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MCAT Prep - 2

Subjects : mcat, science

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is endothelium?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - GnRH
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
Inner lining of blood vessels

2. micelles vs liposomes
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Liposome has phospholipid bilayer
Estradiol (estrogen - steroid horm); prepares uterine wall for pregnancy; just before ovulation - release of estradiol stims LH in pos feedback

3. gametic life cycle
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy

4. spermatogonia arise from
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Via secondary active transport proteins (COSTS E TO FILTER BLOOD - ESTABLISH FLUID/ION BALANCE)
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules

5. Gland: ovaries
Estrogen: steroid; stims LH in luteal surge; causes growth of female sex organs progesterone: prepares/maintains uterus for pregnancy
Glucose
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms

6. these transport proteins - when concs are high enough...
Collection of cell bodies; cell processes project out from both ends of ganglion; synapses with interneuron in spinal cord on one end and sensory receptor on other
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Glycosaminoglycans - prots - AAs - lipids

7. Where does the bolus go after mouth chews food
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

8. What does lipase attack exactly
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Micelles; micelles (made of bile) go back and forth between brush border and chyme
Drugs - toxins - bile pigments (color the urine) - uric acid - antibiotics
Moves down thru esophageal sphincter

9. What is the endothelium?
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
Inner lining of circulatory system
Combined via conjunction of pancreatic duct and common bile duct; common bile duct originates at **cystic duct where gall bladder and liver secretions combine ..cystic duct+common bile duct+pancreatic duct --->into duodenum
Mediate complex cell processes thru eg phosphorylation via secondary messenger (G protein) systems = signal transduction pathway - GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)

10. Different tissues working together
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
After morula - with blastocyst (+8 cell count)--->totipotent to embryonic stem cell and so on
PNS- Somatic - afferent (dorsal root ganglion) + efferent (ventral horns) PNS- ANS- afferent (sensors on viscera) + SYMP - PARA pre - post - ganglionic neurons
Organs

11. What is a plasmalogen?
Lipoproteins; albumin carries free fatty acids when fat is mobilized from adipose tissue - etc
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
An ether phospholipid; hi conc in myelin; thus - hi conc in heart tiss - nervous tiss

12. How does blood sugar move into tissues?
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Facilitated diffusion from hi to lo conc
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...

13. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel
Formed in kidney (nephron) - sent thru renal pelvis - down ureter to bladder - drained by urethra'

14. overview of prot digestion
Glucose
Normally contracted
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt

15. The path from blood plasma to urine

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16. is intracellular AA conc hi or low?
Pancreas; active at sm intestinal pH; hydrolyzes peptide bonds of (pepsin - digested) peptides
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
Determined by whether in front of or behind the lens

17. A contracted iris occurs with what kind of stimulation
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)

18. What are the major carbohydrates
Chylomicrons are much bigger
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Hormones --->stimulate exocrine glands - acetylcholine (increases all secretion of gastric pits) - gastrin (from G cells) - histamine (increases HCl secretion of parietals) ...Ach increases all secretions; gastrin increases gastric acid (parietal cel

19. Where does blood to be filtered by kidney enter the nephron?

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20. What is somatostatin
Estradiol
Secreted by delta cells of Islets of langerhans; inhibits insulin and glucagon; slows digestion
Travels vas deferens - urethra; mixes with prostate fluids - seminal vesicles - couper's gland - etc
Maintains hi estrogen levels; body does not recognize luteal surge - ovulation does not occur; hi progesterone can lessen shedding by thickening the uterine lining

21. mucus cells line the stomach...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Contain rough ER and Golgi to make mucous; mucous is full of **glycoprots (sticky) and electrolytes*; protects epithelial tiss of stomach from low pH and lubricates stomach
- parietal cells (**oxyntic= hi oxygen consumption - hi E??): have hi conc mito; need lots of energy to create proton gradient; thus - responsible for extremely harsh pH conditions in stom; denaturing conditions - chief cells (peptic): synthesize pep

22. What does peroxisome do
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Oxidizes macromolecules; breaks down very long - chain FAs by beta - oxidation; products (acetyl - CoA) are shuttled to mitochondrion for citric acid cycle
Secrete intrinsic factor; important for absorbing vitamin B12 in sm intest
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

23. FLAT PG: hGH aka somatotropin
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
Inner lining of circulatory system
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)

24. What is a normal blood glucose range
About 7.2
Synthesizes lipids (including steroids); detoxifies drugs; is continuous with lumen
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
90-140 mg/dl

25. What is a nerve? (PNS)
Faces the lumen
5
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve

26. position of AP...
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
Below hypothalamus
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun

27. Gastrin from G cells stims parietal cells...
Pepsin - secreted by chief cells in the stomach epithelial lining and active at low pH - breaks down proteins to polypeptides. Protein hydrolysis is aided by the highly acidic environment (hi gastric acid from parietal cells). Polypeptides are squirt
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Tight regulation of parietal cells needed b/c gastric acid secretion is E- intensive; parietal cells are hi in mitochons
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t

28. The EYE
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
90-140 mg/dl

29. Where is bile produced
Zygote (fertilization in fallopian tubes); morula (up to 8 cells - undifferentiated ie totipotent); blastocyst (4+ days - implants into uterus; HCG secretion stims corpus luteum; gradually placenta replaces HCG as estrogen/progest source; cells not t
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes

30. Local vs long - distance mediators
AAs enter bloodstream for uptake by all cells (esp liver). If intracellular prot conc is at max AAs can be converted to fats or glucose via gluconeogenesis. Byproduct of gluconeo is ammonia --->urea.
Apoproteins attach to outside of globules; these move to Golgi and are released into interstitial fluid via exocytosis as chylomicrons --->most go to lacteal system
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
Paracrine (local) - endocrine (longer distance)

31. So - following blastocyst implantation (4d) - at approx 2 weeks past fertilization
TAGS--->FFAs; remember that FFAs are broken down for energy in mito matrix by beta - oxidation
Peripheral nervous sys
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)
Gastrulation occurs: formation of three primary germ layers = differentiation

32. What is gastric acid?
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Zygote (morula) composed of eight or more cells; All cells at this stage are TOTipOTENT STEM Cells: do not grow - form by cleavage
HCl; secreted by parietal cells under stim by gastrin
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol

33. main point of fat transport...
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Determination is a pre - programmed fate - differentiation is the actual materialization of that fate
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Fat is insoluble in blood and requires a carrier like lipoproteins (vLDL...HDL) or albumins; ...vLDL has hi triglycerides - hi cholesterol

34. euk cell has two principal sides
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Somatic nervous sys - autonomic nervous sys
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Somatic sensory = dorsal root ganglia (outside spinal cord); somatic effector = ventral horns of spinal cord

35. Both divisions (somatic - autonomic) of PNS consist of...
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
Smooth ER
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)

36. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Inactive: rhodopsin is activated by photons; activated rhodopsin hyperpolarizes rod cells - causes photobleaching
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane

37. Path of food entering body...
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Nourishes follicle growth; stimulates granulosa cell growth around primary oocyte at puberty = primary follicle; also - stimulates Sertoli cells in males
Mostly reabsorbed to liver

38. sensory (afferent) neurons
Receive signals from receptor cell w/ ability to interact with its environment; 99% sensory input is discarded
Nitrogen
Moves thru lymph sys; emptied into large veins (thus into bloodstream) of the neck at Thoracic duct
Liver is the control center for blood glucose; is fed by portal vein from sm intest

39. thyroid hormones: Not All One Kind of HORM
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Contains hydrolytic enzymes; thus - digests endocytosed substances; derived from golgi
Calcitonin (peptide; lowers blood Ca); T3/T4 (tyrosine - derived; increase basal metabolic rate); T4= thyroxine

40. Polypeptides are formed with what kind of reaction?
Steroid; target tissue is distal convoluted tubule of nephron and collecting duct; increases blood mineral concentration; potassium - protons secreted (blood pH increases); sodium - chloride reabsorbed (BP increases)
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Increases surface area of food ball (bolus)

41. from the loop of henle...
On to the distal tubule where sodium - calcium are reabsorbed - protons - bicarbonate - potassium are secreted via membrane transport proteins
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)

42. Peritoneal refers to...
Result: stress reaction; increase glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis; fat/prot breakdown; increase blood glucose
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid

43. sporic life cycle
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
Prophase II: no crossing over b/c there are no homologous chromosomes; nuclear envelope dissolves Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate - migrate to opp poles Telophase II: nuclear envelope reap
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles

44. A group of cell bodies in CNS is nucleus - outside CNS is...
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
Signal picked up by sensory cell - goes thru dorsal root ganglion to SC - may continue to interneurons in brain or simple reflex arc in SC - brain integrates info and decides (voluntary) response - travels back down SC to appropriate ventral root gan
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
Ganglion

45. cholinergic receptors: NICTONIC and MUSCARINIC Nicotinic: neuromuscular effectors (ionotropic) Muscarinic: PARA effectors (GPCRs) Adrenergic: SYMP effectors (GPCRs)
**only para effectors have muscarinic receptors; symp effectors are adrenergic (epi - norepi); **neuromuscular junction uses nicotinic receptors
Stom= G cells (gastrin) - parietal (oxyntic); chief (peptic); mucous cells (hi ER - Golgi to make sticky glycoprots) - sm intest= enterocytes (w/brush border of maltase - sucrase - lactase - dextrinase; peptidase; lipase; nucleases); goblet cells (mu
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Chylomicrons are much bigger

46. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
Liver Functions pt. 2 - Carb metabolism: blood is sent straight to liver from sm intest thru portal vein; liver is control center for blood glucose; _______________ - fat metabolism: oxidizes fat for energy by beta - oxidation - forms most lipoprotei
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Urine enters kidneys via artery - to arteriole - capillary bed - glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle (concentrates medulla) - distal tubule - collecting tubule - collecting duct (renal pyramids) - renal calyx - renal pelvi

47. In IBS - What is defective

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48. How is glucose absorbed in sm intest
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
via symport - secondary transport (ie by pre - established - ATP- intensive) with Na gradient into enterocyte......with no Na gradient (ie without ATP) carbohydrate monomers could not be transported in
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state

49. inhibin secreted by
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Cancer; apop can be programmed cell death; mitochon can play important role in apop
Glucose = aldose fructose = ketose
Facilitated diffusion: no symport w/ secondary transport

50. signal transduction occurs by 2 paths
Membrane - bound - endocytosed bodies
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
1) by integral ion channels 2) transmitted by second messenger system
Faces the lumen