MCAT Prep - 2

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Direction of differentiation


2. What if large intestine isn't working well
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries


3. Luteal surge
An endogenous morphine
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae


4. Tight junctions
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Inner lining of circulatory system


5. Path of urine

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6. trypsin is secreted by
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides


7. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure


8. What is the adventitia?
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion


9. pancreas secretes enzymes via
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)


10. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...


11. gametes are haploid
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Zygotes are diploid


12. bile + fat forms
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
90-140 mg/dl
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border


13. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Processes: axons - dendrites
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)


14. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)


15. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs


16. light detection via GPCRs
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)


17. Some PNS nerves are found in brain - spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy


18. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Ganglion
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids


19. Alpha - amylase found where
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient


20. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages


21. What does peroxisome do
Increases blood Calcium
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage


22. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal


23. Embryology
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...


24. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes

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25. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Peptides


26. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)


27. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis


28. What else do parietals do?
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme


29. E storage per unit mass
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)


30. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)


31. Posterior eye
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Meiosis creates germ cells


32. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Zygotes are diploid
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes


33. Different organs working together
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Night vision
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons


34. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
ER


35. The path from blood plasma to urine

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36. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation


37. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms


38. During ejaculation - sperm...

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39. Most important nutrients absorbed by large intestine
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)


40. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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41. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate


42. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose


43. What are phagosomes
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Night vision
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies


44. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Glucose
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity


45. components of interstitial fluid
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids


46. 3 phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation


47. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Normally contracted
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice


48. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides


49. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Lower blood pH
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi


50. sensory (afferent) neurons
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
5
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other