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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Estradiol
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

2. gametes are haploid
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Zygotes are diploid
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

3. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

4. What else do parietals do?
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

5. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Meiosis creates germ cells
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

6. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Normally contracted

7. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

8. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
About 7.2

9. oxytocin
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

10. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

11. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
An endogenous morphine
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

12. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

13. Failure of apoptosis can result in
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

14. Posterior eye
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

15. lining of abdominal cavity=
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

16. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

17. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

18. Where is bile produced
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

19. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Eukaryotes
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

20. What is the endothelium?
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Testosterone and estradiol
Inner lining of circulatory system

21. Different organs working together
Peripheral nervous sys
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

22. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Testosterone and estradiol
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Meiosis creates germ cells

23. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

24. insulin secreted by
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Beta cells
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

25. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

26. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Normally contracted
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

27. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Processes: axons - dendrites
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

28. lysosome main function and derivation
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

29. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

30. Thus - central nervous sys is...
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

31. What is the adventitia?
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Glucose

32. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Meiosis creates germ cells

33. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

34. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

35. lysosome pH
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
5

36. important pancreatic enzymes
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

37. What do lipases do
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Beta cells
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

38. medium for paracrine hormones
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

39. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

40. Some epithelial cells are... others...
About 7.2
Processes: axons - dendrites
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

41. Stomach has no lacteals
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
About 7.2

42. What is a normal blood glucose range
90-140 mg/dl
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

43. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Lysosome
Night vision
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

44. STOMACH: no absorption
5
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

45. when thinking of proteins - think
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Nitrogen
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

46. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

47. portal vein physiology...

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48. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
An endogenous morphine
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

49. The esophageal sphincter is...
Normally contracted
Testosterone and estradiol
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

50. Blastocyst
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate