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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Digestion
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

2. Does bile digest fat?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

3. FLAT PG: FSH
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

4. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

5. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

6. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

7. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

8. What is an endorphin?
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
An endogenous morphine
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

9. calcitonin

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10. liver receives blood from...
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

11. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

12. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

13. What does lipase attack exactly
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Fallopian tubes
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

14. What do lipases do
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Meiosis creates germ cells
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

15. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Below hypothalamus

16. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

17. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

18. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

19. How does glycogen compare to starch
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Meiosis creates germ cells
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

20. sporic life cycle
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

21. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Nitrogen
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

22. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

23. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

24. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Direction of differentiation
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

25. Kidney physiology...

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26. Stomach has no lacteals
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

27. What is a plasmalogen?
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

28. fat digestion is time - intensive
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Ganglion
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

29. FLAT PG: prolactin
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Organs
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

30. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

31. In IBS - What is defective

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32. After meiosis II - Female

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33. Tight junctions
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

34. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

35. Anatomy of the villi
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

36. E storage per unit mass
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Normally contracted
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

37. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

38. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

39. Where does fertilization occur
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Fallopian tubes

40. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

41. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

42. golgi body
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Smooth ER
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

43. What are phagosomes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

44. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

45. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Peptides
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Organs

46. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

47. Four tissues
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Below hypothalamus
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

48. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

49. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Peripheral nervous sys
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

50. What do villli do
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat