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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Peripheral nervous sys
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

2. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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3. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

4. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics

5. The EYE
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Estradiol
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

6. STOMACH: no absorption
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

7. In IBS - What is defective

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8. axon hillock physiology
Direction of differentiation
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

9. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
About 7.2
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

10. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
ER
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

11. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

12. After meiosis II - Female

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13. when thinking of proteins - think
The renal corpuscle
Nitrogen
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

14. How does birth control work?
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Peptides

15. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Peptides

16. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Peptides
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

17. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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18. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

19. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Ganglion
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

20. exocrine types
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Smooth ER
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)

21. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

22. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Direction of differentiation
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

23. FLAT PG: prolactin
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

24. insulin secreted by
Beta cells
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

25. glucagon secreted by
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

26. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

27. medium for paracrine hormones
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Night vision
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles

28. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

29. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Testosterone and estradiol
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border

30. What does peroxisome do
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

31. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

32. energy source of neurons
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

33. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
An endogenous morphine
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

34. What is a normal blood glucose range
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
90-140 mg/dl

35. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
90-140 mg/dl
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

36. Gland: ovaries
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

37. Embryology
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Fallopian tubes
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

38. What is the endothelium?
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Inner lining of circulatory system
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei

39. Meiosis I Telophase I
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

40. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Estradiol
An endogenous morphine
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

41. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

42. Peritoneal refers to...
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

43. What do lipases do
Inner lining of blood vessels
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue

44. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

45. Think of spinal cord injury
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

46. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

47. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

48. signal transduction occurs only in
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Eukaryotes
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

49. inhibin secreted by
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Normally contracted
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production

50. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis