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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where are these exocrine glands located
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

2. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

3. Meiosis I Telophase I
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

4. Kidney physiology...

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5. inhibin secreted by
Nitrogen
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

6. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
5
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

7. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

8. In general - parietal=
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

9. How does birth control work?
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

10. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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11. The path from blood plasma to urine

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12. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
About 7.2
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

13. micelles vs liposomes
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

14. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
5
Ganglion
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

15. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Direction of differentiation
Lysosome
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

16. Embryology
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

17. The esophageal sphincter is...
Normally contracted
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

18. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
The renal corpuscle
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

19. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

20. PNS nerve signal
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

21. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Organs
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

22. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Estradiol
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

23. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Inner lining of circulatory system
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

24. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

25. PNS is broken down into
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

26. trypsin is secreted by
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

27. Different tissues working together
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Organs

28. What does peptic refer to in general
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Digestion
Normally contracted

29. Embryology
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

30. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

31. zygotic life cycle
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

32. gametes are haploid
Zygotes are diploid
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

33. Anterior eye
Estradiol
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

34. protein absorption at enterocyte
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

35. at lo blood sugar...
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

36. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

37. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
ER

38. Posterior eye
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

39. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

40. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

41. ADH
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

42. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Zygotes are diploid

43. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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44. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

45. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

46. light detection via GPCRs
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Fallopian tubes
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

47. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

48. Where else does ADH act
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

49. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Organs
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

50. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)