Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Smooth ER
Zygotes are diploid
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

2. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
The renal corpuscle

3. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

4. In other words...
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Smooth ER
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

5. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

6. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

7. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

8. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

9. sensory (afferent) neurons
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

10. smooth ER main function
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Smooth ER
Below hypothalamus
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

11. Kidney physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

12. Four tissues
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

13. Different tissues working together
Organs
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
An endogenous morphine
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

14. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

15. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Digestion
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

16. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

17. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

18. STOMACH: no absorption
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

19. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Outermost layer of blood vessel
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

20. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

21. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Smooth ER

22. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Nitrogen
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

23. After meiosis II - Female

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

24. The esophageal sphincter is...
An endogenous morphine
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Normally contracted
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

25. Different organs working together
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
90-140 mg/dl
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

26. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
About 7.2
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

27. FLAT PG: LH
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

28. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

29. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

30. What hormones affect the stomach?
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

31. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
An endogenous morphine
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

32. when thinking of proteins - think
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Nitrogen
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

33. What is the adventitia?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

34. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

35. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

36. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

37. How does glycogen compare to starch
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

38. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

39. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

40. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

41. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

42. Where is bile produced
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Nitrogen
Lower blood pH
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

43. euk cell has two principal sides
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

44. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

45. liver receives blood from...
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

46. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Peripheral nervous sys
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

47. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

48. liver and blood glucose...
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

49. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Peptides
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Digestion

50. What are the major carbohydrates
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)