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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Ganglion
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

2. light detection via GPCRs
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**

3. After meiosis II - Male

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4. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

5. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Smooth ER
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

6. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

7. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

8. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
90-140 mg/dl
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

9. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

10. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

11. Creating gradients requires what?
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Nitrogen
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

12. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts

13. glucagon secreted by
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Lower blood pH
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger

14. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

15. what happens to bile secretions
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
The renal corpuscle
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

16. parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Night vision
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure

17. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Fallopian tubes
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

18. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

19. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

20. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Nitrogen
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

21. What do lipases do
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

22. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Testosterone and estradiol
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

23. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

24. At post - two weeks ovulation
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Below hypothalamus

25. What is a normal blood glucose range
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
90-140 mg/dl
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

26. gametic life cycle
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

27. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

28. FLAT PG: prolactin
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

29. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
About 7.2
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

30. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Inner lining of blood vessels

31. Where is bile produced
Direction of differentiation
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

32. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Smooth ER
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

33. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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34. interneurons
Organs
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

35. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

36. What does peroxisome do
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Meiosis creates germ cells
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

37. mucus cells line the stomach...
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

38. When 'coumadin targets liver enzymes to act as anticoagulant'...
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

39. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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40. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

41. protein absorption at enterocyte
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Inner lining of circulatory system

42. What is a toxic byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

43. Tight junctions
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

44. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

45. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Digestion
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

46. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

47. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

48. What is feces composed of...
Faces the lumen
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Lower blood pH

49. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

50. Stomach has no lacteals
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Lysosome