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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

2. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Peripheral nervous sys
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

3. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

4. liver and blood glucose...
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

5. What is feces composed of...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

6. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Glucose
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

7. oxytocin
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Outermost layer of blood vessel

8. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Beta cells

9. Does bile digest fat?
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase

10. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

11. mucus cells line the stomach...
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
ER

12. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

13. medium for paracrine hormones
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

14. Posterior eye
Smooth ER
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS

15. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
ER
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Processes: axons - dendrites
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

16. Chewing does what?
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr

17. portal vein physiology...

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18. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

19. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)

20. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

21. protein absorption at enterocyte
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
Below hypothalamus
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit

22. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

23. parathyroid hormone
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Increases blood Calcium
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)

24. Determination is different than differentiation
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Direction of differentiation
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

25. What is the mesentery?
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Note: enteric= small intestine - double layer of peritoneum that suspends jejunum/ileum from posterior abdominal wall = connective tissue
The renal corpuscle

26. Human chorionic gonadotropin...
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on

27. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome

28. Where else does ADH act
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Eukaryotes
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

29. The apical side of the villi...
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Faces the lumen
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
An endogenous morphine

30. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Peptides

31. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Digestion
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

32. Epithelium of the sm intestine: enterocytes lined w/brush border (digestion/absorption); goblet cells (mucous); crypts of Lieberkuhn exocrine glands (lysozyme)
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots

33. What is gastric acid?
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

34. After meiosis II...
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

35. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

36. What do the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule add up to...
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
The renal corpuscle
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

37. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

38. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

39. at lo blood sugar...
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
5

40. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

41. Path of food entering body...
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

42. PNS is broken down into
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Eukaryotes

43. small intestine=
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

44. testosterone can be aromatized to...
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Estradiol

45. What hormones affect the stomach?
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle

46. fructose enters enterocyte by
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
About 7.2
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

47. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

48. overview of prot digestion
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum

49. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

50. large intestine E. coli aid absorption of...
ER
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap