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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

2. What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood vessels
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

3. During ejaculation - sperm...

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4. testosterone can be aromatized to...
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Estradiol
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries

5. What testosterone released by secondary follicle by LH stim is converted to...
Faces the lumen
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

6. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion

7. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Peripheral nervous sys
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla

8. Important of villi (='shaggy hair') More fluid makes contact with the epithelial tissue: thus nutrients in solution have less distance to travel to diffuse into villi.

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9. Contrast PNS- Somatic with PNS- Autonomic
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

10. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

11. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Testosterone and estradiol
Processes: axons - dendrites
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges

12. exocrine types
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

13. smooth ER main function
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes

14. The EYE
Inner lining of circulatory system
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

15. Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava

16. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Testosterone and estradiol
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

17. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord

18. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions

19. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

20. peroxisome is derived from this
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
ER

21. What if large intestine isn't working well
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals

22. Liver Functions
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

23. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

24. In other words...
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

25. parathyroid hormones
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae

26. The apical side of the villi...
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Faces the lumen

27. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Below hypothalamus
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

28. How do nutrients move?
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons

29. Path of food entering body...
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste

30. What is gastric acid?
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin

31. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
About 7.2
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

32. gametic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

33. What is the endothelium?
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Inner lining of circulatory system

34. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Smooth ER
Peptides
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

35. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

36. What do lipases do
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Carbohydrates are highly hydrated: one water mol per carbon mol - fats are anhydrous: contain more reduced carbons per unit mass - altogether fats contain 6X energy per unit mass
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

37. Glucose is a .... sugar; fructose is a .... sugar
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

38. main point of fat transport...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Estradiol
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

39. What hormones affect the stomach?
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other

40. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin

41. hypothalamus - AP - ACTH - cortisol release from adrenal cortex
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Zygotes are diploid
Outermost layer of blood vessel

42. Four tissues
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

43. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Lysosome
5
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

44. The esophageal sphincter is...
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Normally contracted
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

45. lining of abdominal cavity=
Glucose
Eukaryotes
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron

46. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
The renal corpuscle

47. Bile salts and lipase
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc

48. Posterior eye
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

49. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

50. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra