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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
5
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves

2. euk cell has two principal sides
The renal corpuscle
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer

3. Sensory - motor neurons are part of which nervous system
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Peripheral nervous sys
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter

4. smooth ER main function
Processes: axons - dendrites
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation

5. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Processes: axons - dendrites
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage

6. light detection via GPCRs
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

7. inhibin secreted by
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Testosterone and estradiol

8. Kidney physiology...

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9. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage

10. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Outermost layer of blood vessel

11. pancreas secretes enzymes via
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate

12. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

13. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

14. gametes are haploid
Zygotes are diploid
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

15. what happens to bile secretions
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

16. After meiosis II - Male

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17. lining of abdominal cavity=
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Lysosome
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid

18. lysosome pH
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
5

19. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

20. from the loop of henle...
Meiosis creates germ cells
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Digestion
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

21. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Inner lining of blood vessels
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

22. medium for paracrine hormones
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

23. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Testosterone and estradiol
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)

24. What are the major carbohydrates
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom

25. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

26. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

27. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Digestion
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

28. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

29. little by little chyme is squirted out thru pyloric sphincter
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms

30. STOMACH: no absorption
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies

31. What are phagosomes
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc

32. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

33. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Inner lining of blood vessels

34. What kind of cells make up epithel tiss of stom - then sm intest?
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands

35. The esophageal sphincter is...
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Normally contracted
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases

36. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

37. components of interstitial fluid
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)

38. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

39. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

40. Cell determination begins At what stage of development
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

41. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

42. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Processes: axons - dendrites
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Inner lining of blood vessels

43. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

44. The path from blood plasma to urine

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45. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons

46. Beta - oxidation in liver produces...
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Inner lining of blood vessels
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases

47. Gastrulation: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)

48. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord

49. What is endothelium?
Direction of differentiation
Inner lining of blood vessels
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

50. In general - parietal=
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure