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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

2. cytosol pH
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Outermost layer of blood vessel
About 7.2

3. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

4. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans

5. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

6. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

7. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

8. The bolus (chewing) is digested to what in the stomach
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)

9. mitosis creates somatic cells
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Meiosis creates germ cells
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)

10. 90% digestion - absorption occurs in...
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
Estradiol
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

11. Different tissues working together
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Organs

12. interneurons
At the first capillary bed of the nephron called the glomerulus which is encased by ***Bowman's capsule
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

13. How does water cross the apical membrane
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Lysosome

14. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

15. For focal point that is nearby - what will the lens look like
Inner lining of blood vessels
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle

16. Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

17. Think of spinal cord injury
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus

18. Alpha - amylase found where
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides

19. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)

20. golgi body
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER

21. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Peptide; responsible for luteal surge (driven in part by LH-->testosterone -->estradiol -->LH positive feedback); results in ovulation (follicle bursting) - releasing egg into fallopian tube/oviduct

22. albumin has What affect on blood osmotic pressure
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase

23. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

24. at lo blood sugar...
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

25. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis

26. What (typically - ie not pre - ovulation) feeds back to decrease LH - FSH production?
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Testosterone and estradiol
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

27. exocrine types
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

28. PNS is broken down into
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
5

29. bile + fat forms
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Testosterone and estradiol

30. What does portal vein do
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

31. What is an endorphin?
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
An endogenous morphine

32. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
90-140 mg/dl
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)

33. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Night vision
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

34. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Zygotes are diploid
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

35. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Nitrogen
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

36. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

37. examples of different cavities... (compartments for viscera)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

38. mucus cells line the stomach...
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides

39. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
An endogenous morphine
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)

40. portal vein physiology...

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41. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

42. Induction affects...
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Direction of differentiation

43. Posterior eye
vitreous humor - retina - fovea
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine

44. Energy from fat - prot - gluc
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'

45. parathyroid hormone
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Increases blood Calcium
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)

46. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
An endogenous morphine
Night vision
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

47. Posterior pituitary hormones (Small Peptides)
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages

48. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

49. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons

50. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Organs
Below hypothalamus