Test your basic knowledge |

MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The esophageal sphincter is...
Normally contracted
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Nitrogen
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)

2. important because in meiosis germ - line cells begin as 46 2N w/ 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which are replicated in S phase of interphase to 23 pairs of sister chromatids = still 46 2N
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

3. sensory (afferent)/interneurons/motor (efferent)
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop

4. During meiosis I and II in females - rather than creating four chromosomally- equivalent gametes...
Regulated by gastrointestinal horms
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate

5. At post - two weeks ovulation
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP

6. Embryology
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

7. sensory (afferent) neurons
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Zygotes are diploid
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose

8. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine
Zygotes are diploid

9. In other words...
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot

10. micelles vs liposomes
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Zygotes are diploid
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

11. only monosaccharides are absorbed
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Which is why lactase - maltase - dextrinase - sucrase are on brush border
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors

12. What is gastric acid?
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability

13. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Lower blood pH
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Outermost layer of blood vessel

14. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat

15. serous membranes have a viscera - facing layer and a body wall - facing layer
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

16. Where do pancreatic secretions take effect
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
On the chyme exiting the stomach and entering duodenum thru the pyloric sphincter
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra

17. almost all cells can store Some glycogen - but...
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Ketone bodies; thus excessive reliance on fat for energy (eg low carb diets) results in ketosis; blood acidity increases
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

18. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

19. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys

20. Three stages of the menstrual cycle
Follicular (proliferative)= 8d - Luteal (post - ovulation; corpus luteum secretions)= 13d - Menstruation (shed uterine lining if no implantation)= 5
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Ganglion

21. signal transduction occurs only in
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Eukaryotes
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)

22. Path of urine

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

23. interneurons
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

24. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
ER

25. testosterone can be aromatized to...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
Below hypothalamus
Estradiol

26. Morula (...totipotent)
90-140 mg/dl
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection

27. What does lipase attack exactly
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice

28. In effect LH - FSH stimulate
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch

29. Meiosis I Telophase I
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)

30. Sensory neuron cell bodies vs. somatic motor cell bodies
Secondary spermatocyte (stim'd by FSH from Sertoli cells -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->spermatid - which matures further into spermatozoa; released into semeniferous tubule; transported to epididymis
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Ganglion

31. inhibin secreted by
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
Increases blood Calcium
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide

32. STOMACH: no absorption
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)

33. Blastocyst
'Increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including sugars and amino acids) pass into the villi through diffusion - which is effective only at short distances. In other words - **increased surface area (in contact with the flui
pericardial cavity - pleural cavity (contains lungs) - peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant

34. exocrine types
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal

35. Anatomy of the villi
Meiosis creates germ cells
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

36. Thus - central nervous sys is...
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang

37. In IBS - What is defective

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

38. How do monoglycerides and ffas get to brush border?
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Lens will be rounded; contraction of the lens (ie focusing) is done by ciliary muscle
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti

39. Embryology
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...

40. Induction affects...
Direction of differentiation
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'
Outermost layer of blood vessel

41. On what surface of the retina is the eye most sensitive
Fovea (highest amount of cones)
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

42. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Lots of water - minerals (electrolyte balance) - vitamins (aided by gut bacteria)
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)

43. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
90-140 mg/dl
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion

44. How does duod deal with hi HCl from stom
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Ups bicarbonate secretion by pancreas; raises pH to 6.0
Normally contracted

45. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Increases blood Calcium
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins

46. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Chylomicrons are much bigger
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

47. axon hillock physiology
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Faces the lumen
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH

48. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies

49. Where would materials slated for digestion go?
Testosterone and estradiol
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Lysosome

50. Failure of apoptosis can result in
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Carry signals to musc OR Gland