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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Adrenal medulla hormones (TYR- DERIVED)
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Beta cells
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

2. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Fovea (highest amount of cones)

3. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

4. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Beta cells
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

5. At post - two weeks ovulation
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Meiosis creates germ cells
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

6. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

7. Kidney physiology...

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8. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

9. at lo blood sugar...
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Inner lining of blood vessels
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

10. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Smooth ER
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

11. golgi body
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Estradiol

12. zygotic life cycle
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

13. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

14. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

15. What is the endothelium?
Inner lining of circulatory system
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

16. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Night vision
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

17. euk cell has two principal sides
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

18. In IBS - What is defective

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19. Embryology
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

20. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

21. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

22. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Lower blood pH

23. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

24. Where is bile produced
Chylomicrons are much bigger
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

25. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

26. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

27. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

28. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

29. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

30. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

31. Chewing does what?
Lower blood pH
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

32. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

33. What does lipase attack exactly
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Increases blood Calcium
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

34. FLAT PG: FSH
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Beta cells

35. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

36. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Processes: axons - dendrites
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

37. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Meiosis creates germ cells
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Chylomicrons are much bigger

38. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

39. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

40. E storage per unit mass
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

41. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

42. sensory (afferent) neurons
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

43. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

44. How does glycogen compare to starch
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

45. small intestine=
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

46. 80-90% fat absorbed this way
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Beta cells

47. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

48. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Organs
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

49. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

50. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity