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Test your basic knowledge |
MCAT Prep - 2
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Subjects
:
mcat
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. E storage per unit mass
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
2. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
3. Path of urine
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4. sensory (afferent) neurons
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
About 7.2
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
5. peroxisome is derived from this
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
ER
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
6. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
7. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.
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8. from the loop of henle...
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
9. The esophageal sphincter is...
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Normally contracted
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
10. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Organs
11. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
12. Embryology
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
13. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Glucose
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
14. lining of abdominal cavity=
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
15. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Estradiol
16. micelles also pick up
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
17. What is an endorphin?
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
An endogenous morphine
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
18. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
19. What do lipases do
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
20. What is endothelium?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Inner lining of blood vessels
Estradiol
21. liver and blood glucose...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
22. Kidney
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
23. overview of prot digestion
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
24. At post - two weeks ovulation
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
25. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Glucose
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
26. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
27. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
28. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Glucose
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
29. How does the body mobilize fat stores
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
30. quote on cavities/viscera
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31. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
32. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
33. STOMACH: no absorption
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
34. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
35. golgi body
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
36. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
37. medium for paracrine hormones
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
38. Where is bile produced
Digestion
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Organs
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
39. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
40. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
41. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Estradiol
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
42. In general - parietal=
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
43. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
44. What is somatostatin
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Zygotes are diploid
45. mitosis creates somatic cells
ER
Meiosis creates germ cells
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
46. glucagon secreted by
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
47. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
48. FLAT PG: FSH
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
49. What is gastric acid?
Fallopian tubes
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
50. Where are these exocrine glands located
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
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