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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: FSH
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

2. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

3. What is gastric acid?
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Peptides
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

4. What do lipases do
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

5. Thus - central nervous sys is...
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

6. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

7. STOMACH: no absorption
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

8. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

9. Embryology
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

10. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

11. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Processes: axons - dendrites

12. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Organs
Ganglion

13. what happens to bile secretions
The renal corpuscle
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

14. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

15. What do villli do
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Lower blood pH

16. PNS nerve signal
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

17. Think of spinal cord injury
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Normally contracted
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

18. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

19. liver receives blood from...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
An endogenous morphine
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

20. What is the mesentery?
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Chylomicrons are much bigger

21. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

22. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

23. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

24. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Inner lining of circulatory system
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

25. The path from blood plasma to urine

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26. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

27. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Faces the lumen
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

28. What is somatostatin
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Processes: axons - dendrites

29. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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30. After meiosis II...
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

31. Kidney
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

32. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

33. liver and blood glucose...
ER
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

34. bile + fat forms
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Digestion
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

35. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

36. signal transduction occurs only in
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Night vision
Eukaryotes

37. How does glycogen compare to starch
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

38. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

39. oxytocin
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

40. trypsin is secreted by
Nitrogen
Testosterone and estradiol
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

41. fat digestion is time - intensive
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

42. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

43. Path of urine

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44. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

45. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

46. euk cell has two principal sides
Eukaryotes
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

47. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

48. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Ganglion

49. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Meiosis creates germ cells
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

50. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
90-140 mg/dl
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap