Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. mucus cells line the stomach...
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border

2. What does lipase attack exactly
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

3. mitosis creates somatic cells
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Meiosis creates germ cells

4. In IBS - What is defective

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

5. Four tissues
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

6. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
The renal corpuscle

7. Kidney physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

8. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

9. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Nitrogen
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

10. Determination is different than differentiation
Inner lining of blood vessels
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

11. What determines number of chromosomes?
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

12. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

13. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Normally contracted
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

14. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

15. What does peroxisome do
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Night vision

16. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

17. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Fallopian tubes
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

18. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Beta cells

19. FLAT PG: FSH
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Fallopian tubes
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males

20. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Estradiol

21. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

22. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

23. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

24. Induction affects...
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Direction of differentiation
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

25. micelles also pick up
Eukaryotes
Night vision
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

26. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

27. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

28. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

29. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

30. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

31. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Chylomicrons are much bigger

32. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

33. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Peripheral nervous sys
The renal corpuscle

34. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

35. What is somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

36. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

37. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Fallopian tubes
Glucose
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

38. Meiosis I Telophase I
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

39. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

40. Gland: ovaries
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Nitrogen
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

41. How does water cross the apical membrane
Processes: axons - dendrites
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

42. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Meiosis creates germ cells
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

43. The path from blood plasma to urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

44. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

45. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Night vision
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

46. when thinking of proteins - think
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Nitrogen
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

47. sporic life cycle
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

48. E storage per unit mass
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Nitrogen
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

49. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

50. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts