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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Zygotes are diploid
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

2. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

3. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

4. After meiosis II - Female

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5. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

6. What are the major carbohydrates
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

7. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

8. Tight junctions
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Inner lining of blood vessels

9. when thinking of proteins - think
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Nitrogen
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

10. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

11. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Organs
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

12. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Fallopian tubes

13. The path from blood plasma to urine

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14. Which fats are not absorbed like this
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

15. components of interstitial fluid
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

16. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching

17. protein absorption at enterocyte
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

18. euk cell has two principal sides
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

19. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Processes: axons - dendrites
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

20. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

21. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

22. position of AP...
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Below hypothalamus

23. Leydig cells produce
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

24. Stomach has no lacteals
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Direction of differentiation
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

25. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

26. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

27. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Digestion
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

28. In IBS - What is defective

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29. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

30. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

31. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

32. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

33. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Smooth ER
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

34. only monosaccharides are absorbed
ER
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

35. mitosis creates somatic cells
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Meiosis creates germ cells
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

36. STOMACH: no absorption
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

37. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

38. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

39. Induction affects...
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Faces the lumen
Direction of differentiation

40. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

41. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Peptides
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Ganglion

42. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Zygotes are diploid
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

43. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Nitrogen
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

44. Embryology
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

45. How does glycogen compare to starch
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

46. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Zygotes are diploid

47. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
About 7.2
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

48. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Inner lining of blood vessels
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

49. mucus cells line the stomach...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Ganglion
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

50. How do nutrients move?
Direction of differentiation
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

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