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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. quote on cavities/viscera

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2. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

3. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Testosterone and estradiol
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

4. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Increases blood Calcium
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

5. Luteal surge
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

6. Morula (...totipotent)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

7. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

8. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

9. lysosome main function and derivation
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

10. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

11. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

12. How does birth control work?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Lysosome

13. At post - two weeks ovulation
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

14. Where is bile produced
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

15. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Inner lining of blood vessels
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

16. STOMACH: no absorption
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Faces the lumen
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

17. lysosome pH
5
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

18. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

19. smooth ER main function
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Faces the lumen

20. Kidney
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

21. What does lipase attack exactly
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

22. small intestine=
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Lysosome
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

23. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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24. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

25. After meiosis II...
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

26. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

27. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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28. What do villli do
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
5

29. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

30. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Processes: axons - dendrites

31. What is endothelium?
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Inner lining of blood vessels
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

32. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Increases blood Calcium

33. What hormones affect the stomach?
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

34. ADH
Zygotes are diploid
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

35. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Estradiol
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

36. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

37. Meiosis I Telophase I
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

38. components of interstitial fluid
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

39. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

40. oxytocin
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

41. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Outermost layer of blood vessel
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

42. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Testosterone upon stim by LH
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

43. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

44. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

45. golgi body
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

46. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

47. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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48. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

49. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Glucose
Faces the lumen
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

50. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)