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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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2. small intestine=
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

3. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

4. What is endothelium?
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Inner lining of blood vessels

5. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

6. golgi body
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

7. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

8. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Organs
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

9. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

10. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
The renal corpuscle
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

11. At post - two weeks ovulation
Inner lining of circulatory system
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Faces the lumen
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

12. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

13. peroxisome is derived from this
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
ER
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

14. What is feces composed of...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
An endogenous morphine
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

15. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

16. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

17. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

18. Meiosis I Telophase I
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

19. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

20. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

21. Peritoneal refers to...
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

22. What does peroxisome do
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

23. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

24. Anterior eye
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

25. insulin secreted by
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Beta cells

26. Luteal surge
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Beta cells
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

27. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Peripheral nervous sys

28. Different tissues working together
Organs
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

29. mucus cells line the stomach...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

30. bile + fat forms
Peptides
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

31. Difference between euk and prok flagella
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Digestion
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
90-140 mg/dl

32. exocrine types
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Increases blood Calcium
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

33. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

34. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

35. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

36. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
5
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

37. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

38. parathyroid hormones
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

39. smooth ER main function
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

40. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
The renal corpuscle

41. PNS is broken down into
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

42. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

43. Creating gradients requires what?
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

44. Failure of apoptosis can result in
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

45. Think of spinal cord injury
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

46. signal transduction occurs only in
Eukaryotes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Beta cells
Smooth ER

47. inhibin secreted by
Estradiol
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

48. E storage per unit mass
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

49. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Peptides
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

50. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
ER
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'