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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. micelles also pick up
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Chylomicrons are much bigger

2. After meiosis II - Male

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3. Path of food entering body...
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

4. PNS is broken down into
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

5. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

6. lysosome pH
5
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

7. calcitonin

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8. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Ganglion

9. How does glycogen compare to starch
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

10. From that point...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

11. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

12. bundles of collecting ducts are called
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

13. Where are these exocrine glands located
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
90-140 mg/dl
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

14. What else do parietals do?
Faces the lumen
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Beta cells

15. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Faces the lumen
Lysosome
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

16. energy source of neurons
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

17. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Fallopian tubes
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

18. parathyroid hormones
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

19. Local vs long - distance mediators
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

20. Kidney
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

21. After meiosis II...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

22. What does peroxisome do
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

23. Luteal surge
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

24. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

25. FLAT PG: prolactin
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

26. medium for paracrine hormones
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

27. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

28. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Processes: axons - dendrites
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

29. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

30. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Night vision
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

31. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

32. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

33. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
90-140 mg/dl
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

34. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
Direction of differentiation
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

35. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

36. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

37. The esophageal sphincter is...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Normally contracted

38. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

39. glucagon secreted by
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Inner lining of circulatory system
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

40. Determination is different than differentiation
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

41. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Fallopian tubes
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

42. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Peripheral nervous sys

43. In other words...
Direction of differentiation
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

44. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

45. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

46. fat digestion is time - intensive
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

47. What is the endothelium?
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Glucose
Inner lining of circulatory system
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

48. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Inner lining of blood vessels

49. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Lower blood pH
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

50. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass