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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. protein absorption at enterocyte
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Increases blood Calcium
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

2. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

3. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
The renal corpuscle
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

4. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

5. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

6. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Inner lining of blood vessels
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

7. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

8. The apical side of the villi...
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Faces the lumen

9. Anatomy of the villi
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Processes: axons - dendrites

10. After meiosis II...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

11. peroxisome is derived from this
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
ER
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

12. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

13. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
The renal corpuscle

14. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

15. STOMACH: no absorption
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

16. Does bile digest fat?
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

17. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
About 7.2
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

18. bile + fat forms
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

19. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Lysosome
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

20. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

21. glucagon secreted by
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

22. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

23. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

24. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

25. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Increases blood Calcium
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

26. FLAT PG: LH
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

27. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

28. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

29. After meiosis II - Female

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30. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

31. What determines number of chromosomes?
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

32. From that point...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

33. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Inner lining of blood vessels
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

34. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

35. During ejaculation - sperm...

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36. liver receives blood from...
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

37. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Below hypothalamus
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

38. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

39. Different organs working together
Inner lining of circulatory system
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

40. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Lysosome
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

41. light detection via GPCRs
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

42. What does lipase attack exactly
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

43. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

44. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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45. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Testosterone and estradiol
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

46. Where are these exocrine glands located
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

47. The esophageal sphincter is...
Normally contracted
ER
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

48. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

49. Where does fertilization occur
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
90-140 mg/dl
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Fallopian tubes

50. FLAT PG: ACTH
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Peripheral nervous sys