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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Induction affects...
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Direction of differentiation
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

2. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

3. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

4. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

5. In other words...
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

6. What does peptic refer to in general
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Digestion
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

7. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

8. What is the adventitia?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

9. What is the mesentery?
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

10. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

11. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Processes: axons - dendrites

12. What is endothelium?
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Zygotes are diploid
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Inner lining of blood vessels

13. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Nitrogen
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

14. After meiosis II - Male

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15. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
An endogenous morphine
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

16. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

17. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

18. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

19. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

20. smooth ER main function
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

21. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

22. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

23. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

24. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

25. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

26. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

27. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
5

28. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

29. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Faces the lumen

30. Stomach has no lacteals
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

31. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

32. ADH
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

33. Chewing does what?
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

34. FLAT PG: prolactin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

35. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

36. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

37. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Zygotes are diploid
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

38. What hormones affect the stomach?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

39. calcitonin

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40. FLAT PG: FSH
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

41. Path of urine

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42. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Eukaryotes

43. lining of abdominal cavity=
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

44. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Beta cells
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
About 7.2

45. Local vs long - distance mediators
Night vision
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

46. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Organs

47. During ejaculation - sperm...

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48. How do nutrients move?
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

49. what happens to bile secretions
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

50. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
90-140 mg/dl
Conjunction of cell body w/axon