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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
The renal corpuscle
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
5
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

2. What is an endorphin?
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
An endogenous morphine
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

3. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Faces the lumen
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

4. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

5. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Night vision
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

6. Path of food entering body...
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

7. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Normally contracted
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

8. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
An endogenous morphine
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

9. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Fallopian tubes
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Peptides

10. euk cell has two principal sides
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
ER
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

11. calcitonin

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12. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

13. Different organs working together
Inner lining of circulatory system
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Smooth ER

14. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
An endogenous morphine
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Peripheral nervous sys

15. Induction affects...
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Direction of differentiation
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

16. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

17. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Digestion
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

18. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

19. Stomach has no lacteals
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Fallopian tubes

20. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

21. fructose enters enterocyte by
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

22. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

23. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

24. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

25. Alpha - amylase found where
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

26. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Faces the lumen
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

27. Some epithelial cells are... others...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

28. What hormones affect the stomach?
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Night vision

29. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Estradiol
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

30. components of interstitial fluid
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

31. FLAT PG: ACTH
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

32. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

33. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Lysosome
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

34. Path of urine

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35. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

36. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Meiosis creates germ cells
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

37. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

38. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

39. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Zygotes are diploid
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
ER

40. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

41. How does birth control work?
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Inner lining of circulatory system
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

42. remaining secondary follicle becomes
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

43. micelles also pick up
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane

44. main point of fat transport...
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

45. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

46. What does portal vein do
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Processes: axons - dendrites

47. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

48. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Digestion
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

49. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

50. Creating gradients requires what?
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

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MCAT Prep - 2

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