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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

2. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

3. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

4. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

5. calcitonin

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6. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

7. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

8. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Lysosome
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

9. How do nutrients move?
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

10. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Testosterone and estradiol
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

11. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

12. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

13. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Ganglion
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

14. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

15. quote on cavities/viscera

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16. Meiosis I Telophase I
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

17. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

18. peroxisome is derived from this
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
ER
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

19. Path of food entering body...
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

20. What is a plasmalogen?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

21. Gland: ovaries
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

22. fructose enters enterocyte by
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Organs
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

23. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Nitrogen

24. from the loop of henle...
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

25. lysosome pH
5
Lysosome
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

26. ADH
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

27. Leydig cells produce
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

28. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

29. What do lipases do
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Nitrogen

30. energy source of neurons
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Glucose
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

31. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

32. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

33. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Normally contracted

34. What is feces composed of...
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

35. parathyroid hormone
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Increases blood Calcium
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

36. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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37. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

38. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

39. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

40. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

41. Posterior eye
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

42. spermatogonia arise from
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

43. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

44. cytosol pH
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
About 7.2
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

45. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Peripheral nervous sys

46. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

47. Where is bile produced
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

48. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

49. Where are these exocrine glands located
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

50. The EYE
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
The renal corpuscle