MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Induction affects...
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Direction of differentiation
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc


2. Four tissues
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons


3. spermatogonia arise from
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients


4. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti


5. Stomach has no lacteals
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Smooth ER
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine


6. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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7. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Increases blood Calcium


8. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Testosterone upon stim by LH


9. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Normally contracted


10. Liver Functions
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption


11. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection


12. Anatomy of the villi
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule


13. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded


14. What if large intestine isn't working well
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Peptides
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch


15. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)


16. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)


17. from the loop of henle...
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)


18. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Processes: axons - dendrites


19. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Glucose


20. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Increases blood Calcium
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions


21. In general - parietal=
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes


22. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons


23. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
An endogenous morphine
90-140 mg/dl
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS


24. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis


25. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate


26. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility


27. quote on cavities/viscera

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28. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border


29. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Ganglion
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy


30. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs


31. Tight junctions
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching


32. During ejaculation - sperm...

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33. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang


34. axon hillock physiology
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries


35. Kidney physiology...

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36. remaining secondary follicle becomes
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)


37. Path of urine

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38. What is an endorphin?
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
An endogenous morphine
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals


39. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure


40. sensory (afferent) neurons
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded


41. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Nitrogen
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH


42. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Estradiol
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat


43. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Faces the lumen
Neurons may perform one of three functions....


44. What do villli do
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
About 7.2


45. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Lower blood pH
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability


46. Kidney
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Digestion


47. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands


48. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi


49. light detection via GPCRs
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
5
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)


50. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Fallopian tubes