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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Anterior eye
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

2. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Below hypothalamus
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

3. parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

4. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

5. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

6. signal transduction occurs only in
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Eukaryotes
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

7. What is a normal blood glucose range
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
90-140 mg/dl
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

8. Kidney
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Zygotes are diploid
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

9. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

10. cytosol pH
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
About 7.2

11. Luteal surge
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

12. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
The renal corpuscle

13. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Inner lining of circulatory system
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

14. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Processes: axons - dendrites
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

15. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

16. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Smooth ER
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

17. mitosis creates somatic cells
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Meiosis creates germ cells
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

18. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

19. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

20. Blastocyst
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

21. ADH
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

22. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Chylomicrons are much bigger

23. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

24. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

25. portal vein physiology...

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26. Stomach has no lacteals
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Nitrogen
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

27. lining of abdominal cavity=
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
The renal corpuscle

28. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

29. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

30. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
ER

31. Morula (...totipotent)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

32. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Glucose
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

33. FLAT PG: ACTH
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

34. After meiosis II - Female

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35. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

36. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Lower blood pH
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

37. STOMACH: no absorption
Direction of differentiation
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Beta cells
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

38. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Inner lining of blood vessels
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

39. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Lysosome
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

40. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

41. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

42. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

43. The esophageal sphincter is...
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Normally contracted
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

44. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Peripheral nervous sys

45. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Inner lining of blood vessels
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

46. Peritoneal refers to...
Meiosis creates germ cells
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

47. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

48. spermatogonia arise from
Normally contracted
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

49. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

50. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Fallopian tubes
Estradiol
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

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