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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

2. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Lysosome

3. interneurons
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

4. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

5. Where are these exocrine glands located
Chylomicrons are much bigger
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Meiosis creates germ cells

6. FLAT PG: LH
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

7. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

8. What are phagosomes
Eukaryotes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

9. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Below hypothalamus
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

10. Posterior eye
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

11. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

12. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Nitrogen
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

13. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
90-140 mg/dl
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Inner lining of circulatory system

14. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

15. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

16. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

17. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

18. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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19. important pancreatic enzymes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

20. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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21. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

22. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

23. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

24. lining of abdominal cavity=
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

25. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

26. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

27. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Peptides
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

28. axon hillock physiology
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

29. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Below hypothalamus
Eukaryotes
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

30. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

31. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

32. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

33. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Eukaryotes
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

34. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
5
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

35. Blastocyst
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Testosterone and estradiol
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

36. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

37. What else do parietals do?
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

38. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Zygotes are diploid
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

39. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

40. Stomach has no lacteals
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

41. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

42. euk cell has two principal sides
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

43. portal vein physiology...

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44. lysosome main function and derivation
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

45. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Increases blood Calcium
An endogenous morphine
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

46. Anterior eye
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Processes: axons - dendrites

47. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

48. What is somatostatin
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

49. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

50. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver