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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

2. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
ER
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

3. main point of fat transport...
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

4. signal transduction occurs only in
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Increases blood Calcium
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Eukaryotes

5. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

6. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

7. Think of spinal cord injury
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Estradiol

8. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
The renal corpuscle
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

9. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

10. small intestine=
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

11. What is the mesentery?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

12. gametes are haploid
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Zygotes are diploid
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

13. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

14. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

15. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

16. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

17. What is a normal blood glucose range
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
90-140 mg/dl
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

18. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

19. liver receives blood from...
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

20. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Peptides
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

21. What determines number of chromosomes?
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Direction of differentiation

22. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

23. Does bile digest fat?
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

24. The apical side of the villi...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Faces the lumen

25. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

26. lining of abdominal cavity=
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

27. Bile salts and lipase
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Fallopian tubes
An endogenous morphine

28. Tight junctions
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
5

29. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein

30. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Outermost layer of blood vessel

31. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Estradiol
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

32. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Digestion
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

33. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

34. mucus cells line the stomach...
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

35. smooth ER main function
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Faces the lumen
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

36. Four tissues
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

37. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Inner lining of blood vessels
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

38. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Peptides

39. After meiosis II - Female

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40. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Zygotes are diploid
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

41. The esophageal sphincter is...
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Normally contracted

42. lysosome pH
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
5

43. trypsin is secreted by
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

44. E storage per unit mass
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

45. Gland: ovaries
Night vision
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

46. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

47. fat digestion is time - intensive
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

48. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Meiosis creates germ cells
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

49. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

50. Embryology
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra