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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

2. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

3. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
90-140 mg/dl
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

4. PNS nerve signal
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Direction of differentiation
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Processes: axons - dendrites

5. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

6. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

7. PNS is broken down into
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Digestion

8. What does peptic refer to in general
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Digestion

9. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Zygotes are diploid
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

10. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Meiosis creates germ cells

11. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Peptides
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

12. peroxisome is derived from this
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
ER
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

13. After meiosis II...
An endogenous morphine
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

14. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Zygotes are diploid
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

15. What is feces composed of...
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Increases blood Calcium
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

16. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

17. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Testosterone and estradiol
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Ganglion

18. Tight junctions
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Digestion

19. What does portal vein do
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

20. at lo blood sugar...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

21. portal vein physiology...

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22. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

23. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

24. What hormones affect the stomach?
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

25. mitosis creates somatic cells
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Zygotes are diploid
Meiosis creates germ cells

26. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Testosterone and estradiol
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

27. micelles vs liposomes
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Direction of differentiation

28. fructose enters enterocyte by
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

29. Does bile digest fat?
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

30. How does glycogen compare to starch
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

31. liver receives blood from...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

32. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

33. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Zygotes are diploid
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Ganglion

34. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

35. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

36. What is a normal blood glucose range
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
90-140 mg/dl
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

37. trypsin is secreted by
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

38. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

39. overview of prot digestion
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

40. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

41. Posterior eye
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

42. lysosome pH
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
5
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

43. Leydig cells produce
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

44. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

45. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Fallopian tubes

46. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Lower blood pH
Direction of differentiation
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

47. Induction affects...
The renal corpuscle
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Direction of differentiation

48. Path of food entering body...
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

49. axon hillock physiology
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

50. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Nitrogen