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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

2. important pancreatic enzymes
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Inner lining of blood vessels
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

3. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

4. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Digestion
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

5. After meiosis II - Male

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6. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

7. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Glucose

8. oxytocin
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

9. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

10. lysosome pH
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
5
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

11. After meiosis II - Female

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12. Four tissues
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

13. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)

14. mucus cells line the stomach...
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

15. liver receives blood from...
Peptides
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

16. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

17. What is the adventitia?
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Outermost layer of blood vessel

18. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Meiosis creates germ cells

19. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

20. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Night vision
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

21. Anterior eye
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

22. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion

23. smooth ER main function
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Peptides

24. what happens to bile secretions
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

25. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Faces the lumen
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

26. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Lower blood pH

27. PNS nerve signal
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan

28. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

29. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
About 7.2
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

30. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Testosterone and estradiol
Fallopian tubes
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)

31. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Smooth ER
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

32. pancreatic enzymes are zymogens
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

33. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
The renal corpuscle
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

34. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

35. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi

36. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
90-140 mg/dl

37. spermatogonia arise from
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

38. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

39. in the dark is rhodopsin active or inactive?
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

40. What are the major carbohydrates
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

41. exocrine types
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

42. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
5
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded

43. What determines number of chromosomes?
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

44. Where are these exocrine glands located
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

45. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

46. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

47. PNS is broken down into
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

48. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

49. Posterior eye
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
An endogenous morphine
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

50. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides