MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. light detection via GPCRs
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'


2. Meiosis I Telophase I
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.


3. Anterior eye
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor


4. The path from blood plasma to urine

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5. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
About 7.2


6. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)


7. small intestine=
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes


8. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...


9. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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10. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Estradiol
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector


11. Path of food entering body...
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus


12. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep


13. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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14. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation


15. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Lysosome


16. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0


17. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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18. axon hillock physiology
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Lower blood pH
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Conjunction of cell body w/axon


19. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Peripheral nervous sys
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera


20. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics


21. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system


22. FLAT PG: FSH
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males


23. parathyroid hormone
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Increases blood Calcium
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms


24. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Increases blood Calcium
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop


25. sensory (afferent) neurons
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Peripheral nervous sys


26. What do lipases do
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids


27. calcitonin

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28. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)


29. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5


30. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes


31. quote on cavities/viscera

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32. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum


33. cytosol pH
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Zygotes are diploid
About 7.2
Normally contracted


34. What are phagosomes
ER
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen


35. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
An endogenous morphine
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi


36. Bile salts and lipase
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Zygotes are diploid
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)


37. liver and blood glucose...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest


38. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals


39. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue


40. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Testosterone upon stim by LH


41. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation


42. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA


43. medium for paracrine hormones
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep


44. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
vitreous humor - retina - fovea


45. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Digestion
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms


46. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Smooth ER


47. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle


48. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Inner lining of blood vessels
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera


49. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Carry signals to musc OR Gland


50. What is a normal blood glucose range
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
90-140 mg/dl
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)