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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
The renal corpuscle

2. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

3. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Smooth ER
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Nitrogen

4. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

5. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

6. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

7. What do villli do
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Meiosis creates germ cells
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

8. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Peripheral nervous sys

9. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

10. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

11. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Meiosis creates germ cells

12. PNS is broken down into
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Peripheral nervous sys

13. What is a normal blood glucose range
Peptides
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
90-140 mg/dl

14. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

15. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

16. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Glucose
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

17. cytosol pH
Ganglion
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
About 7.2

18. Kidney
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

19. Local vs long - distance mediators
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

20. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

21. In general - parietal=
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

22. Different tissues working together
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Organs
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

23. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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24. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Outermost layer of blood vessel

25. light detection via GPCRs
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

26. calcitonin

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27. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

28. Embryology
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

29. Blastocyst
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

30. FLAT PG: ACTH
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

31. mucus cells line the stomach...
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

32. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

33. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
An endogenous morphine
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

34. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

35. Path of urine

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36. amylase acts where on carbs
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

37. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

38. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

39. Induction affects...
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Direction of differentiation
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

40. Where else does ADH act
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Peptides
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

41. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

42. micelles vs liposomes
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis

43. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

44. Leydig cells produce
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Testosterone upon stim by LH
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

45. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

46. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

47. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Faces the lumen

48. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Nitrogen
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

49. What determines number of chromosomes?
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

50. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)