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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

2. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

3. lysosome main function and derivation
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

4. After meiosis II - Female

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5. Failure of apoptosis can result in
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

6. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

7. signal transduction occurs only in
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Eukaryotes
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Inner lining of circulatory system

8. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

9. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Testosterone upon stim by LH
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

10. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Normally contracted
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

11. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Lysosome
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

12. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Below hypothalamus
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

13. From that point...
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
The renal corpuscle
ER
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

14. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Peripheral nervous sys

15. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

16. liver and blood glucose...
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

17. when thinking of proteins - think
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Nitrogen

18. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

19. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

20. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

21. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

22. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

23. What else do parietals do?
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

24. What determines number of chromosomes?
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

25. PNS review: SAME DAVE
An endogenous morphine
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

26. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Fallopian tubes
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

27. What do lipases do
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

28. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Direction of differentiation
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

29. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

30. fructose enters enterocyte by
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

31. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Digestion
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

32. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

33. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

34. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

35. mucus cells line the stomach...
Lower blood pH
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

36. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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37. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Normally contracted
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

38. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

39. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

40. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

41. inhibin secreted by
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

42. main point of fat transport...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
An endogenous morphine
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

43. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

44. Kidney physiology...

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45. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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46. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

47. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

48. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

49. What does lipase attack exactly
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

50. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Night vision
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose