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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

2. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Faces the lumen
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

3. Morula (...totipotent)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
An endogenous morphine
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

4. calcitonin

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5. During ejaculation - sperm...

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6. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

7. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Digestion

8. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Increases blood Calcium
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

9. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

10. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Processes: axons - dendrites
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

11. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
ER

12. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

13. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

14. The apical side of the villi...
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Increases blood Calcium
Faces the lumen
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

15. Alpha - amylase found where
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
90-140 mg/dl
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

16. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Inner lining of blood vessels
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

17. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

18. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

19. fructose enters enterocyte by
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

20. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages

21. micelles also pick up
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

22. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

23. amylase acts where on carbs
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

24. ADH
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

25. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Eukaryotes

26. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

27. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

28. Think of spinal cord injury
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Smooth ER

29. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

30. when thinking of proteins - think
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Nitrogen

31. Different tissues working together
Organs
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

32. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

33. components of interstitial fluid
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Increases blood Calcium
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

34. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Zygotes are diploid
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

35. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Beta cells
Below hypothalamus
Testosterone and estradiol

36. What is endothelium?
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Inner lining of blood vessels
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

37. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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38. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

39. overview of prot digestion
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

40. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

41. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Lysosome
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

42. How does glycogen compare to starch
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

43. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

44. What are phagosomes
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

45. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

46. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

47. Meiosis I Telophase I
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

48. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

49. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Peptides
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Testosterone and estradiol

50. After meiosis II - Female

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