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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

2. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Peripheral nervous sys
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

3. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

4. medium for paracrine hormones
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

5. What is the mesentery?
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...

6. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

7. Embryology
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen

8. position of AP...
Below hypothalamus
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs

9. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

10. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Eukaryotes
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

11. Fructose relates how structurally to glucose
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

12. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Estradiol
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

13. Think of spinal cord injury
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

14. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Ganglion
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

15. from the loop of henle...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

16. main point of fat transport...
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

17. zygotic life cycle
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

18. Determination is different than differentiation
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

19. therefore - How does plasma leave capillary at the renal corpuscle

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20. Kidney physiology...

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21. liver receives blood from...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons

22. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Estradiol
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor

23. axon hillock physiology
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)

24. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

25. PNS nerve signal
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Chylomicrons are much bigger
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

26. Thus - central nervous sys is...
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

27. components of interstitial fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

28. PNS review: SAME DAVE
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

29. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Faces the lumen
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

30. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Meiosis creates germ cells
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Testosterone and estradiol

31. amylase acts where on carbs
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

32. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

33. Path of urine

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34. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

35. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

36. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

37. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

38. How is the follicle developed during oogenesis
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

39. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

40. motor (efferent) neurons --> VENTRAL
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Beta cells
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

41. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

42. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

43. mucus cells line the stomach...
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
The renal corpuscle

44. Path of food entering body...
Direction of differentiation
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

45. What does peptic refer to in general
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Digestion

46. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

47. At post - two weeks ovulation
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

48. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

49. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete

50. Meiosis I: REDUCTIONAL DIVISION Interphase: G1 (growth; enzymes - structural proteins needed for gametic production are synthesized); S (DNA of homologous chromosomes is duplicated; mother cell goes from 46 2N to 46 2N with sister chromosomes connect
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)