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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. components of interstitial fluid
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
About 7.2
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

2. gametes are haploid
Zygotes are diploid
Estradiol
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

3. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

4. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

5. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

6. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

7. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

8. micelles also pick up
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Below hypothalamus
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

9. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

10. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

11. zygotic life cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Zygotes are diploid
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

12. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

13. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Increases blood Calcium
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

14. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
90-140 mg/dl

15. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

16. Meiosis I Telophase I
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

17. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Organs
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

18. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

19. spermatogonia arise from
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

20. fructose enters enterocyte by
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

21. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Inner lining of circulatory system
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

22. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

23. Kidney
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

24. From that point...
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Glucose
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

25. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

26. Determination is different than differentiation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

27. Tight junctions
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Fallopian tubes
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

28. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

29. What do lipases do
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

30. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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31. After meiosis II - Male

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32. How does birth control work?
An endogenous morphine
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Nitrogen
Digestion

33. Posterior eye
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Ganglion
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

34. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

35. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

36. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Peptides
An endogenous morphine

37. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

38. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

39. What are phagosomes
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Faces the lumen

40. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

41. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

42. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

43. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

44. What is an endorphin?
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
An endogenous morphine

45. Stomach has no lacteals
Glucose
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

46. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Testosterone and estradiol
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

47. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

48. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Faces the lumen
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

49. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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50. The path from blood plasma to urine

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