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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

2. oxytocin
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

3. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Normally contracted
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

4. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

5. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

6. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

7. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

8. Different organs working together
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

9. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Direction of differentiation
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

10. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

11. STOMACH: no absorption
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
5
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

12. parathyroid hormone
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Increases blood Calcium
Normally contracted

13. light detection via GPCRs
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector

14. Four tissues
An endogenous morphine
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

15. peroxisome is derived from this
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
ER
Peptides

16. interneurons
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

17. gametic life cycle
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

18. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

19. FLAT PG: prolactin
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Increases blood Calcium
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

20. Where does fertilization occur
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Digestion
Fallopian tubes

21. After meiosis II - Female

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22. energy source of neurons
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

23. Creating gradients requires what?
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

24. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Organs

25. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Inner lining of circulatory system

26. What is the adventitia?
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

27. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

28. In other words...
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

29. fructose enters enterocyte by
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

30. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Ganglion

31. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

32. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

33. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

34. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Peptides

35. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

36. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Increases blood Calcium
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

37. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

38. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

39. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Lysosome
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

40. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Meiosis creates germ cells

41. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
Digestion
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

42. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure

43. quote on cavities/viscera

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44. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

45. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

46. sensory (afferent) neurons
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

47. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

48. What is a normal blood glucose range
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
90-140 mg/dl
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

49. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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50. Bile salts and lipase
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Normally contracted