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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

2. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Peripheral nervous sys
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

3. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

4. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

5. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Inner lining of circulatory system
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

6. How does the body mobilize fat stores
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Organs

7. What is an endorphin?
An endogenous morphine
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

8. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Processes: axons - dendrites
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Estradiol

9. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Eukaryotes

10. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Eukaryotes
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Zygotes are diploid

11. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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12. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

13. FLAT PG: ACTH
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

14. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Testosterone and estradiol
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

15. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

16. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

17. zygotic life cycle
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

18. During ejaculation - sperm...

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19. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

20. What is a normal blood glucose range
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
90-140 mg/dl

21. Morula (...totipotent)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

22. what happens to bile secretions
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

23. micelles also pick up
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

24. After meiosis II - Female

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25. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Digestion
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

26. sporic life cycle
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

27. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Testosterone and estradiol
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

28. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

29. FLAT PG: prolactin
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

30. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Direction of differentiation
Processes: axons - dendrites
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

31. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

32. FLAT PG: FSH
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Beta cells
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

33. In general - parietal=
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

34. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Organs
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

35. important pancreatic enzymes
Glucose
Processes: axons - dendrites
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

36. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

37. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

38. mucus cells line the stomach...
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

39. energy source of neurons
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
About 7.2
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

40. After meiosis II...
Below hypothalamus
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
90-140 mg/dl

41. peroxisome is derived from this
ER
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

42. Different organs working together
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Below hypothalamus
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

43. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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44. Failure of apoptosis can result in
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

45. Posterior eye
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

46. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

47. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

48. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Processes: axons - dendrites
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

49. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Faces the lumen
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

50. ADH
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Eukaryotes
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume