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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

2. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

3. lysosome pH
5
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

4. The esophageal sphincter is...
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Normally contracted
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

5. What does peptic refer to in general
90-140 mg/dl
Digestion
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

6. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Digestion
Lysosome
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

7. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

8. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

9. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

10. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

11. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

12. What is endothelium?
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Inner lining of blood vessels
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

13. How do nutrients move?
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

14. What are the major carbohydrates
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

15. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Smooth ER
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

16. Posterior eye
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

17. golgi body
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Estradiol
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

18. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

19. What is a normal blood glucose range
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
90-140 mg/dl
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

20. spermatogonia arise from
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

21. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Peptides
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

22. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

23. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
5

24. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

25. inhibin secreted by
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

26. Where is bile produced
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

27. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Direction of differentiation
Estradiol
Eukaryotes
About 7.2

28. Morula (...totipotent)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

29. amylase acts where on carbs
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

30. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
About 7.2

31. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
About 7.2

32. peroxisome is derived from this
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
ER
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

33. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Increases blood Calcium
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

34. After meiosis II - Male

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35. FLAT PG: ACTH
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

36. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

37. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

38. medium for paracrine hormones
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

39. sensory (afferent) neurons
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

40. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Ganglion
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

41. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Meiosis creates germ cells
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Lysosome
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

42. Path of urine

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43. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
The renal corpuscle

44. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

45. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

46. Leydig cells produce
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Testosterone upon stim by LH

47. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Peripheral nervous sys
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

48. smooth ER main function
ER
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

49. Stomach has no lacteals
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

50. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)