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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. components of interstitial fluid
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

2. gametes are haploid
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Zygotes are diploid
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

3. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

4. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
The renal corpuscle
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

5. mucus cells line the stomach...
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Ganglion

6. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

7. cytosol pH
About 7.2
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

8. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

9. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

10. overview of prot digestion
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

11. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Lower blood pH
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

12. PNS nerve signal
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

13. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

14. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

15. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

16. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

17. peroxisome is derived from this
Peptides
ER
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

18. What is endothelium?
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Inner lining of blood vessels
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

19. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Digestion
90-140 mg/dl
Faces the lumen
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

20. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Ganglion

21. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

22. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

23. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
90-140 mg/dl
Direction of differentiation
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

24. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

25. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

26. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Normally contracted
Testosterone and estradiol

27. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

28. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Testosterone and estradiol
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

29. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Organs
Inner lining of circulatory system
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

30. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Fallopian tubes
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

31. Stomach has no lacteals
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

32. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

33. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

34. trypsin is secreted by
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

35. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui

36. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

37. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Lower blood pH
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

38. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Ganglion
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

39. medium for paracrine hormones
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

40. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Below hypothalamus

41. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

42. Determination is different than differentiation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

43. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Beta cells
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

44. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

45. What determines number of chromosomes?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

46. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
About 7.2
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

47. STOMACH: no absorption
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

48. exocrine types
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Processes: axons - dendrites
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

49. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Nitrogen
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Lysosome
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

50. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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