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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Peripheral nervous sys
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

2. components of interstitial fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

3. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

4. Path of urine

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5. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

6. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

7. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Glucose

8. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

9. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Glucose
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

10. Where is bile produced
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

11. STOMACH: no absorption
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

12. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

13. micelles also pick up
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

14. protein absorption at enterocyte
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

15. What is a plasmalogen?
About 7.2
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

16. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Estradiol
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Lysosome

17. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Ganglion
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

18. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Peptides
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

19. trypsin is secreted by
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Nitrogen
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

20. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Ganglion

21. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

22. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Outermost layer of blood vessel
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

23. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

24. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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25. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

26. Luteal surge
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

27. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

28. Kidney
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

29. light detection via GPCRs
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

30. What is feces composed of...
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

31. How does birth control work?
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
ER

32. The path from blood plasma to urine

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33. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

34. How does glycogen compare to starch
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

35. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

36. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

37. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Fallopian tubes
Direction of differentiation

38. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Smooth ER
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

39. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

40. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Outermost layer of blood vessel

41. Tight junctions
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

42. What does peroxisome do
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

43. sporic life cycle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

44. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

45. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

46. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Testosterone upon stim by LH
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

47. What is the endothelium?
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Inner lining of circulatory system

48. What is endothelium?
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Inner lining of blood vessels
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

49. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
The renal corpuscle
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

50. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Night vision
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera