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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

2. Anterior eye
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Zygotes are diploid
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

3. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
The renal corpuscle

4. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Peripheral nervous sys
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

5. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

6. Four tissues
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Eukaryotes
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

7. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

8. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Inner lining of blood vessels
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

9. What are the major carbohydrates
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Ganglion
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

10. What if large intestine isn't working well
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

11. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

12. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

13. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

14. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Organs
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

15. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Zygotes are diploid
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

16. Creating gradients requires what?
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

17. Induction affects...
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Direction of differentiation
90-140 mg/dl
Testosterone and estradiol

18. components of interstitial fluid
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Peripheral nervous sys

19. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

20. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

21. ADH
Ganglion
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Fallopian tubes
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

22. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

23. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

24. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

25. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Processes: axons - dendrites

26. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Nitrogen
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

27. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Peptides
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

28. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
5
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

29. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

30. PNS is broken down into
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Organs

31. Blastocyst
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Direction of differentiation
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

32. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

33. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

34. cytosol pH
About 7.2
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

35. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

36. Peritoneal refers to...
Fallopian tubes
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

37. lysosome pH
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Digestion
5

38. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Organs

39. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

40. overview of prot digestion
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

41. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Glucose

42. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Peripheral nervous sys
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

43. smooth ER main function
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

44. micelles vs liposomes
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Increases blood Calcium
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

45. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

46. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

47. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

48. The esophageal sphincter is...
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Normally contracted
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

49. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

50. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Peptides

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MCAT Prep - 2

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