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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
About 7.2
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

2. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

3. How does glycogen compare to starch
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

4. sensory (afferent) neurons
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

5. What hormones affect the stomach?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Increases blood Calcium
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

6. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

7. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

8. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

9. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Processes: axons - dendrites
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

10. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

11. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

12. quote on cavities/viscera

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13. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Inner lining of blood vessels
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Lower blood pH

14. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

15. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

16. What is a normal blood glucose range
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
90-140 mg/dl

17. peroxisome is derived from this
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
ER
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

18. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Peripheral nervous sys

19. What do lipases do
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

20. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

21. important pancreatic enzymes
Meiosis creates germ cells
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

22. golgi body
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Increases blood Calcium

23. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

24. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

25. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

26. What is feces composed of...
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

27. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

28. portal vein physiology...

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29. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Digestion
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

30. In general - parietal=
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

31. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

32. Bile salts and lipase
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

33. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

34. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

35. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

36. small intestine=
Inner lining of circulatory system
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

37. trypsin is secreted by
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Increases blood Calcium
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

38. zygotic life cycle
Lower blood pH
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

39. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

40. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Outermost layer of blood vessel

41. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Nitrogen
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

42. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

43. What is the endothelium?
Organs
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Inner lining of circulatory system
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

44. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Peptides
Smooth ER
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

45. After meiosis II...
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

46. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

47. How does water cross the apical membrane
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
90-140 mg/dl

48. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

49. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

50. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA