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Test your basic knowledge |
MCAT Prep Biology
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
mcat
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The elimination of wastes from the body.
Exotoxin
Excretion
Inflammation
Adenine
2. The largest artery in teh body; the aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle of the heart.
Aorta
Corona radiata
Obligate anaerobe
Totipotent
3. (Singular:villus). Folds of the intestinal mucosa that project into the lumen of the intestine; vili serve to increase the surface area of the intestine for absorption.
Villi
Diffusion
Thin filament
Single strand binding proteins
4. The process by which neighboring cells can influence the determination (and subsequent differentiation) of a cell.
Cardiac muscle
Induction
Morula
Filtration
5. The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division. This could ocur during anaphase I of meiosis (homologous chromosomes) [--> leaving 2 gametes w/ 2 copies and 2 gametes w/ no copies of chromosome] -
Absolute refractory period
Synapsis
Nondisjunction
Exotoxin
6. A hormone produced and secreted by teh adrenal medulla that prolongs and increases teh effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
P site
Epinephrine
Functional synctium
Reduction
7. A form of symbiosis in Which both organisms involved benefit from the association.
Collecting duct
Simple diffsuion
Avascular
Mutualism
8. Chemoreceptors on the tongue that respond to chemicals in a food.
Tetrad
Gustatory receptors
Ion channel
Endocytosis
9. The capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron. The vasa recta reclaims reabsorbed substances - such as water and sodium ions.
Leukocyte
Vasa recta
Adenohypophis
B cell
10. A chemical released by the axon of a neuron in response to an action potential that binds to receptors on a postsynaptic cell and causes that cell to either depolarize slightlly (EPSP) or hyperpolarize slightly (IPSP). Examples are acetylcholine - no
tRNA
Cerebellum
Pacemaker potential
Neurotransmitter
11. A looser - more porous type of bone tissue found at the inner core of the epiphyses in long bones and all other bone types. Spongy gone is filed with red bone marrow - important in blood cell formation.
Power stroke
Spongy bone
Cytosine
Fluid mosaic model
12. A large - mature - ovarian follicel with a well - developed antrum and a secondary oocyte. Ovulation of the oocyte occurs from this type of follicle.
Krebs cycle
Portal systems
Corticosteroids
Graafian follicle
13. A group of three enzymes that decarboxylates pyruvate - creating an acetyl group and carbon dioxide. The acetyl group is then attached to coenzyme A to produce acetyl - CoA - a substrate in the Krebs cycle. In the process - NAD+ is reduced to NADH. T
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Gibbs free energy
Renin
Diploid organism
14. A protein hormone secreted by sustenacular cells of the testes that acts to inhibit the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.
Hfr bacterium
Active site
Inhibin
Urethra
15. The 'blind spot' of the eye - this is where the axons of the ganglion cells exist the retinal to form the optic nerve. There are no photoreceptors in the optic disk.
Steroid hormone
Optic disk
Creatine Phosphate
Primary oocytes
16. The liquid portion of blood; plasma contains water - ions - buffers - sugars - proteins - etc. Anything that dissolves in blood dissolves in the plasma portion.
Plasma
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Cholesterol
Cortex
17. A normal component of the outer membrane of Gram - negative bacteria. Endotoxins produce extreme immune reactions (septic shock) - particularly when many of them enter the circulation at once.
Norepinephrine
Chemotroph
Juxtaglomerular cells.
Endotoxin
18. Physical structures in two different organism that have funcitonal similarity due to their evoluntion in a common environment - but have different underlying structure. Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution.
Electrical synapse
Portal systems
Analogous structures
Dermis
19. DNA replication in which each of the parental strands is read to make a complementary daughter strand - ethus each new DNa molecule is composed of half the parental molecule paired with a newly synthesized strand.
Follicle
Accessory organs
Semiconservative replication
Vagal tone
20. The enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose -6- phosphate in the first step of glycolysis. This is one of the ain regulatory steps of this pathway. Hexokinase is feedback - inhibited by glucose -6- P.
Prolactin
Chromosome
Action potential
Hexokinase
21. The current understanding of membrane structure - in which teh membrane iscomposed of a mix o lipids and proteins (a mosaic) that are free to move fluidly among themselves.
Respiratory acidosis
Fluid mosaic model
Universal acceptor
Signal sequence
22. A form of evolution in which the same organism is placed into different environments with different selection pressures. This causes organisms to evolve differently - to diverge from their common ancestor. The resulting (new) species may share struct
Amphipathic
Diastolic pressure
Troponin
Divergent evolution
23. The division of the autonomic nervous system known as the 'fright or flight' system. It causes a genera increase in body activities such as heart rate - respiratory rate - and blood pressure - and an increase in blood flow to skeleltal muscle. It cau
Hair cells
Sympathic nervous system
Length - tension relationship
Oval window
24. A person with blood type O-. Because this person's red blood cells possess none of the typical blood suface proteins - they cannot initiate an immune reaction in a recipient.
Recessive
Bicarbonate
Periplasmic space
Universal donor
25. The division of the autonomic nervous system known as the 'resting and digesting' system. It causes a general decrease in body activities such as heart rate - respiratory rate - and blood pressure - and an increase in blood flow to the GI tract and d
Parasympathetic nervous system
Secondary spermatocytes
Hepatic portal vein
Mutualism
26. An enzyme whose transcription can be stopped by an abundance of its product (as opposed to inducible enzymes). Usually part of anabolism of product.
Repressible enzyme
Enterogasterone
Antiparallel orientation
Nuclear envelope
27. The enzymatic process of reading a strand of DNA to produce a complemenetary strand of RNA
Smooth muscle
Posterior pituitary gland
Alimentary canal
Transcription
28. The cytoskeleton filaments with the smallest diameter. Microfilaments are composed of the contractile protein actin. They are dynamic filaments - constantly beig made and broken down as needed - and are responsible for events such as pseudopod format
Microfilament
Differentiation
Jejunum
T tubules
29. A receptor that responds to changes in temperature.
Cofactor
Epiglottis
Thermoreceptor
Primary immune response
30. The connection of a mosin head group to an actin filament during muscle contraction (the sliding filament theory).
T tubules
Cross bridge
Diffusion
Cardiac muscle
31. Also called occluding junctions - tight junctions form a seal between cells that prevents the movement of substances across the cell layer - except by diffusion through the cell membranes themselves. Tight junctions are found between the epithelial c
Systole
Tight junction
Lag phase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
32. Also called vasopressin - this hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by teh posterior pituitary gland. It tartes teh kidney tubules - increasing their permeability to water - adn thus increasing water retention by the body. Also raises
Peripheral chemoreceptors
NADH
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Humoral immunity
33. Multiple sites of replication found on large - linear eukaryotic linear eukaryotie chromosomes.
Fermentation
Replication bubbles
P site
Ciliary muscles
34. In skeleta and cardiac muscle tissue - a filament composed of actin - tropomyosin - and troponin. Thin filaments are attached to teh Z lines of the sarcomers and slide over thick filaments during muscle contraction.
Outer ear
Determination
Fimbriae
Thin filament
35. Complementary DNA. DNA produced synthetically by reverse trascribing mRNA. Because of eukaryotic mRNA splicing - cDNA contains no inrons.
Genotype
Prokaryote
Hemophilia
cDNA
36. The muscle tissue of the heart Cardiac muscle is striated - uninucleate - and under involuntary control (controlled by teh autonomic nervous system). Note also that cardiac muscle is self - stimulatory - and autonomic control serves only to modify th
Chief cells
Cytokinesis
Cardiac muscle
Trypsin
37. A cyoplasmic Ca2+- binding protein. Calmodulin is particularly important in smooth muscle cells - where binding of Ca2+ allows calmodulin to activate myosin light - chian kinase - the first step in smooth muscle cell contraction.
Trophoblast
Calmodulin
Basement membrane
Ligase
38. A network of membranes inside eukarytoic cells invovled in lipid synthesis (steroid in gonads) - detoxification (in liver cells) - and/or Ca2+ storage (muscle cells).
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chemotroph
Lag phase
Pupil
39. An organism that has only a single copy of its genome in each of its cells. Haploid organisms possess no homolous chromosomes.
Auxotroph
Haploid organism
Exocrine gland
Osteoblast
40. A statistical rule stating that the probability of two independent events occuring together is the product of their individual probabilities.
Peptidoglycan
Wolffian ducts
Oxidation
Rule of multiplication
41. One of the four basic tissue types in the body (epithelial - connective - muscle - and nervous). Epithelial tissue is a lining and covering tissue (e.g. skin - the lining of the stomach and intestines - the lining of the urinary tract - etc. ) or a g
Interleukin
Bowman's capsule
Epithelial tissue
Spermatid
42. The three small bones found in the middle ear (the malleus - the incus - and the stapes) that help to amplify the vibrations from sound waves. The malleus is atached to the tympanic membrane and the stapes is attached to the oval window of the cochle
Sarcomere
Primary spermatocytes
Ossicles
Symporter
43. A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.
Multipolar neuron
tRNA
Seondary active transport
Peristalsis
44. The period of time following an action potential when it is possible - but difficult - for the neuron to fire a second action potential due to the fact that membrane is further from theshold potential (hyperpolarized).
Artery
Relative refractory period
Acinar cells
Cardiac conduction system
45. A helical protein that winds around actin helices in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells to form the thin filament of the sarcomere. In the absence of Ca2+ - tropomyosin covers the myosin - binding sites on actin and prevents muscle contraction. When c
Thermoreceptor
Myosin
Tropomyosin
Semicircular canals
46. The final phase of the digestive tract - also called the colon. The primary funcion of the large intestine is to reabsorb water and to store the feces.
Enterokinase
Large intestine
Lysozyme
Activation energy (Ea)
47. A thick - transpartent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte.
Acinar cells
Tropomyosin
Leak channel
Zona pellucida
48. The first generation of offspring from a given genetic cross.
Peripheral membrane protein
Inflammation
Peptide hormone
F1 generation
49. A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical disturbances - such as shape changes (being squashed - bent - pulled - etc.). Mechanoreceptors include touch receptors in the skin - hair cells - in the ear - muscle spindles - and others.
Poly- A tail
Medulla oblongata
Mechanoreceptors
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
50. A passageway leading from behind the nasal cavity to the trachea. The pharynx is divided into three regions - named for their location. The nasopharynx is behind the nasal cavity - the oropharynx is behind the oral cavity - and the laryngopharynx is
Power stroke
Reduction
Pharynx
Tropomyosin