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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Liver Functions
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

2. Four tissues
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

3. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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4. oxytocin
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

5. STOMACH: no absorption
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

6. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Ganglion
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.

7. Induction affects...
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Direction of differentiation

8. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Digestion
Testosterone and estradiol
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

9. What hormones affect the stomach?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume

10. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Lower blood pH
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

11. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
The renal corpuscle
Meiosis creates germ cells
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs

12. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Ganglion
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

13. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Lysosome

14. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
ER

15. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

16. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Smooth ER
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

17. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity

18. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

19. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Glucose
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Peptides

20. position of AP...
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Below hypothalamus

21. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right

22. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

23. Meiosis I Telophase I
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

24. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Lysosome

25. FLAT PG: LH
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
5
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

26. In other words...
Estradiol
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
90-140 mg/dl
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

27. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

28. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Estradiol
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

29. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

30. important pancreatic enzymes
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

31. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

32. what happens to bile secretions
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

33. fructose enters enterocyte by
Outermost layer of blood vessel
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

34. How does glycogen compare to starch
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Digestion
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

35. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit

36. liver receives blood from...
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

37. small intestine=
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

38. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes

39. Local vs long - distance mediators
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

40. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

41. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Testosterone and estradiol
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

42. What does portal vein do
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

43. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
An endogenous morphine
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

44. hypothalamus controls anterior pit - posterior pit release with inhibitory/releasing hormones of its own; these should have fairly self - explanatory names
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate

45. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Faces the lumen
The renal corpuscle

46. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

47. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

48. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

49. Different organs working together
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

50. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Processes: axons - dendrites
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility