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Test your basic knowledge |
MCAT Prep - 2
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
mcat
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the endothelium?
Chyme (by combined activity of exocrine glands)
Inner lining of circulatory system
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Peptide; stims growth of nearly all cell of body; all other anterior pituitary horms have specific targets; upregulates anabolic pathways; use of fat for energy goes up (fat - burning); increases AA transport across cell membrane (nutrient uptake)
2. What if large intestine isn't working well
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Posterior pituitary hormone; acts on uterus - mammary glands; causes uterine contractions - milk ejection
Chylomicrons are much bigger
3. alpha - amylase in the mouth digests what kind of bond
Estradiol
Alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (branching) glycosidic linkages
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
4. microvilli: increase SA of enterocyte; have hi conc of digestive enzymes
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5. ligands are the messenger compounds that target secondary messenger systems on effectors
Many modern drugs are ligands for GPCRs
Pancreatic duct (made of acinar cells?)
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Serous membrane (slick - reducing friction) that forms lining of the coelom --> secretes lubricating fluid
6. What is the pH at the entrance to the duodenum
Processes: axons - dendrites
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
7. keep in mind that enterocyte is like a regular euk cell
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
Low because AAs are immediately used in translation
PH 6.0; this accomplished by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate which ups pH
8. Peritoneal refers to...
Most absorption occurs in sm intestine
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
9. sporic life cycle
(diploid and haploid individuals = ALTERNATION of GENERATIONS) a fusion of gametic and zygotic life cycles
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Contain capillary network - lymph vessels (lacteals)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
10. FSH - LH - HCG - inhibin are...
Focuses light thru the vitreous humor onto retina; acts as a converging lens (image is real - inverted)
Peptides
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Processes: axons - dendrites
11. micelles also pick up
Testes>Semeniferous tubules>Sertoli cells; feedback on AP FSH production
Nervous - muscle - epithelial (defines inner/outer) - connective (extensive matrices)
Small amounts of hydrolyzed phospholipids and cholesterol: like other fat mols these can diffuse thru enterocyte membrane
AAs can be burned for energy or converted to fat for storage
12. quote on cavities/viscera
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13. what cannot cross the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle
= catecholamines; fight/flight; vasoconstrictors of internal organs - skin; vasodilators of skel musc; also considered stress hormones; epinephrine - norepinephrine
Night vision
RBCs - large proteins; What does enter is called the filtrate
Peristalsis (esophagus) and segmentation (bi - directional=mixing)
14. going down the loop of Henle - water - permeable - filtrate osmolarity goes up as water leaves...
Faces the lumen
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Going up - water - impermeable: salt is actively pumped out - filtrate osmolarity goes down as salt leaves
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
15. lysosome pH
Micelles; micelles transport lipase products to enterocytes for absorption at brush border
5
90-140 mg/dl
Peptide; prolactin promotes milk production; prolactin release is stimulated by act of suckling - which in turn inhibits menstrual cycle
16. Different organs working together
Peak at 1-2hr after meal; chylomicrons themselves have half - life of about 1hr after formation in enterocytes
To the organelle w/ lumen: smooth ER; they are resynthesized into TAGs
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Systems (eg digestive system consists of many organs)
17. In other words...
Albumin increases osmolarity of blood; increases osmotic pressure
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Interstitial fluid (eg prostaglandins - cytokines)
Raises BP; causes collecting ducts at end of nephron (kidney) to become permeable to water - which concentrates urine; coffee - beer block ADH and increase urine volume
18. SYMP neurons originate in= PARA neurons originate in=
Injury that does not sever SC (causes deep lesion from back - front) might cause loss of feeling without full loss of motion
Corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans
Beta cells
SYMP: spinal cord --->paravetebral ganglion PARA: spinal cord - brain; cell processes --->ganglion near effector organ (preganglionic neurons) extend outside of spinal cord to synapse at ganglia - go on along postganglionic neurons
19. Blastocyst
Spinal cord ventral horns; somatic motor neurons use acetylcholine for NTs (voluntary)
Beta cells
After 4 day+ - morula cells have formed fluid - filled ball (blastocyst); this implants in uterus at day 5-7; blastocyst is made up of EMBRYONIC STEM Cells; once implanted w/blastocyst - female is pregnant
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
20. size of chylomicrons (fat + apoproteins) vs lipoproteins ('cholesterol')
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
ER
Carry signals to musc OR Gland
Chylomicrons are much bigger
21. in mammals - gastrulation involves formation of the
Primitive streak - which consists of cells of the MESODERM ****
Smaller - more water soluble short - chain FAs go directly to bloodstream at villi capillaries
Peripheral nervous sys
Abdominal cavity - which is coated in serous fluid
22. What determines number of chromosomes?
Number of centromeres - Not number of chromatids eg - two sister chromatids connected by one centromere = one chromosome
Sensory (afferent - dorsal) - motor (efferent - ventral)
Size of fist; two kidneys; have cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (catecholamines) - receives about 20% of cardiac output - blood travels down arteries - up veins -'urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis - which is empti
Visceral layer= parietal layer; serous membrane is the container of the coelom/peritoneal cavity
23. STOMACH: no absorption
Polysaccharides w/proteoglycans attached = glycosaminoglycans; often give pliability
Trypsin(- ogen; activates other panc enzymes after it is activated by enterokinase of sm intest); chymotrypsin - amylase - lipase
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
Ectoderm: outer coverings - nervous system Mesoderm: between covering ie musc - bone - etc - endoderm: digestive tract - viscera
24. Leydig cells produce
Photon (hv)- rhodopsin - conformation change - GPCR- Na less permeable - hyperpolarized rod cells - generates AP= photobleaching at visible light wavelengths (390-700nm)
Zygote - morula (first four days) - blastocyst (4 day+; implants in uterine lining) - gastrula (2 week) - neurula (3 week)...
Conjunction of cell body w/axon
Testosterone upon stim by LH
25. What is the net effect of the loop of Henle
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
REABSORPTION: draws off water and ions - increases osmolarity of the medulla while slightly lowering osmolarity of the filtrate -->medulla must have hi osmolarity in order to concentrate urine at collecting duct (final step in nephron)
It is the animal counterpart of starch; it is more highly- branched - thus releases more glucose monomers upon repeated hydrolysis than starch
Organs
26. from thoracic duct - chylomicrons stick to capillary walls...
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
Interneurons working to integrate signals received from the peripheral nervous system (sense organs)
Ammonia; must be converted to urea by liver and excreted in urine by kidney
(haploid organism) many fungi and protozoa; individuals are typically haploid; fertilization may occur with immediate meiosis back to haploid state
27. What are the memb - bound enzymes of the brush border?
Meiosis creates germ cells
CARB- Digesting: dextrinase (polysachs produced by hydrolysis of starch) - maltase (glucose - glucose) - sucrase (glucose - fructose) - lactase (galactose - glucose) - Protein- Digesting: peptidases - NUCLEOTIDE- Digesting: nucleosidases
Dehydration reaction; broken apart with enzyme - catalyzed hydrolysis
Vitamin K - b12 - thiamin - riboflavin
28. How does the body mobilize fat stores
Uncontracted: parasymp (eg opoid use)
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
Protein digestion begins in stomach; low pH denatures proteins - kills bacteria; mixes - stores food and destroys it to chyme (BOLUS-->CHYME)
***starting with adipose tiss: FFAs are transported in the blood by albumin (major component of blood plasma); one albumin typically carries three fatty acid molecules but can hold up to 30 FAs
29. Mucus - digestive enzymes released thru
Glands w/ducts: Exocrine glands
Growth 1 (G1) phase: STRUCTURAL ProteinS - ENZYMES; This is a very active period - where the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins - including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1 stage each of the chromosomes cons
Bacterial flagellin: hollow filament (not microtub); euk: 9+2 microtubule w/dynein bridges
Hydrostatic pressure forces some plasma thru *fenestrations of the glomerular endothelium* and into Bowman's capsule; B.C. is continuous with lumen of nephron
30. Luteal surge
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Zygotes are diploid
Ganglion
'Microvilli function as the **primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract**. Because of this vital function - the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compoun
31. After meiosis II - Male
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32. After meiosis I - daughter cells are...
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33. Kidney
Can be saturated; conc of a solute is called the transport maximum --->excess goes into urine
Testosterone upon stim by LH
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr
Where lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes TAGs; products diffuse into target tiss (mostly liver - adipose tissue)
34. gradual increase in FSH typical of primary follicle development;
Ganglion
Secondary follicle: Theca cells differentiate from interstitial tissue - surround follicle - secrete testosterone when stimd by LH (compare to Leydig cells)
'The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein - because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.'
Work together to emulsify fats: bile works as a detergent to increase SA of the fat; increased SA gives more substrate to lipase for digestion
35. gametic life cycle
(diploid organism) humans are part of gametic life cycle ie produce gametes; diploid germ - line stem cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes
Lysosome
Break down TAGs to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Prophase I: crossing over occurs; nuclear envelope is absorbed into ER; chromosomes condense)
36. Some epithelial cells are... others...
Stomach - sm intest - spleen - pancreas from the hepatic portal vein...all blood that passes thru liver go thru flattened spaces called the ***hepatic sinusoids -->hepatic vein --->vena cava
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
'tones the bone'; decreases free Calcium conc; acts opposite to parathyroid hormone; thyroid polypeptide
FAT=9 cal per gram Carbs=4.5 cal per gram - Prot=4 cal per gram - these seem to be for anhydrous forms
37. What is main difference is signal transmission in nicotinic vs muscarinic?
Development of placenta begins with implantation; eventually - by end of first trimester - placenta will replace corpus luteum and its estrogen/progest secretions
Notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to thicken into neural plate --->neural tube --->spinal cord
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
Small intestine; duodenum is smallest and does most DIGESTION; jejunum is medium and does most ABSORPTION; ileum is biggest and does most absorption along with jejunum
38. review: parietals secrete intrinsic factor...
Comes into play in the large intestine - where vitamin b12 is absorbed w/help of E. coli; thus; must travel thru bloodstream to large intestine
Lowers osmolarity of the filtrate (IONS - Water Are Taken Back Up By The Kidney)--->at the end of the distal tubule (the collecting tubule) is where aldosterone acts - along with the JGA
In liver (RBC recycling of heme); stored in gall bladder; released via cystic duct to common bile duct (shared w/liver); common bile duct joins up with panc duct...everything feeds into the sm intest at the ampulla of vater**
Buildup of macromolecules in lysosome due to deficient lysosome enzymes
39. what happens to bile secretions
Mostly reabsorbed to liver
Direction of differentiation
Reconstituted into TAGs at smooth ER; first stop for most digested fat is liver
Sympathetic: dilates pupil (for night hunting)
40. what happens when glycogen stores are saturated and blood sugar remains high?
- enterocytes w/ *microvilli brush border*: membrane - bound digestive enzymes for carbs - fats - nucleic acids - goblet cells: secrete mucous - Deep between villi are the intestinal exocrine glands - the crypts of Lieberkuhn - which secrete pH 7.6 i
Fat synthesis; carbs stored as free fatty acids - esterified to TAGs (requires small amount of E)
Below hypothalamus
***nicotinic is ionotropic; muscarinic is GPCR
41. Cell bodies of SYMP postganglionic neurons lie far from effector...
Zygotes are diploid
Contains lysozyme - which regulates bacteria within intestine; breaks down peptidoglycans (**bact wall); innate immunity
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Within the paravertebral ganglion - running parallel to spinal cord
42. What is a nerve? (PNS)
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Spike in estrogen - LH levels; secondary follicle bursts - releases into body cavity - swept along by fimbriae
Creates one ovum (23 N) and three polar bodies
Called a tract in the CNS; bundling together of axons/dendrites thru which many diff signals pass; many many neurons are bundled together into a single nerve
43. energy source of neurons
Glucose and ketone bodies (not from glycogen stores)
5
Normally contracted
Epithelial tissue near semniferous tubules
44. gametes are haploid
Food is digested from mouth to stomach (denaturation by gastric acid - digested by pepsin) to duodenum (more digestion); then absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum
Zygotes are diploid
In mouth - breakdown of starch into polysaccharides
Prod of steroid hormones in testes - ovaries
45. euk cell has two principal sides
Organs
Lumen (ie continuous w/body cavity) and cytosol
Sorts - modifies - concentrates proteins from the ER
Outer ear= pinna (auricle)- external auditory canal - eardrum (tympanic membrane) inner ear= malleus - incus - stapes - ...oval window - cochlea - where sound is transduced into neural signal...enters cochlea at scala vestibuli - where pressure chang
46. Neuronal cell bodies have extensions ie
Adrenal gland -- AC: steroids (cortisol - aldosterone); AM: catecholamines (epi - norepi); Islets of langerhans: peptides (insulin/glucagon) ANTAGONISTS: calcitonin (thyroid - peptide lowers Ca in blood); parathyroid hormone - peptide - vitamin D pat
Diarrhea: excess water loss in feces; poor absorption of vitamins - minerals
Processes: axons - dendrites
Has memb - bound organelles - etc...
47. Inside the kidney: ...JGA (w/granular cells sensitive to hydrostatic pressure able to secrete renin - activate aldosterone - increase BP) is adjacent to distal tubule - monitors filtrate pressure
The wall of the body or of a body cavity or hollow structure
Homologous chromosomes line up w/ attachment of spindle fibers/microtubule polymers to centromeres via kinetochores; identical in appearance under light microscope to metaphase of mitosis
- filtration occurs at the fenestrations of the renal corpuscle - most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule - medulla is concentrated in the loop of henle - sodium and calcium are reabsorbed in the distal tubule -->collecting tubul
In gastric pits; secretions combine into gastric juice
48. What Changes - Doesn't Change as a result of movement of molecules across membranes in the proximal tubule
Smooth ER
Inner lining of blood vessels
Changes: volume of filtrate does not change: osmolarity of filtrate --->reabsorbed ions like sodium carry water across membrane
sucrose (gluc+fruc) - lactose (gluc+galactose) - starch (gluc+gluc)
49. food in duod stims release of gastrointestinal hormones
Digestion
Arrested at primary oocyte; hypothalamus GnRH->FSH released at puberty stims granulosa cell development; granulosa secrete zona pellucida = primary follicle
Gall bladder - pancreatic secretions increase - arrive via ampulla of vater (duct glands); insulin secretion increases (fed state; ductless glands)
Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule; has specialized cells (granular cells) that secrete an enzyme (**renin); renin initiates regulatory cascade that produces angiotensin I - II - III that stim adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone... ...
50. Different tissues working together
Organs
Inner lining of circulatory system
Only musc and esp ** liver can store large amounts
Excretes waste products: urea - uric acid - ammonia - phosphate - maintains homeostasis: including body fluid volume (water reabsorption) and solute composition (mineral balance - nutrient reabsorption) - controls *plasma* pH: antiport of Na/K and pr