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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where is bile produced
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Faces the lumen

2. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

3. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

4. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Eukaryotes

5. What is endothelium?
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
5
Inner lining of blood vessels
Increases blood Calcium

6. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

7. insulin secreted by
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Beta cells
Zygotes are diploid
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

8. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

9. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

10. Where are these exocrine glands located
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

11. axon hillock physiology
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
An endogenous morphine
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

12. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Glucose

13. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Inner lining of blood vessels
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

14. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
An endogenous morphine
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

15. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

16. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

17. overview of prot digestion
Nitrogen
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

18. ADH
Glucose
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
5
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

19. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

20. zygotic life cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

21. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

22. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Glucose
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

23. gametic life cycle
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

24. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Testosterone and estradiol
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Lysosome

25. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

26. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

27. Chewing does what?
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Outermost layer of blood vessel

28. In general - parietal=
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

29. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

30. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Below hypothalamus
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

31. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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32. FLAT PG: ACTH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

33. golgi body
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Fallopian tubes
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

34. sensory (afferent) neurons
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

35. sporic life cycle
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

36. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Meiosis creates germ cells

37. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

38. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

39. Gland: ovaries
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

40. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

41. quote on cavities/viscera

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42. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

43. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

44. lysosome pH
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
5
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

45. STOMACH: no absorption
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Digestion
Normally contracted
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

46. what happens to bile secretions
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

47. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

48. portal vein physiology...

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49. In other words...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

50. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Ganglion
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

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