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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the endothelium?
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Inner lining of circulatory system
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

2. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Chylomicrons are much bigger

3. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Estradiol
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

4. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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5. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

6. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Processes: axons - dendrites
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney

7. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

8. Peritoneal refers to...
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

9. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

10. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Peptides
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Processes: axons - dendrites

11. micelles also pick up
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

12. quote on cavities/viscera

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13. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Night vision
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

14. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Faces the lumen
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

15. lysosome pH
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
5
90-140 mg/dl
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

16. Different organs working together
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

17. In other words...
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

18. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Beta cells
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

19. Blastocyst
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Beta cells
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

20. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
ER
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Chylomicrons are much bigger

21. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Peripheral nervous sys
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

22. What determines number of chromosomes?
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

23. STOMACH: no absorption
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

24. Leydig cells produce
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Testosterone upon stim by LH

25. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Organs

26. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

27. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Meiosis creates germ cells
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

28. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

29. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

30. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Zygotes are diploid
Ganglion
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

31. After meiosis II - Male

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32. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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33. Kidney
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)

34. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Ganglion
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

35. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Lysosome
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

36. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

37. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

38. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

39. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Direction of differentiation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

40. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Below hypothalamus
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

41. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Zygotes are diploid
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

42. What is a nerve? (PNS)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

43. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
5
Normally contracted
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

44. gametes are haploid
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Zygotes are diploid
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

45. euk cell has two principal sides
Organs
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

46. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Processes: axons - dendrites
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

47. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

48. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Smooth ER
Inner lining of blood vessels
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

49. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Digestion
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

50. Different tissues working together
Organs
Inner lining of circulatory system
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr