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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which fats are not absorbed like this
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

2. Where are these exocrine glands located
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

3. What hormones affect the stomach?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

4. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

5. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

6. spermatogonia arise from
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Digestion
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

7. calcitonin

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8. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

9. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

10. peroxisome is derived from this
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
ER
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

11. Chewing does what?
Processes: axons - dendrites
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
An endogenous morphine
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

12. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

13. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
90-140 mg/dl

14. FLAT PG: LH
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

15. What is somatostatin
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

16. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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17. What does lipase attack exactly
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

18. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

19. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

20. What is a plasmalogen?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

21. when thinking of proteins - think
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Nitrogen
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Fallopian tubes

22. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

23. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Inner lining of blood vessels
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

24. liver receives blood from...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Normally contracted
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

25. what happens to bile secretions
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

26. After meiosis II - Female

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27. Meiosis I Telophase I
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

28. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Lysosome
Below hypothalamus

29. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

30. Anatomy of the villi
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

31. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Digestion

32. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Smooth ER
Fallopian tubes

33. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

34. fat digestion is time - intensive
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

35. What does peptic refer to in general
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Digestion

36. oxytocin
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

37. STOMACH: no absorption
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

38. The apical side of the villi...
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Faces the lumen
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

39. Where does fertilization occur
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Fallopian tubes
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

40. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

41. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Ganglion
An endogenous morphine

42. Different organs working together
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

43. Anterior eye
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

44. important pancreatic enzymes
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

45. PNS nerve signal
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

46. euk cell has two principal sides
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

47. Different tissues working together
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Organs
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

48. Kidney physiology...

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49. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

50. How does birth control work?
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)