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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. exocrine types
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

2. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

3. What hormones affect the stomach?
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

4. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

5. During ejaculation - sperm...

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6. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

7. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

8. Where is bile produced
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

9. micelles also pick up
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

10. How does water cross the apical membrane
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

11. main point of fat transport...
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

12. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
An endogenous morphine
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

13. quote on cavities/viscera

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14. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Peptides
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

15. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Digestion
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Fallopian tubes

16. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

17. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

18. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

19. smooth ER main function
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
90-140 mg/dl
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

20. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

21. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Chylomicrons are much bigger

22. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Testosterone upon stim by LH

23. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

24. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Normally contracted
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

25. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Direction of differentiation
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

26. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

27. What if large intestine isn't working well
ER
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

28. mucus cells line the stomach...
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

29. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

30. The apical side of the villi...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Faces the lumen

31. Determination is different than differentiation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

32. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Increases blood Calcium
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

33. Alpha - amylase found where
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

34. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

35. cytosol pH
Digestion
Peptides
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
About 7.2

36. How does the body mobilize fat stores
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

37. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

38. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Ganglion
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

39. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

40. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

41. what happens to bile secretions
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

42. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

43. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

44. ADH
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

45. What is the adventitia?
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

46. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Smooth ER
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

47. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

48. sporic life cycle
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

49. Meiosis I Telophase I
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

50. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Below hypothalamus
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord