MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where is bile produced
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
90-140 mg/dl
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra


2. FLAT PG: ACTH
Eukaryotes
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
90-140 mg/dl


3. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra


4. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons


5. What is a plasmalogen?
ER
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss


6. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males


7. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord


8. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Peripheral nervous sys
Peptides


9. protein absorption at enterocyte
Peptides
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Digestion


10. Does bile digest fat?
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase


11. mucus cells line the stomach...
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor


12. Kidney physiology...

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13. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)


14. lining of abdominal cavity=
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid


15. lysosome main function and derivation
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in


16. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Lower blood pH
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)


17. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides


18. Kidney
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Testosterone and estradiol


19. Path of urine

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20. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts


21. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Meiosis creates germ cells
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus


22. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges


23. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus


24. FLAT PG: prolactin
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle


25. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right


26. quote on cavities/viscera

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27. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients


28. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5


29. How does glycogen compare to starch
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries


30. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
The renal corpuscle
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes


31. The path from blood plasma to urine

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32. exocrine types
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Glucose
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal


33. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)


34. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages


35. parathyroid hormones
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis


36. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Peptides
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss


37. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Estradiol


38. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Processes: axons - dendrites
Peripheral nervous sys
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors


39. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase


40. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Faces the lumen
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol


41. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector


42. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...


43. Blastocyst
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane


44. The esophageal sphincter is...
Night vision
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Normally contracted


45. Anatomy of the villi
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt


46. remaining secondary follicle becomes
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi


47. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)


48. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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49. What does lipase attack exactly
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation


50. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients