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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does glycogen compare to starch
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

2. What is gastric acid?
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

3. What else do parietals do?
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

4. fructose enters enterocyte by
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

5. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Smooth ER
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
The renal corpuscle
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

6. Path of food entering body...
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

7. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Glucose
Testosterone and estradiol
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

8. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

9. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

10. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Inner lining of circulatory system
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

11. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

12. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Eukaryotes
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

13. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

14. parathyroid hormones
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

15. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

16. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

17. What are phagosomes
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Outermost layer of blood vessel

18. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

19. sporic life cycle
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

20. Different tissues working together
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Organs
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

21. from the loop of henle...
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

22. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Peripheral nervous sys
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

23. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
Direction of differentiation
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Beta cells
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

24. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

25. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

26. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

27. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

28. at lo blood sugar...
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

29. Stomach has no lacteals
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

30. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Fallopian tubes
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

31. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Beta cells
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

32. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
The renal corpuscle
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

33. glucagon secreted by
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

34. After meiosis II - Male

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35. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

36. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

37. Path of urine

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38. PNS nerve signal
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

39. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

40. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

41. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

42. Where is bile produced
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Organs
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

43. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

44. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Meiosis creates germ cells
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

45. Tight junctions
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Lysosome
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

46. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

47. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

48. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

49. trypsin is secreted by
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

50. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)