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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. micelles also pick up
Smooth ER
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

2. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

3. What does peroxisome do
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

4. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Normally contracted

5. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Night vision
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

6. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

7. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

8. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

9. FLAT PG: prolactin
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

10. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

11. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

12. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Peripheral nervous sys
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

13. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

14. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

15. medium for paracrine hormones
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

16. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

17. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

18. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Processes: axons - dendrites

19. amylase acts where on carbs
Beta cells
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

20. During ejaculation - sperm...

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21. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Night vision
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

22. Tight junctions
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

23. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

24. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

25. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

26. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
90-140 mg/dl
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

27. From that point...
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Inner lining of circulatory system
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

28. sensory (afferent) neurons
About 7.2
Peptides
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

29. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

30. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

31. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Testosterone and estradiol
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

32. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Lysosome
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

33. what happens to bile secretions
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Processes: axons - dendrites

34. from the loop of henle...
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Lysosome

35. What is endothelium?
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Inner lining of blood vessels
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

36. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Peptides

37. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

38. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Ganglion
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

39. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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40. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Peptides
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

41. Bile salts and lipase
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
ER
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

42. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Eukaryotes

43. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

44. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

45. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Processes: axons - dendrites
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

46. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

47. bile + fat forms
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

48. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

49. peroxisome is derived from this
Glucose
Fallopian tubes
ER
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

50. What does lipase attack exactly
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles