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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Peripheral nervous sys

2. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Meiosis creates germ cells
An endogenous morphine

3. Where else does ADH act
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Increases blood Calcium
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

4. FLAT PG: prolactin
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

5. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

6. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Peptides
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

7. interneurons
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

8. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Glucose
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

9. Luteal surge
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

10. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

11. The path from blood plasma to urine

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12. cytosol pH
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
About 7.2
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

13. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Increases blood Calcium

14. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Lower blood pH
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

15. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

16. Four tissues
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

17. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Ganglion
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

18. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

19. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

20. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Normally contracted
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

21. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Processes: axons - dendrites
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

22. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Digestion
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

23. How do nutrients move?
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

24. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Lower blood pH
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

25. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

26. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

27. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

28. Path of food entering body...
Zygotes are diploid
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

29. Different organs working together
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

30. pancreas secretes enzymes via
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

31. signal transduction occurs only in
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Eukaryotes
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

32. After meiosis II - Female

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33. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
90-140 mg/dl
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

34. What does lipase attack exactly
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

35. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

36. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

37. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

38. important pancreatic enzymes
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

39. STOMACH: no absorption
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

40. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
About 7.2
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

41. Induction affects...
Meiosis creates germ cells
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Direction of differentiation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

42. quote on cavities/viscera

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43. Kidney
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

44. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

45. from the loop of henle...
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Lysosome
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

46. After meiosis II...
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Faces the lumen
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
ER

47. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

48. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Lysosome
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

49. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

50. Kidney physiology...

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