MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. components of interstitial fluid
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector


2. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies


3. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Smooth ER
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter


4. Kidney
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)


5. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching


6. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum


7. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine


8. main point of fat transport...
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)


9. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium


10. lysosome pH
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
5
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t


11. fructose enters enterocyte by
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i


12. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Beta cells


13. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Ganglion
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching


14. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Neurons may perform one of three functions....


15. What determines number of chromosomes?
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal


16. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system


17. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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18. liver and blood glucose...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Eukaryotes


19. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Estradiol


20. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)


21. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport


22. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes


23. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)


24. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'


25. What is a plasmalogen?
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Faces the lumen


26. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Normally contracted
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)


27. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane


28. medium for paracrine hormones
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)


29. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
An endogenous morphine


30. portal vein physiology...

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31. Where does fertilization occur
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Fallopian tubes
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles


32. mitosis creates somatic cells
Meiosis creates germ cells
Fallopian tubes
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids


33. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis


34. Different organs working together
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)


35. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Beta cells
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer


36. Different tissues working together
Organs
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens


37. glucagon secreted by
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Meiosis creates germ cells


38. Local vs long - distance mediators
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)


39. sensory (afferent) neurons
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded


40. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava


41. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation


42. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Processes: axons - dendrites


43. After meiosis II - Female

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44. After meiosis II - Male

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45. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord


46. Does bile digest fat?
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation


47. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans


48. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
The renal corpuscle
Direction of differentiation


49. Path of urine

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50. Tight junctions
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom