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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What do villli do
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

2. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Testosterone upon stim by LH

3. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Lower blood pH

4. What is the mesentery?
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

5. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

6. What if large intestine isn't working well
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

7. Chewing does what?
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

8. In IBS - What is defective

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9. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

10. small intestine=
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

11. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

12. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

13. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

14. What are phagosomes
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

15. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

16. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Lysosome
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

17. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

18. Local vs long - distance mediators
Normally contracted
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

19. Four tissues
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

20. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

21. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
90-140 mg/dl
Estradiol

22. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

23. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Zygotes are diploid
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

24. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

25. mucus cells line the stomach...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

26. Leydig cells produce
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Inner lining of circulatory system
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Testosterone upon stim by LH

27. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

28. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

29. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
An endogenous morphine
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

30. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Increases blood Calcium
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

31. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

32. Determination is different than differentiation
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

33. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

34. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

35. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

36. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

37. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Inner lining of blood vessels
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

38. FLAT PG: LH
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Nitrogen
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

39. gametic life cycle
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

40. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Processes: axons - dendrites
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

41. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

42. What does peroxisome do
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

43. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

44. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

45. The EYE
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

46. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Faces the lumen
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Eukaryotes
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

47. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

48. FLAT PG: ACTH
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Testosterone and estradiol
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

49. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

50. amylase acts where on carbs
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

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