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Test your basic knowledge |
MCAT Prep - 2
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mcat
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science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
2. Examples of GPCRs in sensory systems/signal transduction: What is the ligand or messenger in each case? ...SIGHT - SMELL - MOOD - FIGHT/FLIGHT etc
visual (rhodopsin is receptor - derived from Vit A; conformation change occurs with photon to hyperpolarize rod cells; cone cells use photopsin for receptor) - olfactory - mood (NTs targeted by antidepressants - antipsychotics - etc; GABA is inhibit
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
3. Where is bile produced
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
4. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
5. What are the major carbohydrates
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
6. How does birth control work?
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
cornea (1.4 refractory index; bends light) - pupil (size of pupil is determined by contraction state of the iris) - aqueous humor
7. overall - fatty - prot - rich food in duod causes
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
8. What does peroxisome do
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
9. chylomicron concentration in blood after meal
Increases blood Calcium
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
10. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
11. Adrenal cortex hormones (STEROIDS)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
12. Meiosis I Telophase I
Organs
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
13. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
5
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
14. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
15. zygotic life cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
16. main point of fat transport...
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
17. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Night vision
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
18. What is secreted into filtrate by cells of the proximal tubule?
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
19. What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
20. axon hillock physiology
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
21. AP- peptides (FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - prolactin - hGH); PP- peptides (ADH - oxytocin); thyroid - peptide *and* tyr - derived (T3/T4 - calcitonin); parathyroid - peptide (PTH; raise blood Ca via pathway involving vitamin D)
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
22. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
About 7.2
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
23. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
About 7.2
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
24. cAMP - cGMP - calmodulin...
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
25. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
Nitrogen
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
26. Path of food entering body...
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
27. How does reabsorption force nutrients across apical membrane of proximal tubule
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Organs
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
28. in fat and liver cells monoglycerides and ffas are once again
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
29. lining of abdominal cavity=
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Amino acid monomers - di - tri absorbed by symport at enterocyte; each AA has slightly diff mechanism; from entero - AAs enter bloodstream where they are taken up by all cells of the body - esp the liver by active or facilitated transport (NEVER PASS
30. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Chylomicrons are much bigger
31. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
32. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
33. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
34. remaining secondary follicle becomes
Know that 90% digestion - absorption occurs in sm intestine --> fine breakdown of carbs - fat - prots
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
35. fat digestion is time - intensive
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Organs
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake
36. at lo blood sugar...
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
Direction of differentiation
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
37. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
38. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients
39. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
40. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Meiosis creates germ cells
41. Local vs long - distance mediators
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
42. Interaction of corpus luteum/placenta
Digestion
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
43. mucus cells line the stomach...
Stores blood: when expanded liver serves as blood reservoir for body - filters blood: Kupfer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines - destroys bad RBCs: also done by Kupfer cells - detoxifies blood: detoxified chemicals are excreted eit
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
44. What force is acting upon chyme to move it forward down sm intestine
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Corpus luteum; secretes estradiol - progesterone throughout pregnancy OR if no pregnancy - for about 2 weeks (till menstruation = shedding of uterine lining)
45. medium for paracrine hormones
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
46. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
About 7.2
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity
47. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
Lower blood pH
48. Does bile digest fat?
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Fallopian tubes
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
49. gametic life cycle
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Duodenum (wraps around pancreas; most digestion occurs here) - jejunum (pH 7-9; 2m) - ileum
50. What does portal vein do
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
All carbs absorbed at enterocytes are carried to liver by portal vein
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
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