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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

2. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Glucose
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

3. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

4. What does lipase attack exactly
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

5. What do villli do
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Meiosis creates germ cells
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

6. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

7. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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8. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Increases blood Calcium
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

9. Some epithelial cells are... others...
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

10. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

11. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Lower blood pH
Direction of differentiation

12. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

13. zygotic life cycle
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

14. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

15. smooth ER main function
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

16. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

17. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
An endogenous morphine
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

18. sensory (afferent) neurons
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Beta cells
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

19. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

20. glucagon secreted by
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

21. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

22. FLAT PG: ACTH
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

23. components of interstitial fluid
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Peripheral nervous sys
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

24. Chewing does what?
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

25. position of AP...
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Below hypothalamus
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

26. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Inner lining of circulatory system
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

27. FLAT PG: LH
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

28. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

29. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

30. At post - two weeks ovulation
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Night vision
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

31. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Testosterone and estradiol
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

32. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

33. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
An endogenous morphine
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

34. when thinking of proteins - think
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Nitrogen
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

35. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

36. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

37. After meiosis II...
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

38. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

39. mucus cells line the stomach...
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

40. How does birth control work?
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Testosterone upon stim by LH

41. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
5
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

42. Gland: ovaries
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

43. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Peptides
ER
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

44. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

45. Think of spinal cord injury
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Beta cells
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

46. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

47. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Organs
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

48. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Below hypothalamus
Chylomicrons are much bigger

49. Meiosis I Anaphase I
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

50. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity