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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Night vision
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

2. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

3. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

4. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

5. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

6. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
The renal corpuscle
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

7. lysosome main function and derivation
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

8. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

9. mitosis creates somatic cells
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Meiosis creates germ cells
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

10. What is the adventitia?
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Outermost layer of blood vessel

11. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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12. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

13. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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14. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

15. lysosome pH
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
5
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

16. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Increases blood Calcium
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

17. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

18. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Ganglion
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

19. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

20. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

21. What are the major carbohydrates
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

22. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

23. golgi body
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

24. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

25. Blastocyst
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

26. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
The renal corpuscle
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

27. FLAT PG: prolactin
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
An endogenous morphine
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

28. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

29. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

30. FLAT PG: LH
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

31. cytosol pH
Inner lining of blood vessels
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
About 7.2
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

32. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

33. The esophageal sphincter is...
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
An endogenous morphine
Normally contracted

34. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

35. Local vs long - distance mediators
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

36. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Night vision

37. Different tissues working together
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Organs
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

38. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

39. peroxisome is derived from this
ER
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

40. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
5

41. How does glycogen compare to starch
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

42. mucus cells line the stomach...
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Below hypothalamus
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

43. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

44. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Ganglion
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

45. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

46. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Peptides
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Inner lining of circulatory system

47. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

48. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

49. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

50. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
An endogenous morphine
Nitrogen
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum