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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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2. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

3. Posterior eye
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

4. Determination is different than differentiation
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

5. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Ganglion
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

6. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

7. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

8. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Meiosis creates germ cells
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

9. micelles also pick up
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

10. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

11. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Estradiol
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

12. FLAT PG: FSH
Direction of differentiation
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

13. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

14. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

15. at lo blood sugar...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

16. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

17. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

18. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

19. fructose enters enterocyte by
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

20. oxytocin
About 7.2
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Glucose

21. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

22. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

23. insulin secreted by
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Beta cells
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

24. What does lipase attack exactly
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

25. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

26. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

27. What is the mesentery?
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

28. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
ER

29. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

30. mitosis creates somatic cells
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Below hypothalamus
Meiosis creates germ cells

31. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Estradiol
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

32. micelles vs liposomes
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

33. golgi body
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

34. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Smooth ER

35. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

36. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Night vision
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

37. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

38. sporic life cycle
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

39. medium for paracrine hormones
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
ER
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

40. parathyroid hormones
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

41. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

42. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

43. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

44. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

45. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

46. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Night vision
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

47. During ejaculation - sperm...

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48. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

49. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
The renal corpuscle
Faces the lumen
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

50. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens