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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. extracellular matrix formed mainly of...
Inner lining of circulatory system
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase in the brush border; in turn - it activates other enzymes

2. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...

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3. FLAT PG: TSH aka thyrotropin
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
About 7.2
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi

4. when thinking of proteins - think
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Nitrogen

5. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul

6. The esophageal sphincter is...
Ganglion
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
90-140 mg/dl
Normally contracted

7. Between meals most fats appear in blood as
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc

8. bundles of collecting ducts are called
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

9. Blastocyst
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc

10. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Neurons may perform one of three functions....

11. What else do parietals do?
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest

12. micelles also pick up
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Sensory neurons are affector; motor neurons are effector // dorsal afferent (dorsal - Back- side of spinal cord carries sensory signals to brain; ventral effector
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

13. Anterior eye vs. posterior eye
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'

14. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system

15. What does peptic refer to in general
Digestion
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

16. glucagon secreted by
It targets liver conc of prothrombin - fibrinogen etc
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Increases blood Calcium
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0

17. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)

18. Where do absorbed fats go in the enterocyte
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
**NO*** lipase digests fat; no bonds broken by bile; only opens up more SA for lipase
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine

19. What do villli do
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap

20. Ovum development is halted At what stage until fertilization...
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

21. Seen in lysosomal storage diseases
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

22. Kidney
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Below hypothalamus

23. mitosis creates somatic cells
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Chylomicrons are much bigger
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Meiosis creates germ cells

24. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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25. medium for paracrine hormones
Alpha cells; stims gluconeogenesis in liver; acts via cAMP second messenger
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

26. The path from blood plasma to urine

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27. pancreatic amylase is much stronger than
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Salivary amylase; both hydrolyze glycosidic linkages
Form barrier to extracellular fluid
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera

28. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Fallopian tubes
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

29. Meiosis I Anaphase I
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

30. From that point...
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

31. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

32. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Glucocorticoid (cortisol); mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
Lower blood pH

33. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
An endogenous morphine
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum

34. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct

35. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

36. How long are peptides when absorbed at brush border
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Di - tri - peptides; inside enterocytes are hydrolyzed to amino acids

37. How does birth control work?
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

38. inhibin secreted by
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Stims release of tyrosine - derived horms T3/T4 (increase basal metabolic rate); TSH increases thyroid cell size - number - rate of T3/T4 synth -----> thus - iodine deficiency causes swollen thyroid due to lack of neg feedback onto TSH in anterior pi
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

39. A pinpoint iris is contracted or uncontracted
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)

40. parathyroid hormones
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Parathyroid hormone (peptide; increases blood Ca); thus - might increase osteoclast/decrease osteoblast activity

41. axon hillock physiology
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

42. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Testosterone and estradiol

43. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Increase surface area of sm intestine; this improves digestion (enzymes adsorbed to villi) and absorption
Glucose

44. What is the function of the loop of Henle
'visceral organs develop adjacent to a cavity and invaginate into the bag - like coelom'
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
Smooth ER

45. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
90-140 mg/dl
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

46. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Processes: axons - dendrites

47. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Faces the lumen

48. important pancreatic enzymes
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

49. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Eg spinal nerve - cranial nerve; Not All Nervous Tissue In Brain - SC Is CNS Tissue
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
Chylomicrons are much bigger

50. oxytocin
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Night vision
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom