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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. parathyroid hormones
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

2. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

3. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Eukaryotes
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

4. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

5. What does portal vein do
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

6. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

7. micelles also pick up
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

8. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
The renal corpuscle

9. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Peripheral nervous sys
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

10. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

11. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

12. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

13. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Smooth ER
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

14. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

15. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

16. Does bile digest fat?
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

17. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

18. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Estradiol
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

19. How do nutrients move?
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

20. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

21. Creating gradients requires what?
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

22. sporic life cycle
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

23. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

24. when thinking of proteins - think
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Nitrogen
Night vision

25. FLAT PG: FSH
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

26. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Increases blood Calcium
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Below hypothalamus
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

27. Embryology
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

28. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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29. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

30. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

31. What is a normal blood glucose range
90-140 mg/dl
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

32. Different organs working together
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

33. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

34. What do lipases do
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

35. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

36. cytosol pH
About 7.2
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Night vision
Conjunction of cell body w/axon

37. What hormones affect the stomach?
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Eukaryotes

38. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Testosterone and estradiol
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

39. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

40. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

41. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

42. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Ganglion
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Inner lining of circulatory system
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy

43. Luteal surge
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Direction of differentiation

44. parathyroid hormone
ER
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Increases blood Calcium
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

45. What does lipase attack exactly
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

46. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

47. exocrine types
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

48. What is an endorphin?
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
An endogenous morphine

49. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

50. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
The renal corpuscle