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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

2. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

3. components of interstitial fluid
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

4. Anterior eye
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Peripheral nervous sys
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

5. lysosome main function and derivation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

6. In general - parietal=
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Meiosis creates germ cells
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

7. What hormones affect the stomach?
Meiosis creates germ cells
Normally contracted
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

8. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

9. small intestine=
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Inner lining of circulatory system

10. Meiosis I Telophase I
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

11. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

12. oxytocin
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

13. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

14. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

15. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

16. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Lower blood pH

17. What determines number of chromosomes?
Lysosome
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Eukaryotes
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

18. What does lipase attack exactly
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
The renal corpuscle

19. Gland: ovaries
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Digestion
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

20. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Estradiol
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

21. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Chylomicrons are much bigger

22. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

23. What is gastric acid?
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

24. The esophageal sphincter is...
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Normally contracted

25. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Processes: axons - dendrites
Peptides
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

26. After meiosis II - Female

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27. In IBS - What is defective

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28. Anatomy of the villi
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

29. Where else does ADH act
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

30. mucus cells line the stomach...
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

31. Morula (...totipotent)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

32. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

33. signal transduction occurs only in
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Eukaryotes
Estradiol

34. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Zygotes are diploid
Lower blood pH
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

35. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

36. Does bile digest fat?
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

37. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Smooth ER
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

38. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

39. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

40. light detection via GPCRs
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

41. In other words...
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Increases blood Calcium

42. quote on cavities/viscera

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43. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

44. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

45. liver and blood glucose...
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Beta cells

46. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

47. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

48. FLAT PG: prolactin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Beta cells

49. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

50. mitosis creates somatic cells
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Meiosis creates germ cells