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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Anatomy of the villi
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

2. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Peptides
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

3. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

4. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

5. peroxisome is derived from this
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
ER
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

6. medium for paracrine hormones
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Night vision
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

7. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Smooth ER
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

8. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

9. liver receives blood from...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

10. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Below hypothalamus
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

11. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

12. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

13. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

14. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Inner lining of circulatory system
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
ER
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

15. FLAT PG: FSH
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
5

16. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

17. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

18. important pancreatic enzymes
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

19. The apical side of the villi...
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
The renal corpuscle
Faces the lumen

20. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

21. components of interstitial fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

22. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

23. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Night vision
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Eukaryotes
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

24. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

25. axon hillock physiology
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

26. bundles of collecting ducts are called
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

27. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Digestion
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

28. What is the function of the loop of Henle
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

29. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Estradiol

30. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

31. What is a normal blood glucose range
90-140 mg/dl
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Digestion
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

32. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

33. smooth ER main function
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

34. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Ganglion
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

35. Stomach has no lacteals
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

36. protein absorption at enterocyte
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

37. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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38. What is endothelium?
Organs
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Inner lining of blood vessels
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

39. Does bile digest fat?
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

40. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Inner lining of blood vessels
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

41. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

42. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Glucose
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

43. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

44. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

45. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

46. micelles also pick up
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Below hypothalamus
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

47. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

48. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Eukaryotes
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

49. During ejaculation - sperm...

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50. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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