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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

2. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Glucose

3. Path of urine

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4. Where are these exocrine glands located
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

5. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

6. lysosome main function and derivation
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Estradiol
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

7. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

8. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

9. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

10. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

11. How does birth control work?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

12. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Lysosome
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
The renal corpuscle

13. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

14. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

15. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

16. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

17. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

18. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

19. Anterior eye
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

20. Luteal surge
Below hypothalamus
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

21. insulin secreted by
Peripheral nervous sys
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Beta cells
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

22. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Direction of differentiation
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

23. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

24. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Direction of differentiation
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

25. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

26. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Testosterone upon stim by LH

27. FLAT PG: ACTH
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Peripheral nervous sys
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

28. Induction affects...
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Direction of differentiation
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

29. What else do parietals do?
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

30. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Below hypothalamus
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

31. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
About 7.2
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

32. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Digestion

33. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

34. energy source of neurons
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Peripheral nervous sys
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

35. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Testosterone and estradiol

36. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
ER
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

37. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

38. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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39. golgi body
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

40. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

41. What is the mesentery?
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

42. Posterior eye
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

43. parathyroid hormones
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

44. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Estradiol
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

45. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

46. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

47. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

48. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

49. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

50. medium for paracrine hormones
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity