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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

2. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Processes: axons - dendrites
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

3. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Ganglion

4. The apical side of the villi...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Faces the lumen

5. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

6. STOMACH: no absorption
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
ER
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

7. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

8. Liver Functions
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

9. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

10. At post - two weeks ovulation
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

11. FLAT PG: ACTH
Nitrogen
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

12. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

13. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
90-140 mg/dl
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system

14. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

15. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

16. The path from blood plasma to urine

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17. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

18. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Zygotes are diploid
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

19. In IBS - What is defective

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20. FLAT PG: prolactin
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

21. gametes are haploid
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Zygotes are diploid
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

22. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
The renal corpuscle

23. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

24. Kidney physiology...

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25. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR

26. During ejaculation - sperm...

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27. main point of fat transport...
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Glucose

28. Difference between euk and prok flagella
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

29. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Increases blood Calcium

30. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

31. Chewing does what?
The renal corpuscle
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

32. position of AP...
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Below hypothalamus

33. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

34. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

35. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Outermost layer of blood vessel
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

36. interneurons
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Beta cells

37. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

38. Determination is different than differentiation
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

39. Anatomy of the villi
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

40. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Fallopian tubes
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Nitrogen
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

41. trypsin is secreted by
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

42. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Nitrogen
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

43. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

44. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

45. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Peptides
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

46. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

47. FLAT PG: FSH
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

48. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

49. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

50. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Ganglion
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc