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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

2. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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3. euk cell has two principal sides
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

4. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

5. Thus - central nervous sys is...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

6. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

7. from the loop of henle...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

8. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

9. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

10. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
5
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

11. Morula (...totipotent)
Processes: axons - dendrites
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

12. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

13. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Organs
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

14. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

15. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Below hypothalamus
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

16. portal vein physiology...

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17. axon hillock physiology
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
About 7.2
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Organs

18. Embryology
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

19. exocrine types
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

20. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
5
Peripheral nervous sys

21. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

22. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

23. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

24. Embryology
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

25. FLAT PG: prolactin
Fallopian tubes
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

26. overview of prot digestion
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
The renal corpuscle
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

27. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

28. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Ganglion
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

29. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Eukaryotes
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

30. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

31. light detection via GPCRs
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Glucose
Below hypothalamus

32. oxytocin
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Peptides
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

33. PNS is broken down into
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

34. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Lower blood pH
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

35. What is a normal blood glucose range
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
90-140 mg/dl
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

36. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

37. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

38. Anterior eye
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

39. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Chylomicrons are much bigger

40. parathyroid hormone
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Increases blood Calcium

41. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Organs
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

42. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
ER

43. How does birth control work?
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
90-140 mg/dl
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

44. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

45. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

46. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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47. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

48. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

49. Path of urine

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50. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Zygotes are diploid