Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Ganglion
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

2. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

3. During ejaculation - sperm...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

4. FLAT PG: LH
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

5. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

6. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

7. insulin secreted by
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Beta cells
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
5

8. The EYE
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

9. Different organs working together
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

10. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in

11. What is an endorphin?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
An endogenous morphine
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

12. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Faces the lumen
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

13. How does water cross the apical membrane
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Glucose

14. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

15. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Lower blood pH

16. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Peptides
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

17. Path of urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

18. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

19. FLAT PG: prolactin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Nitrogen

20. Think of spinal cord injury
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Below hypothalamus
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

21. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

22. What is a plasmalogen?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Direction of differentiation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver

23. How does birth control work?
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
About 7.2

24. What is somatostatin
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Processes: axons - dendrites

25. Where are these exocrine glands located
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

26. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
About 7.2
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

27. Where does fertilization occur
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Fallopian tubes
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

28. amylase acts where on carbs
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

29. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Inner lining of blood vessels
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

30. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
The renal corpuscle
Testosterone and estradiol
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)

31. light detection via GPCRs
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

32. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

33. peroxisome is derived from this
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
ER

34. What does peptic refer to in general
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Digestion
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

35. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

36. What is a normal blood glucose range
Meiosis creates germ cells
90-140 mg/dl
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

37. The apical side of the villi...
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Estradiol
About 7.2
Faces the lumen

38. medium for paracrine hormones
5
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

39. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

40. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

41. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

42. protein absorption at enterocyte
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

43. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Ganglion
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

44. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

45. axon hillock physiology
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Meiosis creates germ cells
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

46. Blastocyst
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

47. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

48. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

49. sporic life cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

50. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Direction of differentiation
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR