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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

2. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

3. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

4. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

5. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

6. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

7. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Peripheral nervous sys
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

8. Does bile digest fat?
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

9. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

10. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

11. fructose enters enterocyte by
Night vision
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

12. What is endothelium?
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Ganglion
About 7.2
Inner lining of blood vessels

13. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

14. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

15. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Meiosis creates germ cells
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

16. What is the adventitia?
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

17. Embryology
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

18. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

19. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

20. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

21. Creating gradients requires what?
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

22. ADH
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

23. insulin secreted by
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Increases blood Calcium
Beta cells

24. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

25. Meiosis I Telophase I
Beta cells
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

26. mitosis creates somatic cells
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Meiosis creates germ cells

27. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Below hypothalamus
Glucose
Processes: axons - dendrites

28. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Fallopian tubes
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

29. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

30. Luteal surge
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

31. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

32. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

33. liver and blood glucose...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

34. Where is bile produced
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Increases blood Calcium

35. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

36. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

37. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

38. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Beta cells
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

39. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

40. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Processes: axons - dendrites

41. The path from blood plasma to urine

42. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

43. medium for paracrine hormones
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

44. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
The renal corpuscle
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

45. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

46. from the loop of henle...
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

47. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Peptides
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Ganglion
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

48. Bile salts and lipase
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

49. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

50. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity