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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

2. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

3. Bile salts and lipase
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

4. What is the endothelium?
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Inner lining of circulatory system

5. The esophageal sphincter is...
Increases blood Calcium
Normally contracted
Ganglion
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

6. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
ER
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

7. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

8. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

9. components of interstitial fluid
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

10. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

11. Path of urine

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12. insulin secreted by
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Lysosome
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Beta cells

13. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

14. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

15. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

16. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

17. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

18. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Peptides
Ganglion

19. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

20. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

21. small intestine=
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Below hypothalamus
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

22. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

23. After meiosis II...
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

24. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Inner lining of blood vessels
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

25. What is a plasmalogen?
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

26. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Normally contracted
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

27. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

28. liver and blood glucose...
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
ER

29. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

30. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Glucose
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Outermost layer of blood vessel
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

31. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
5
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

32. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

33. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

34. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

35. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

36. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

37. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

38. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

39. Blastocyst
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

40. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Zygotes are diploid
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Inner lining of circulatory system

41. peroxisome is derived from this
ER
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Lysosome
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

42. STOMACH: no absorption
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Inner lining of circulatory system
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
The renal corpuscle

43. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

44. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

45. What determines number of chromosomes?
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
About 7.2
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

46. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

47. What is gastric acid?
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

48. Creating gradients requires what?
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Eukaryotes
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

49. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

50. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids