Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

2. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

3. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule

4. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Ganglion
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

5. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

6. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Glucose
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

7. Glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

8. Posterior eye
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach

9. Luteal surge
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Lower blood pH
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

10. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

11. important pancreatic enzymes
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Direction of differentiation

12. gametic life cycle
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

13. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Night vision
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

14. How does glycogen compare to starch
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

15. bundles of collecting ducts are called
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Estradiol

16. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

17. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

18. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Faces the lumen

19. After meiosis II - Female

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

20. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Digestion
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)

21. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

22. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Testosterone and estradiol
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

23. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue

24. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

25. What do villli do
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption

26. Different organs working together
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

27. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

28. liver receives blood from...
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
5
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

29. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

30. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

31. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

32. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

33. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

34. Peritoneal refers to...
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Lower blood pH
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

35. exocrine types
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

36. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

37. Liver Functions
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

38. micelles vs liposomes
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

39. How does birth control work?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Faces the lumen

40. Tight junctions
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Lower blood pH
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

41. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose

42. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
ER

43. trypsin is secreted by
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

44. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
Increases blood Calcium
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

45. Kidney physiology...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

46. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Night vision

47. What is gastric acid?
Beta cells
Fallopian tubes
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue

48. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

49. euk cell has two principal sides
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5

50. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt