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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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2. what happens to bile secretions
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

3. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

4. FLAT PG: ACTH
Normally contracted
Smooth ER
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

5. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

6. peroxisome is derived from this
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Peptides
ER

7. What determines number of chromosomes?
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Night vision
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

8. Where is bile produced
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

9. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Digestion
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

10. small intestine=
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

11. Different organs working together
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
ER

12. glucagon secreted by
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

13. quote on cavities/viscera

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14. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

15. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

16. gametes are haploid
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Zygotes are diploid
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

17. Path of food entering body...
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

18. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

19. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

20. sensory (afferent) neurons
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

21. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
5
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

22. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Increases blood Calcium

23. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

24. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

25. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Lysosome

26. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Testosterone and estradiol
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

27. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Peripheral nervous sys
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

28. STOMACH: no absorption
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

29. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

30. Where does fertilization occur
Ganglion
Fallopian tubes
Increases blood Calcium
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

31. lysosome main function and derivation
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

32. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

33. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

34. Chewing does what?
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

35. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

36. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

37. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

38. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

39. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

40. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

41. bile + fat forms
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

42. Think of spinal cord injury
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

43. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Meiosis creates germ cells
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Ganglion
Glucose

44. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Inner lining of blood vessels
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

45. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Organs

46. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

47. sporic life cycle
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

48. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

49. Where else does ADH act
5
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

50. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron