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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. axon hillock physiology
Nitrogen
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Digestion
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

2. spermatogonia arise from
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

3. In general - parietal=
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Inner lining of blood vessels
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

4. interneurons
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

5. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

6. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

7. position of AP...
About 7.2
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Below hypothalamus
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

8. What does portal vein do
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

9. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
5
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

10. signal transduction occurs only in
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Eukaryotes
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

11. At post - two weeks ovulation
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
About 7.2
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

12. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

13. Embryology
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

14. What does peroxisome do
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

15. Embryology
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

16. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

17. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Peripheral nervous sys
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

18. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

19. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Chylomicrons are much bigger
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

20. portal vein physiology...

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21. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

22. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Inner lining of blood vessels

23. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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24. quote on cavities/viscera

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25. lysosome pH
5
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

26. fructose enters enterocyte by
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

27. Four tissues
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

28. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

29. calcitonin

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30. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
The renal corpuscle
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Increases blood Calcium

31. Local vs long - distance mediators
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Faces the lumen
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

32. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Direction of differentiation
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

33. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

34. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

35. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

36. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

37. Think of spinal cord injury
5
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Direction of differentiation
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

38. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

39. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

40. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

41. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Meiosis creates germ cells
Peripheral nervous sys
Lower blood pH

42. duodenum must have receptors for fat content - protein because
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
5
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

43. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

44. What do villli do
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

45. lining of abdominal cavity=
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

46. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

47. lysosome main function and derivation
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

48. fat digestion is time - intensive
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

49. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

50. PNS is broken down into
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate