Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Testosterone and estradiol
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Fallopian tubes


2. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)


3. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
Processes: axons - dendrites
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs


4. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


5. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity


6. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Digestion
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach


7. Tight junctions
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation


8. What happens when rod cell is depolarized
Night vision
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other


9. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate


10. After meiosis II - Female

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


11. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine


12. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)


13. What is feces composed of...
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot


14. parathyroid hormone
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Increases blood Calcium
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms


15. Peritoneal refers to...
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Digestion


16. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Chylomicrons are much bigger


17. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis


18. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
Testosterone and estradiol


19. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other


20. What is a plasmalogen?
Eukaryotes
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Peripheral nervous sys
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss


21. axon hillock physiology
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera


22. mitosis creates somatic cells
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Meiosis creates germ cells
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients


23. What is a normal blood glucose range
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
90-140 mg/dl


24. Some epithelial cells are... others...
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries


25. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs


26. Path of urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


27. How does glycogen compare to starch
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves


28. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop


29. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
About 7.2


30. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum


31. calcitonin

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


32. gametes are haploid
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Zygotes are diploid


33. golgi body
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord


34. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Neurons may perform one of three functions....


35. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)


36. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi


37. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra


38. overview of prot digestion
Meiosis creates germ cells
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Fallopian tubes
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt


39. Different organs working together
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus


40. Exocrine GlandS: stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Inner lining of blood vessels
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands


41. How does birth control work?
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms


42. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
Lysosome
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)


43. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Lower blood pH
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Meiosis creates germ cells


44. What is the function of the loop of Henle
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Night vision
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides


45. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Lower blood pH
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability


46. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****


47. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Glucose
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector


48. Chewing does what?
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Meiosis creates germ cells


49. quote on cavities/viscera

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


50. What is the path of a sound wave that enters the ear?
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
An endogenous morphine
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)