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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. ADH
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

2. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

3. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Lysosome

4. E storage per unit mass
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

5. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Organs
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

6. at lo blood sugar...
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

7. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

8. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Testosterone and estradiol
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

9. fructose enters enterocyte by
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Testosterone upon stim by LH

10. cytosol pH
Meiosis creates germ cells
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
About 7.2
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

11. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

12. medium for paracrine hormones
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
ER
Below hypothalamus
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

13. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

14. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

15. What is a normal blood glucose range
90-140 mg/dl
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

16. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

17. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

18. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Processes: axons - dendrites

19. Path of food entering body...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Nitrogen
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

20. mitosis creates somatic cells
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Normally contracted
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Meiosis creates germ cells

21. parathyroid hormones
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

22. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

23. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

24. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

25. parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

26. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

27. What hormones affect the stomach?
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

28. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Zygotes are diploid

29. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

30. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

31. inhibin secreted by
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

32. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Inner lining of circulatory system
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

33. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

34. Determination is different than differentiation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

35. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Lower blood pH
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

36. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fallopian tubes
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

37. At post - two weeks ovulation
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

38. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

39. The esophageal sphincter is...
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Glucose
Normally contracted

40. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Increases blood Calcium
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

41. What is the mesentery?
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Faces the lumen
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Peptides

42. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

43. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

44. How does water cross the apical membrane
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
An endogenous morphine
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

45. Blastocyst
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Organs
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

46. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

47. FLAT PG: ACTH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Estradiol
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

48. quote on cavities/viscera

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49. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

50. PNS is broken down into
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

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MCAT Prep - 2

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