Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where are these exocrine glands located
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

2. Anterior eye
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

3. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Organs

4. light detection via GPCRs
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

5. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

6. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

7. Anatomy of the villi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
An endogenous morphine
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

8. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Inner lining of blood vessels
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

9. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

10. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

11. Where does fertilization occur
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Fallopian tubes
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

12. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

13. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

14. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Lysosome

15. lysosome pH
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
5

16. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

17. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

18. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
90-140 mg/dl
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

19. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
An endogenous morphine

20. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

21. Gland: ovaries
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

22. sensory (afferent) neurons
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

23. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

24. What is an endorphin?
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
An endogenous morphine
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

25. Tight junctions
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Nitrogen
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

26. Chewing does what?
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

27. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

28. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

29. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

30. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

31. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

32. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

33. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Faces the lumen
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Normally contracted
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

34. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Zygotes are diploid
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

35. Different organs working together
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

36. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

37. How does glycogen compare to starch
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Lysosome
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

38. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

39. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

40. What do lipases do
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Lower blood pH

41. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

42. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Estradiol
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

43. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

44. Where is bile produced
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

45. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Increases blood Calcium

46. Different tissues working together
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Organs
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

47. only monosaccharides are absorbed
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

48. How does birth control work?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

49. How do nutrients move?
Faces the lumen
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

50. Morula (...totipotent)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Increases blood Calcium

Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?

Major Subjects
Tests & Exams AP CLEP DSST GRE SAT GMAT	Certifications CISSP go to https://www.isc2.org/ PMP ITIL RHCE MCTS More...	IT Skills Android Programming Data Modeling Objective C Programming Basic Python Programming Adobe Illustrator More...	Business Skills Advertising Techniques Business Accounting Basics Business Strategy Human Resource Management Marketing Basics More...
Soft Skills Body Language People Skills Public Speaking Persuasion Job Hunting And Resumes More...	Vocabulary GRE Vocab SAT Vocab TOEFL Essential Vocab Basic English Words For All Global Words You Should Know Business English More...	Languages AP German Vocab AP Latin Vocab SAT Subject Test: French Italian Survival Norwegian Survival More...	Engineering Audio Engineering Computer Science Engineering Aerospace Engineering Chemical Engineering Structural Engineering More...
Health Sciences Basic Nursing Skills Health Science Language Fundamentals Veterinary Technology Medical Language Cardiology Clinical Surgery More...	English Grammar Fundamentals Literary And Rhetorical Vocab Elements Of Style Vocab Introduction To English Major Complete Advanced Sentences Literature Homonyms More...	Math Algebra Formulas Basic Arithmetic: Measurements Metric Conversions Geometric Properties Important Math Facts Number Sense Vocab Business Math More...	Other Major Subjects Science Economics History Law Performing-arts Cooking Logic & Reasoning Trivia

Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?

Let me suggest you:

Browse all subjects

Browse all tests

Most popular tests

Major Subjects

Tests & Exams

Certifications

IT Skills

Business Skills

Soft Skills

Vocabulary

Languages

Engineering

Health Sciences

English

Math

Other Major Subjects

Browse all subjects

Browse all tests

Most popular tests