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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

2. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Peptides
Smooth ER
Estradiol

3. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
ER
Smooth ER

4. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Processes: axons - dendrites

5. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

6. from the loop of henle...
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

7. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Eukaryotes
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

8. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

9. axon hillock physiology
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Organs
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

10. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

11. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Direction of differentiation

12. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

13. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

14. After meiosis II - Female

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15. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

16. medium for paracrine hormones
Faces the lumen
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

17. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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18. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Testosterone and estradiol
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

19. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Nitrogen
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

20. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

21. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

22. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

23. What are phagosomes
Meiosis creates germ cells
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

24. What do lipases do
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

25. glucagon secreted by
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

26. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

27. liver and blood glucose...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

28. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Organs
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

29. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

30. What is somatostatin
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

31. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Inner lining of circulatory system
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

32. Four tissues
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Zygotes are diploid
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

33. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

34. What determines number of chromosomes?
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

35. liver receives blood from...
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

36. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

37. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

38. FLAT PG: ACTH
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

39. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

40. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Fallopian tubes
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

41. small intestine=
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
90-140 mg/dl

42. at lo blood sugar...
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

43. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

44. In general - parietal=
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Lysosome
Eukaryotes
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

45. Blastocyst
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

46. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

47. At post - two weeks ovulation
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Nitrogen
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

48. FLAT PG: LH
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

49. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

50. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Zygotes are diploid