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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

2. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

3. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

4. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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5. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

6. parathyroid hormone
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Increases blood Calcium

7. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

8. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Ganglion
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

9. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

10. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Lower blood pH

11. What does peptic refer to in general
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Digestion
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

12. euk cell has two principal sides
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

13. medium for paracrine hormones
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

14. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

15. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

16. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

17. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

18. FLAT PG: LH
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

19. Anatomy of the villi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

20. What do villli do
Meiosis creates germ cells
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

21. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

22. mucus cells line the stomach...
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

23. What if large intestine isn't working well
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

24. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

25. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

26. In other words...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

27. From that point...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

28. After meiosis II - Female

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29. Different organs working together
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

30. In IBS - What is defective

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31. What does peroxisome do
Beta cells
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

32. interneurons
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

33. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

34. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

35. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Night vision

36. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

37. What determines number of chromosomes?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

38. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

39. Posterior eye
Beta cells
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

40. important pancreatic enzymes
5
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

41. What is endothelium?
Eukaryotes
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Inner lining of blood vessels

42. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

43. energy source of neurons
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

44. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

45. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

46. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

47. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Eukaryotes

48. overview of prot digestion
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

49. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

50. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
ER
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla