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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

2. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Peptides
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

3. Luteal surge
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

4. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

5. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Faces the lumen
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

6. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

7. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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8. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

9. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Lysosome
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

10. Anatomy of the villi
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

11. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

12. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

13. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

14. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

15. parathyroid hormone
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Direction of differentiation
Increases blood Calcium
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

16. Embryology
Beta cells
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

17. Different organs working together
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

18. Chewing does what?
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

19. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

20. lining of abdominal cavity=
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

21. sensory (afferent) neurons
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

22. interneurons
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

23. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

24. Four tissues
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

25. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

26. protein absorption at enterocyte
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

27. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

28. What is an endorphin?
Ganglion
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Outermost layer of blood vessel
An endogenous morphine

29. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

30. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

31. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
About 7.2
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

32. micelles also pick up
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

33. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Eukaryotes
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

34. bile + fat forms
Meiosis creates germ cells
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

35. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

36. lysosome pH
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
5
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

37. mitosis creates somatic cells
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Meiosis creates germ cells
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

38. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Glucose
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

39. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
The renal corpuscle
About 7.2
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

40. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Processes: axons - dendrites
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

41. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

42. What is a normal blood glucose range
90-140 mg/dl
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

43. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

44. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

45. In IBS - What is defective

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46. spermatogonia arise from
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

47. Where are these exocrine glands located
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

48. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

49. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

50. important pancreatic enzymes
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Below hypothalamus
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

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