Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

2. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Estradiol
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

3. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Estradiol

4. After meiosis II...
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

5. FLAT PG: prolactin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Peripheral nervous sys
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

6. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

7. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

8. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

9. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

10. What else do parietals do?
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

11. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

12. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Inner lining of blood vessels
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

13. exocrine types
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

14. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
90-140 mg/dl

15. PNS nerve signal
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

16. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

17. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

18. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

19. Where are these exocrine glands located
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP

20. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

21. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

22. mucus cells line the stomach...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

23. The EYE
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

24. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

25. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

26. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

27. What do villli do
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

28. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

29. lysosome pH
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
5
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

30. Determination is different than differentiation
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

31. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

32. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

33. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

34. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Beta cells
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

35. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
5
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

36. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

37. What do lipases do
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
5
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

38. gametes are haploid
Zygotes are diploid
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

39. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Peptides
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

40. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

41. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

42. PNS is broken down into
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

43. What is the adventitia?
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Inner lining of blood vessels
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

44. at lo blood sugar...
Meiosis creates germ cells
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

45. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

46. Does bile digest fat?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

47. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
ER

48. Bile salts and lipase
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

49. lysosome main function and derivation
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Inner lining of circulatory system
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

50. Peritoneal refers to...
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

Sorry!:) No result found.

Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?

Major Subjects
Tests & Exams AP CLEP DSST GRE SAT GMAT	Certifications CISSP go to https://www.isc2.org/ PMP ITIL RHCE MCTS More...	IT Skills Android Programming Data Modeling Objective C Programming Basic Python Programming Adobe Illustrator More...	Business Skills Advertising Techniques Business Accounting Basics Business Strategy Human Resource Management Marketing Basics More...
Soft Skills Body Language People Skills Public Speaking Persuasion Job Hunting And Resumes More...	Vocabulary GRE Vocab SAT Vocab TOEFL Essential Vocab Basic English Words For All Global Words You Should Know Business English More...	Languages AP German Vocab AP Latin Vocab SAT Subject Test: French Italian Survival Norwegian Survival More...	Engineering Audio Engineering Computer Science Engineering Aerospace Engineering Chemical Engineering Structural Engineering More...
Health Sciences Basic Nursing Skills Health Science Language Fundamentals Veterinary Technology Medical Language Cardiology Clinical Surgery More...	English Grammar Fundamentals Literary And Rhetorical Vocab Elements Of Style Vocab Introduction To English Major Complete Advanced Sentences Literature Homonyms More...	Math Algebra Formulas Basic Arithmetic: Measurements Metric Conversions Geometric Properties Important Math Facts Number Sense Vocab Business Math More...	Other Major Subjects Science Economics History Law Performing-arts Cooking Logic & Reasoning Trivia

Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Sorry!:) No result found.

Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?

Let me suggest you:

Browse all subjects

Browse all tests

Most popular tests

Major Subjects

Tests & Exams

Certifications

IT Skills

Business Skills

Soft Skills

Vocabulary

Languages

Engineering

Health Sciences

English

Math

Other Major Subjects

Browse all subjects

Browse all tests

Most popular tests