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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

2. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Zygotes are diploid
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

3. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Lysosome
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

4. The path from blood plasma to urine

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5. Bile salts and lipase
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

6. Different organs working together
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

7. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Inner lining of blood vessels

8. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Processes: axons - dendrites
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
About 7.2
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

9. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Eukaryotes

10. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
The renal corpuscle

11. zygotic life cycle
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

12. Blastocyst
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

13. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
About 7.2
Lower blood pH

14. The esophageal sphincter is...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Normally contracted
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Ganglion

15. liver and blood glucose...
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

16. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Inner lining of blood vessels
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

17. portal vein physiology...

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18. What does lipase attack exactly
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

19. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Processes: axons - dendrites
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

20. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Night vision
Organs
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

21. In other words...
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

22. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Peptides
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

23. The apical side of the villi...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Faces the lumen
Estradiol

24. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

25. Morula (...totipotent)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

26. FLAT PG: ACTH
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Below hypothalamus
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

27. when thinking of proteins - think
Nitrogen
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

28. STOMACH: no absorption
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

29. FLAT PG: prolactin
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

30. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Fallopian tubes
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

31. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

32. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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33. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

34. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

35. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Night vision
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

36. spermatogonia arise from
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

37. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

38. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Eukaryotes
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

39. lysosome pH
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
5
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

40. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

41. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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42. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

43. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Ganglion
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

44. micelles vs liposomes
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

45. What do villli do
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

46. signal transduction occurs only in
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Eukaryotes

47. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Normally contracted
Eukaryotes

48. glucagon secreted by
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

49. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

50. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Lysosome
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)