MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t


2. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)


3. axon hillock physiology
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan


4. Anterior eye
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border


5. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap


6. In other words...
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Carry signals to musc OR Gland


7. Where are these exocrine glands located
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation


8. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Digestion


9. parathyroid hormones
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion


10. insulin secreted by
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Beta cells
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes


11. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Lysosome
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine


12. amylase acts where on carbs
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)


13. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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14. liver receives blood from...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc


15. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct


16. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum


17. What is a nerve? (PNS)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul


18. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Organs
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit


19. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Testosterone and estradiol


20. zygotic life cycle
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state


21. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum


22. portal vein physiology...

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23. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Glucose
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation


24. Gland: ovaries
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes


25. Path of urine

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26. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)


27. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)


28. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Faces the lumen
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Testosterone and estradiol
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****


29. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney


30. Blastocyst
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu


31. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs


32. E storage per unit mass
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass


33. gametes are haploid
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Zygotes are diploid
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles


34. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Estradiol
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t


35. glucagon secreted by
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides


36. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi


37. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes


38. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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39. Where is bile produced
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Meiosis creates germ cells
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...


40. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Meiosis creates germ cells
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule


41. The esophageal sphincter is...
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Normally contracted


42. What is the adventitia?
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose


43. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)


44. During ejaculation - sperm...

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45. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i


46. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan


47. micelles vs liposomes
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake


48. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Smooth ER
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome


49. What do villli do
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption


50. Leydig cells produce
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti