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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

2. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Testosterone and estradiol
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

3. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

4. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Normally contracted
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

5. Chewing does what?
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

6. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

7. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Peripheral nervous sys
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

8. Anatomy of the villi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Outermost layer of blood vessel

9. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Inner lining of blood vessels
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

10. What do lipases do
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Zygotes are diploid
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Fallopian tubes

11. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
An endogenous morphine

12. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

13. spermatogonia arise from
Organs
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

14. The esophageal sphincter is...
Normally contracted
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

15. What is feces composed of...
An endogenous morphine
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

16. Tight junctions
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

17. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Night vision
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

18. After meiosis II - Male

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19. amylase acts where on carbs
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

20. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

21. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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22. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

23. Some epithelial cells are... others...
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Lysosome

24. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

25. lysosome pH
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
5
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

26. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

27. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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28. In general - parietal=
Testosterone and estradiol
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

29. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Lower blood pH
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

30. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Meiosis creates germ cells
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

31. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

32. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

33. micelles also pick up
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

34. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

35. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

36. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Lower blood pH
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

37. main point of fat transport...
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

38. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

39. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

40. What are the major carbohydrates
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

41. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

42. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

43. What does peroxisome do
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Ganglion
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

44. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
ER
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Inner lining of circulatory system

45. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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46. What else do parietals do?
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

47. micelles vs liposomes
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

48. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Eukaryotes
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

49. What are phagosomes
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

50. peroxisome is derived from this
Beta cells
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
ER
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate