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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

2. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu

3. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

4. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Direction of differentiation

5. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Meiosis creates germ cells
Eukaryotes
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

6. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

7. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Faces the lumen
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

8. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Inner lining of circulatory system
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

9. What are the major carbohydrates
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

10. gametes are haploid
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Zygotes are diploid
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

11. liver receives blood from...
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

12. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

13. quote on cavities/viscera

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14. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

15. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

16. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
The renal corpuscle

17. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

18. when thinking of proteins - think
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Increases blood Calcium
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Nitrogen

19. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Peptides
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

20. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

21. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

22. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

23. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Lysosome
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Lower blood pH
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

24. Path of urine

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25. What do villli do
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

26. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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27. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

28. How does birth control work?
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Peripheral nervous sys

29. Anatomy of the villi
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

30. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

31. peroxisome is derived from this
Below hypothalamus
ER
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

32. Blastocyst
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

33. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Increases blood Calcium
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

34. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

35. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

36. PNS nerve signal
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Faces the lumen
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

37. Chewing does what?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

38. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

39. Anterior eye
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

40. PNS is broken down into
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

41. Leydig cells produce
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Nitrogen
Testosterone upon stim by LH

42. What is feces composed of...
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

43. components of interstitial fluid
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Peptides

44. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Glucose
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

45. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Peripheral nervous sys
Glucose
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

46. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

47. exocrine types
Increases blood Calcium
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

48. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Processes: axons - dendrites
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

49. spermatogonia arise from
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

50. What does lipase attack exactly
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on