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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does water cross the apical membrane
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

2. Meiosis I Telophase I
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Peptides
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

3. What is endothelium?
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Inner lining of blood vessels
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

4. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

5. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
The renal corpuscle

6. from the loop of henle...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

7. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Peptides

8. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

9. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
The renal corpuscle
Fallopian tubes

10. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

11. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Peptides
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

12. Where does fertilization occur
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Fallopian tubes

13. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Estradiol
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

14. Where are these exocrine glands located
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

15. What is a plasmalogen?
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Meiosis creates germ cells
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

16. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

17. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

18. What does peptic refer to in general
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Digestion

19. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

20. What is the adventitia?
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Outermost layer of blood vessel
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

21. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Lower blood pH

22. After meiosis II...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

23. Four tissues
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Fallopian tubes
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

24. golgi body
Inner lining of blood vessels
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

25. After meiosis II - Male

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26. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

27. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

28. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

29. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Fallopian tubes
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

30. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Glucose
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

31. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

32. Kidney physiology...

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33. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

34. What does peroxisome do
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

35. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Lysosome
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

36. spermatogonia arise from
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

37. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

38. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Processes: axons - dendrites

39. After meiosis II - Female

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40. What hormones affect the stomach?
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
An endogenous morphine
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

41. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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42. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Nitrogen
The renal corpuscle
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

43. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

44. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Ganglion
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Digestion

45. FLAT PG: prolactin
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Glucose
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

46. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

47. Does bile digest fat?
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

48. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

49. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Organs
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

50. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Smooth ER
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Outermost layer of blood vessel

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MCAT Prep - 2

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