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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

2. gametes are haploid
Ganglion
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Zygotes are diploid
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

3. What is the adventitia?
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum

4. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Peripheral nervous sys
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

5. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

6. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

7. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

8. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Direction of differentiation

9. spermatogonia arise from
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Beta cells

10. After meiosis II - Male

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11. What does peptic refer to in general
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Digestion

12. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

13. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

14. Path of food entering body...
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

15. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Lower blood pH
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

16. Where else does ADH act
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

17. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

18. In IBS - What is defective

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19. important pancreatic enzymes
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Organs
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

20. Four tissues
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

21. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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22. Blastocyst
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

23. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Normally contracted
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****

24. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

25. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Beta cells
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

26. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

27. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Peptides
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

28. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Chylomicrons are much bigger

29. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

30. Path of urine

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31. What is an endorphin?
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
An endogenous morphine

32. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

33. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Smooth ER

34. Aldosterone (sodium uptake - potassium secretion)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

35. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

36. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

37. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Night vision

38. mucus cells line the stomach...
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

39. What does peroxisome do
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

40. parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

41. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

42. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Beta cells

43. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

44. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Smooth ER
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

45. E storage per unit mass
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

46. light detection via GPCRs
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

47. golgi body
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Beta cells
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

48. micelles also pick up
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

49. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

50. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Peptides