Peripheral nervous sys
Testosterone and estradiol

9. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Increases blood Calcium
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

10. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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11. golgi body
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

12. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

13. The EYE
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

14. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

15. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
The renal corpuscle
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Smooth ER
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

16. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

17. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

18. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Testosterone and estradiol
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

19. what happens to bile secretions
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

20. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Digestion

21. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Lysosome
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

22. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

23. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

24. Induction affects...
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Direction of differentiation
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

25. What does peroxisome do
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

26. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Peptides

27. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

28. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

29. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

30. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

31. FLAT PG: prolactin
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Lysosome
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

32. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Night vision
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

33. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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34. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

35. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Direction of differentiation

36. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

37. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

38. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Digestion

39. After meiosis II...
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

40. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

41. What else do parietals do?
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

42. mucus cells line the stomach...
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

43. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Eukaryotes
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

44. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

45. Luteal surge
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

46. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

47. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

48. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

49. The path from blood plasma to urine

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50. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs