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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility

2. What does peroxisome do
Sudiferous (sweat) - sebaceous - digestive (bile - pancreatic enzs) - mucosal
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle

3. week three: neurulation; mesoderm induces ectoderm; thus - NEURULATION INVOLVES SC Development - at week three
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Organs
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)

4. interneurons
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

5. Which fats are not absorbed like this
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Fallopian tubes
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons

6. main point of fat transport...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Inner lining of blood vessels

7. Thus inhibiting parietal cells could do What to blood pH
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Lower blood pH
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation

8. What do lipases do
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme

9. Important aspect of crypt of Lieberkuhn - secreted intestinal juice
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Eukaryotes
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity

10. Where does the juxtaglomerular apparatus come into play...renin --->inc angiotensins -->inc aldosterone - ups BP
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Follicular phase: primary - secondary - ovulation (1 week) luteal phase: ovulation - thickening of uterine lining w/corpus luteum secretion - corpus luteum degrades (2 weeks) flow: shedding of uterine lining (4 days)
75% water/ 25% solid mass: of that solid mass: 10-20% fat = phospholipid bilayer of bacteria - slough - off enterocytes ie stomach lining (must be constantly rebuilt) 10-20% inorganic material 30% roughage = fiber = cellulose (indigestible) 2-3% prot
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

11. What is the net effect of the distal tubule
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA

12. After meiosis II...
Four 23 N daughter cells are formed from one 46 2N mother (germ - line) cell; four haploid gametes
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

13. Morula (...totipotent)
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach

14. What is gastric acid?
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

15. At post - two weeks ovulation
Renal pyramids --->renal calyx-->renal pelvis -->ureter -->urethra
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
At metaphase II of meiosis II (halted during reductional division); if fertilized - process continues toward haploid gamete
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)

16. amylase acts where on carbs
Salivary amylase (weak); sm intest amylase (breaks down large polysaccharides)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine

17. Spinal cord horns (thick knobs) point
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Secondary oocyte (stim'd by LH stimulation of theca cells causing release of testosterone - converted to estradiol; eventually brings about luteal surge -->EQUATIONAL DIVISION-->ovum released during ovulation into fallopian tube; burst follicle becom
Ventrally (picture skeletal vertebrae)
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis

18. gametic life cycle
The renal corpuscle
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium
Secreted by implanted egg; HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum; HCG in blood/urine is first sign of pregnancy
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes

19. almost all exocytosed proteins pass through this
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
23 N; 23 chromosomes and haploid (no homologous chromosomes); each chromosome has two sister chromatids Male: primary spermatocyte -->REDUCTIONAL DIVISION (first stim'd at puberty by GnRH - LH-->secondary spermatocyte Female: primary oocyte (arreste
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Smooth ER

20. What determines number of chromosomes?
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i

21. How does water cross the apical membrane
Thru tight junctions by favorable osmotic gradient
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
5
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

22. what else is located in the inner ear (not directly related to auditory)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Two perpendicular semicircular canals involved in balance - equilibrium

23. lysosome pH
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Increases solute conc and osmotic pressure of the ***medulla
5
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries

24. How do parietal cells work ** (involves CO2)
Result is proton secreted into lumen - bicarbonate into interstitial fluid (diffuses into blood); result is also increased blood pH and decreased pH stomach
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

25. 80% of end product of carbohydrate metabolism is...
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Glucose
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
Lots of energy; eg neurons have hi glucose need for 3Na out 2K in ATPase; stomach epithel tiss needs E for parietal cells to pump protons into lumen and bicarbonate into blood

26. Different tissues working together
Beta cells
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Organs

27. when cells hit their limit for prot storage...
Night vision
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
At the collecting duct: becomes more permeable to water which passively diffuses *into the medulla* concentrating the urine

28. Meiosis I Metaphase I
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Lower blood pH
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
Needs time for bile - lipase - micelle migration - enterocyte uptake

29. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
Homologous chromosomes separate - migrate towards opposite poles/centrioles
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Meiosis creates germ cells

30. in the presence of ADH what happens to movement of water across nephron membr
Transfer signals from neuron - neuron; 90% of neurons are interneurons
Water flows from the tubule - concentrating the filtrate - raising BP
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Carry signals to musc OR Gland

31. Luteal surge
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs

32. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle

33. How do nutrients move?
From lumenal (apical) to enterocyte to basolateral side of epithelial tissue
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
90-140 mg/dl

34. Blastocyst
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Testosterone and estradiol
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

35. Where is bile produced
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Form barrier to extracellular fluid

36. After meiosis II - Female

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37. The path from blood plasma to urine

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38. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)

39. at lo blood sugar...
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
Organs
Nuclear envelope reassembled in daughter cells; cytokinesis occurs; nucleoli reappear (site of rRNA synthesis)
Liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis); at hi blood sugar it builds up glycogen (glycogenesis)

40. Difference between euk and prok flagella
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Presence of fat - prot in duodenum causes release of **gastric inhibitory peptide**; result is slower stomach contraction; slower emptying into duod thru pyloric sphincter (slower chyme secretion); more time to properly digest - absorb nutrients

41. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Beta cells
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine

42. FLAT PG: ACTH
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest
Adrenocorticotropin; stims adrenal cortex release of glucocorticoids (eg cortisol - a steroid) stress hormones via second messenger system using cAMP
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum

43. trypsin is secreted by
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
Glucose
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose

44. What controls release of LH - FSH from anterior pituitary
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH

45. Posterior eye
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
The crypts of Lieberkuhn: sm intestine pH is not right; brush border enzs won't work right
vitreous humor - retina - fovea

46. quote on cavities/viscera

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47. What is a plasmalogen?
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids
Gastric inhibitory pep; increase of pancreatic - enz activating enzymes (which cleaves zymogens like trypsinogen); increased gall bladder contraction; decreases stomach mobility
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

48. portal vein physiology...

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49. axon hillock physiology
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

50. Meiosis II: EQUATIONAL DIVISION
Neurons may perform one of three functions....
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
Hypothalamus --->AP--->target tissues eg TSH - thyroid - T3/T4 release - increase basal metabolic rate
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)