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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: ACTH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

2. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

3. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

4. pancreas secretes enzymes via
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

5. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

6. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

7. What is the endothelium?
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Inner lining of circulatory system
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

8. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

9. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

10. fat digestion is time - intensive
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

11. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
90-140 mg/dl
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

12. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

13. What is the adventitia?
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Outermost layer of blood vessel

14. Local vs long - distance mediators
The renal corpuscle
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

15. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Zygotes are diploid
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

16. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

17. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Below hypothalamus

18. insulin secreted by
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
5
Beta cells

19. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

20. gametes are haploid
Glucose
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Zygotes are diploid

21. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Faces the lumen

22. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Chylomicrons are much bigger

23. Embryology
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

24. Chewing does what?
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

25. What is endothelium?
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Inner lining of blood vessels
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

26. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

27. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

28. What is feces composed of...
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

29. How do nutrients move?
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

30. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Lysosome
Inner lining of blood vessels
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

31. micelles vs liposomes
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

32. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Lower blood pH
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

33. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
An endogenous morphine
Ganglion
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

34. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

35. important pancreatic enzymes
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

36. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

37. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

38. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

39. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

40. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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41. oxytocin
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

42. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Organs

43. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
About 7.2

44. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

45. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Below hypothalamus

46. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

47. What is a nerve? (PNS)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

48. Anatomy of the villi
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
The renal corpuscle
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

49. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

50. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch