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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

2. parathyroid hormone
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Increases blood Calcium
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

3. Leydig cells produce
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

4. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

5. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Night vision
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

6. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

7. What are phagosomes
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

8. Morula (...totipotent)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Lysosome
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

9. Liver Functions
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

10. medium for paracrine hormones
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

11. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
ER

12. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Smooth ER
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

13. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

14. micelles also pick up
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

15. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Fallopian tubes
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

16. signal transduction occurs only in
Eukaryotes
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

17. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

18. Tight junctions
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

19. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

20. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

21. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Night vision

22. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

23. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

24. gametes are haploid
About 7.2
Testosterone and estradiol
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Zygotes are diploid

25. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Peptides
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

26. From that point...
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Direction of differentiation
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

27. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

28. sporic life cycle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

29. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
The renal corpuscle
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

30. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

31. overview of prot digestion
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

32. What is the adventitia?
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Zygotes are diploid
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Outermost layer of blood vessel

33. What is a plasmalogen?
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Nitrogen

34. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Inner lining of circulatory system
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

35. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

36. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

37. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

38. insulin secreted by
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Beta cells
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Lysosome

39. when thinking of proteins - think
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Nitrogen

40. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

41. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Zygotes are diploid
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

42. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Peptides

43. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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44. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Processes: axons - dendrites
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Beta cells
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

45. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Zygotes are diploid
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

46. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

47. The esophageal sphincter is...
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Normally contracted

48. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Processes: axons - dendrites
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Chylomicrons are much bigger

49. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
ER
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Increases blood Calcium

50. What is somatostatin
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Digestion
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion