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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Digestion

2. Gland: ovaries
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

3. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
The renal corpuscle
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

4. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

5. main point of fat transport...
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Processes: axons - dendrites
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

6. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Night vision

7. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

8. What is the mesentery?
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

9. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Testosterone and estradiol
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

10. The path from blood plasma to urine

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11. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Fallopian tubes

12. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Beta cells
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

13. Bile salts and lipase
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

14. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

15. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Chylomicrons are much bigger
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

16. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

17. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Fallopian tubes
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

18. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

19. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

20. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

21. Think of spinal cord injury
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

22. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

23. Kidney
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

24. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Eukaryotes
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

25. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

26. Path of urine

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27. After meiosis II...
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Lysosome

28. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

29. micelles also pick up
Peripheral nervous sys
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

30. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
5
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

31. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

32. What does lipase attack exactly
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

33. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

34. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

35. What is an endorphin?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
An endogenous morphine
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
ER

36. The EYE
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

37. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

38. calcitonin

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39. Different tissues working together
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Organs
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

40. How does glycogen compare to starch
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

41. Posterior eye
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

42. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

43. portal vein physiology...

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44. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

45. How do nutrients move?
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Increases blood Calcium
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

46. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
ER

47. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

48. axon hillock physiology
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

49. What is a normal blood glucose range
Digestion
90-140 mg/dl
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

50. Local vs long - distance mediators
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Night vision
Inner lining of blood vessels
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS