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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
5
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

2. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

3. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

4. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Zygotes are diploid
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

5. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Meiosis creates germ cells
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

6. The apical side of the villi...
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Faces the lumen

7. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Night vision

8. interneurons
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

9. The path from blood plasma to urine

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10. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

11. Different tissues working together
Organs
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

12. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

13. Local vs long - distance mediators
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

14. signal transduction occurs only in
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Eukaryotes
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

15. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Testosterone and estradiol
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

16. light detection via GPCRs
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

17. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

18. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

19. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

20. FLAT PG: FSH
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

21. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Beta cells
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

22. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

23. glucagon secreted by
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
ER
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

24. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

25. mucus cells line the stomach...
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

26. main point of fat transport...
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

27. Does bile digest fat?
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

28. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

29. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

30. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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31. portal vein physiology...

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32. E storage per unit mass
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

33. Posterior eye
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

34. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

35. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

36. fructose enters enterocyte by
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

37. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

38. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

39. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Outermost layer of blood vessel

40. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

41. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

42. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Estradiol
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

43. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

44. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
5
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Glucose

45. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Smooth ER
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

46. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

47. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

48. STOMACH: no absorption
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Night vision
Outermost layer of blood vessel

49. lysosome main function and derivation
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

50. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies