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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

2. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

3. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

4. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

5. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Beta cells

6. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Direction of differentiation
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

7. Stomach has no lacteals
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

8. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

9. protein absorption at enterocyte
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

10. zygotic life cycle
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

11. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

12. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

13. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Testosterone and estradiol
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

14. What does lipase attack exactly
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

15. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

16. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Ganglion
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

17. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Glucose
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

18. Think of spinal cord injury
90-140 mg/dl
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

19. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

20. E storage per unit mass
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

21. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

22. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Testosterone and estradiol

23. The EYE
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Inner lining of circulatory system

24. cytosol pH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
About 7.2

25. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Chylomicrons are much bigger

26. lysosome main function and derivation
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

27. What is endothelium?
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Inner lining of blood vessels
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

28. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Testosterone and estradiol
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

29. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

30. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

31. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Ganglion

32. Different tissues working together
Organs
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

33. What is a plasmalogen?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

34. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Direction of differentiation

35. mitosis creates somatic cells
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Meiosis creates germ cells

36. Morula (...totipotent)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Increases blood Calcium
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

37. Peritoneal refers to...
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

38. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

39. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Peptides
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

40. quote on cavities/viscera

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41. small intestine=
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

42. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

43. Determination is different than differentiation
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

44. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

45. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Glucose
The renal corpuscle
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

46. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

47. What is an endorphin?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
An endogenous morphine

48. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

49. micelles also pick up
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

50. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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