MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)


2. Meiosis I Metaphase I
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males


3. What is a nerve? (PNS)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc


4. Four tissues
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons


5. What hormones affect the stomach?
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel


6. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Carry signals to musc OR Gland


7. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


8. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons


9. How do nutrients move?
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity


10. The apical side of the villi...
Faces the lumen
Processes: axons - dendrites
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands


11. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP


12. E storage per unit mass
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti


13. Induction affects...
Ganglion
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Direction of differentiation


14. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Peptides
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom


15. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Inner lining of blood vessels
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach


16. golgi body
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Testosterone upon stim by LH


17. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Ganglion
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)


18. Path of urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


19. Posterior eye
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc


20. micelles vs liposomes
Direction of differentiation
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum


21. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Direction of differentiation


22. main point of fat transport...
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots


23. liver and blood glucose...
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest


24. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Inner lining of circulatory system
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine


25. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles


26. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Processes: axons - dendrites
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice


27. fat digestion is time - intensive
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure


28. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


29. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER


30. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Lower blood pH
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens


31. what happens to bile secretions
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Mostly reabsorbed to liver


32. After meiosis II...
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Nitrogen
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest


33. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)


34. cytosol pH
About 7.2
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)


35. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine


36. lining of abdominal cavity=
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid


37. 'Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in....'
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)


38. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Zygotes are diploid
The renal corpuscle
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure


39. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss


40. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
An endogenous morphine
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)


41. Different tissues working together
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Night vision
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Organs


42. What do lipases do
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids


43. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
5
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Processes: axons - dendrites


44. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
90-140 mg/dl
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei


45. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


46. What surrounds the hydrophilic heads of the new TAGs
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system


47. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
90-140 mg/dl
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes


48. Where is bile produced
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys


49. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males


50. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183