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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Peripheral nervous sys
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

2. what happens to bile secretions
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

3. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

4. Anterior eye
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

5. What determines number of chromosomes?
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Faces the lumen
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

6. How does birth control work?
ER
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Night vision
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

7. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

8. After meiosis II - Male

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9. Embryology
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

10. FLAT PG: ACTH
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

11. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

12. lining of abdominal cavity=
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

13. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

14. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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15. Path of urine

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16. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
About 7.2
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

17. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

18. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Glucose
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

19. Which fats are not absorbed like this
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

20. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

21. Anatomy of the villi
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

22. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

23. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Below hypothalamus

24. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

25. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

26. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lysosome
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Testosterone and estradiol
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

27. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Estradiol
Peptides

28. Thus - central nervous sys is...
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

29. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Increases blood Calcium

30. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

31. What is an endorphin?
An endogenous morphine
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

32. What is the mesentery?
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

33. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Lower blood pH
Digestion
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

34. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

35. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

36. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Direction of differentiation

37. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Night vision
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass

38. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

39. portal vein physiology...

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40. What is feces composed of...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

41. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

42. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Fallopian tubes
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

43. Where does fertilization occur
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Smooth ER
Fallopian tubes
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

44. What is a plasmalogen?
Nitrogen
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

45. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

46. small intestine=
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

47. Tight junctions
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

48. peroxisome is derived from this
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
ER
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

49. exocrine types
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

50. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient