Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

2. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

3. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
An endogenous morphine

4. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Glucose
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

5. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

6. Tight junctions
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Faces the lumen
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

7. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

8. E storage per unit mass
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

9. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
90-140 mg/dl

10. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Smooth ER
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

11. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

12. Gland: ovaries
Faces the lumen
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

13. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Zygotes are diploid
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

14. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

15. The EYE
Nitrogen
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

16. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Lysosome

17. What is the adventitia?
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

18. main point of fat transport...
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Nitrogen
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

19. Think of spinal cord injury
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

20. At post - two weeks ovulation
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

21. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Inner lining of blood vessels

22. The path from blood plasma to urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

23. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Eukaryotes
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

24. golgi body
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

25. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

26. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

27. inhibin secreted by
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

28. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Lower blood pH
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

29. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

30. light detection via GPCRs
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

31. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

32. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

33. Four tissues
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

34. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

35. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

36. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

37. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

38. Leydig cells produce
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Testosterone upon stim by LH

39. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Fallopian tubes
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

40. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Faces the lumen

41. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

42. In general - parietal=
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

43. What do lipases do
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

44. ADH
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Ganglion
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

45. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

46. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Lower blood pH

47. quote on cavities/viscera

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

48. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

49. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

50. interneurons
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)