Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is endothelium?
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Inner lining of blood vessels

2. What is the adventitia?
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Outermost layer of blood vessel

3. Gland: ovaries
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

4. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

5. What is a normal blood glucose range
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
90-140 mg/dl
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

6. The esophageal sphincter is...
Nitrogen
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Normally contracted
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

7. gametic life cycle
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Nitrogen
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

8. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

9. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

10. How does water cross the apical membrane
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
The renal corpuscle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient

11. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Fallopian tubes
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

12. The EYE
Glucose
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

13. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

14. gametes are haploid
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Night vision
Zygotes are diploid

15. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Increases blood Calcium
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

16. physiology of gall bladder - liver and pancreatic secretions
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

17. In other words...
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

18. What are phagosomes
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

19. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Smooth ER

20. In IBS - What is defective

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

21. sporic life cycle
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

22. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

23. Where does fertilization occur
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Fallopian tubes

24. FLAT PG: ACTH
Peptides
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

25. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

26. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

27. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Glucose

28. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Lower blood pH
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

29. components of interstitial fluid
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

30. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

31. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

32. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Processes: axons - dendrites
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
About 7.2

33. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Inner lining of circulatory system
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

34. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

35. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

36. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

37. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

38. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

39. Embryology
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Fallopian tubes
The renal corpuscle
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

40. cytosol pH
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
About 7.2

41. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

42. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

43. Embryology
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

44. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Meiosis creates germ cells
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
The renal corpuscle

45. bile + fat forms
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Organs
ER
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

46. Meiosis I Telophase I
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

47. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

48. After meiosis II - Female

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

49. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

50. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Below hypothalamus
Ganglion