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Microbiology

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Eukaryotic and photosynthetic; can be unicellular - filamentous - or plant- like; includes brown - red - and green algae
Azithromycin
Profuse rice water diarrhea via toxin that permantnely activates Gs inc cAMP
Topocal miconazole - selenium sulfide
algae characteristics (3)

2. Non - enveloped virus is engulfed by host cell; enveloped virus fusion of the envelope with cell membrane
many humans would test antibody positive for this
Diploid - retroviruses - 2 ssRNA molecules - all others are haploid
Resistant to destruction by heat or chemicals - need to autoclave to kill by steaming at 121C for 15 minutes
penetration (AV)

3. What feature of influenza can lead to worldwide pandemics of flu
H. pylori
CMV - RSV
Rubella german measles
8 segments of neg stranded RNA undergo high frequency recombinatino via reassortment

4. Unicellular and facultative
Broad based ataxia - positive ataxia - charcot joint - stroke without HTN
Febrile pharyingitis - acute hemorrhagic cystitis - pneumonia - conjunctivitis (watery)
many humans would test antibody positive for this
yeast

5. What does candida result in with diabetic pts and Abx usage
Cigar shaped yeast
Vulvuvaginitis
spiral - vibrio
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli

6. What gram pos rods form spores in soil
Invasive - dysentary - shiga like toxin; microbe invades mucosa and toxin causes necrosis and inflammation
In pregs - amnionitis - septicemia - spontaneous abortion - granulomatous infantiseptica - neonatal meningitis in neonates - immunoCised - meningitis - healthy people - mild gastroenteritis
HBsAg as envelope - can coinfect or superinfect (worse prognosis)
B anthracis - c. perfringens - c tetani (b cereus and c botulinum also form spores

7. How do pneumocystis appear microscopically
Facultative intracellular microbe - ingestion of unpasteureized milk/cheese and deli meats or by vaginal transmission - forms actin rockets - cell to cell movements and tumbling motility
Saucer shaped yeast forms
Roseola - high fevers for several days that can cause seizures - followed by a macular papular rash - not determined
Yes

8. PNA in EtOh or IVDU
S. pneumo - klebsiella - staph
Treponema
infection process of bacteriophage (5)
Insidious onset - HA - non productive cough - diffuse interstitial infiltrate

9. Viruses are not considered living; they need to be in a cell; and they do not grow on artificial media

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10. Newborn nursery is a risk factor For what nosocomial infections
Viridans group streptococci
Rash on palms and soles migrating to wrists - ankles and then trunk - headach fever - endemic to east coast
Surface protein - lipid bilayer - capsid - nucleic acid
CMV - RSV

11. Virus sticks to host cell surfaces by means of receptor sites which are inherited characteristics of the host
Oral thrush - tinea pedis - reactivation VZV - reactivation TB - bacterial infxns (H flu - S pneumo - Salmonella)
Aseptic meningitis
adsorption (AV)
ImmunoCised - or their close contacts

12. PNA in neonates < 4wks - orgs
8 - orthomyoxovirus
rough ER
protozoan infections (5)
Group B strep - E. coli

13. What are the AST/ALT relationships in viral hepatitis vs alcoholic hepatitis
ALT > AST in viral - AST > ALT in EtOH
Glycogen - mucopolysaccharides
Antigen in vaccines
microaerophilic

14. What does inflammatory diseases do staph aureus cause
Rickettsia and chlamydia - can't make out ATP
Skin infections - organ abscesses - pneumonia
Gives rigid support - protects against osmotic pressure - sugar backbone with cross linked peptide side chains
replication (AV)

15. Ribosomes - chromosomes - plasmid - cytoplasm
flagella - description
algology
Tellurite agar
in prokaryotic cell membranes -

16. What OI's are HIV pos patients at risk for with CD4 < 400
Oral thrush - tinea pedis - reactivation VZV - reactivation TB - bacterial infxns (H flu - S pneumo - Salmonella)
eukaryotes
S - definition
Syphillis - sexual contact

17. Protozoans - primitive algae (single cell)
100 micrometers
Pox - carries own DNA dependent RNA polymerase
Prolonged nutrient depletion and buildup of waste products leads to death
protista kingdom

18. rubeola - lots of spots
Paramyxovirus; measles
Calicivirus - picornavirus - reovirus - parvovirus - adenovirus - papilloma - polyoma
five nutritional adaptations of fungi compared to bacteria
cell wall - function

19. How does tetanus toxin cause tetanus
trichomoniasis symptoms
M. kansasii
Blocka glycine and GABA release - inhibitory NTs from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
3 groups in archaea

20. Toxic effect with oysters and mollusks
Shingles from VZV - kaposi sarcoma from HHV-8
Louis Pasteur - experiment
H flu type B
red tide

21. What bug grows on sabouraud's agar
Poliovirus - coxsackievirus - echovirus - HAV
Reovirus - colorado tick fever - rotavirus - #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
Gardnerella vaginalis
Fungi

22. What is the TX for pseudomonas
spiral
No infection - anergic (steroids - malnutrition - immunoCised - sarcoidosis)
Aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum pen (pipercillin - ticarcillin)
Flulike (acute) - feeling fine (latent) - falling count - final crisis

23. Adsorption - penetration - uncoating - replication - assembly - release
Aseptic meningitis
infection process of animal viruses (6)
Candida
capsid is composed of...

24. How endospores return to metabolizing cells when environmental conditions are better (food and water present)
endospores
germination
A lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrance of gram neg bacteria
Nystatin for superficial - ampho B for systemic

25. How do sporothrix appear on microscopically
humans do not have
CMV
HCV
Cigar shaped yeast

26. tissue nematode that causes swelling in the skin and can see worms crawling in the conjunctiva - org - transmission - tx
archaea domain
Tzanck test - assay for HSV1 - 2 and VZV
HBsAg - HbeAg - and IgG Anti - HBcAg
Loa loa - deer/horse/mango fly - diethylcarbamazine

27. This cause of UTI is often nosocomial and drug resistant
Protein A - S. aureus
HIV - AIDS
algae characteristics (3)
Enterobacter cloacae

28. Other than thrush and vaginitis - What are the other clinical manifestations or candidiasis
Tapeworm larvae (intestinal infection) in pork or eggs (neurocystircercosis) in food/water contaminated with human feces
Aerosal - from environmental water source
M. avium intracellulare
Diaper rash - endocarditis in IVDU - disseminated candidiasis - chronic mucocutanous candidiasis

29. superficial vascular proliferation in an HIV pos pts where biopsy reveals neutrophilic inflammation
Parenteral - sexual - maternal fecal routes - 3 months
Bartonella henselae
Surface protein - matrix/core protein - lipid bilayer - nucleic acid and nucleocapsid protein
Doxycycline

30. What species causes bloody diarrhea - is lactose neg - and had flagellar motility
Env - gp120 and gp41 - gag - p24 - pol - reverse transcriptase
vaginal yeast infections can be caused by this
Salmonella
Preallergic lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination - reactivation in adult life

31. Thrush
gram- negative cell wall
Enterobius verniculum (pinworm - nematode) - food contaminated with eggs - bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
oral yeast infections =
Comma shaped - s - shaped - oxidase positive - grows at 42 C

32. Lytic phage infects bacterium - cleavage of bacterial DNA and synthesis of viral proteins - parts of bacterial chromosome may become packaged in viral capsid
Motility - protein
Generalized transduction - a packaging event
Severe pneumonia
Salmonella - neisseria - brucella - mycobacterium - listeria - francisella - legionella

33. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae
Strep pneumo and viridans
medical important mycobacteria
Diaper rash - endocarditis in IVDU - disseminated candidiasis - chronic mucocutanous candidiasis
Salmonella - neisseria - brucella - mycobacterium - listeria - francisella - legionella

34. What toxin does clostridium perfringens have and What does it do
Gram pos rods with metachromatic (blue and red) granules
Alpha toxin - a lecithinase that acta s a phospholipase to cleave cell membranes and causes a gas gangrene
Pseudemonas aeruginosa
Rubella

35. Will show special structures
release (B)
N. meningitidis - enterovirus - s pneumo - HSV
No they are T cells reacting to EBV infected cells
special staining of bacteria

36. Virus that infects bacteria
H. flu type B - meningococcal vaccines
bacteriophage - definition
Facultative intracellular microbe - ingestion of unpasteureized milk/cheese and deli meats or by vaginal transmission - forms actin rockets - cell to cell movements and tumbling motility
SNAP - sulfa for nocardia and actinomyces get pen

37. What does Anti HBcAg (IgG) indicate
spontaneous generation
Chronic disease - positive during window period
prokaryotic cell membrane (5)
Clostridium botulinum

38. Plague - flea bite - rodents esp prarie dogs
Pox - complex
C. perfringens
Enterobius
Yersinia pestis

39. What shape are s pneumo - do they have a capsule and what protease do they have
differential staining example
Azithromycin
Prior HAV infection - protects against reinfection
Lancet shaped - encapsulate - IgA protease

40. What are characteristics of obligate anaerobes
B. cereus
Foul smelling (short chain fatty acids) - difficult to culture - produce gas in tissues (CO2 - H2)
two genre of bacteria that produce endospores
Meningitis - otitis media - pneumonia - sinusitis OR - Most Optichin Sensitive

41. The mild heating of a substance to kill spoilage organisms (bacteria)
C. diptheriae
Serratia marcescens
pasteurization
fungi kingdom

42. What is the fxn and chemical composition of bacterial periplasm
A second - different antigenic determinant of the HBV core - HBeAg indicates active viral replication and therefor high transmissability
Space between cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan wall in gram neg bacteria contains many hydrolytic enzymes - including beta lactamases
Tzanck test - assay for HSV1 - 2 and VZV
HCV

43. Pairs
No envelope
E coli causing UTI and S. aureus causing wound infection
Saucer shaped yeast forms
arrangements - diplo

44. Which bacteria don't stain well because they are too thin to be visualized
Profuse rice water diarrhea via toxin that permantnely activates Gs inc cAMP
Treponema
Polio - echo - rhino - coxsackie - HAV - enteroviruses = fecal oral; large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins - can cause aspetic meningitis (except rhino and HAV)
S. aureus

45. Which Abx are ineffective against obligate anaerobes and why - where are anaerobes nl found
envelope is composed of...
Aminoglycosides - require O2 to enter bacterial cell - nl found in GI tract
Streptococcus mutans
Type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria toxoid or other protein

46. What is chlamydia trachomatis - tricky Ts
Bacteria - STD
Surfers in the tropics
ELISA test is sensitive but high false pos rates and low threshold - RULE OUT test - pos test are confirmed with western blot - High false neg - high threshold
100 micrometers

47. What are the obligate anaerobes and What do they lack (and hence suscpetible to)
Yes carriers - celullar RNA poly transcribes RNA from DNA template - reverse transcriptase transcribes DAN genome from RNA intermediate - virion enzyme is DNA dependent DNA poly
Toxplasmosis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Clostridium - bacteroides - actinomyces - lack catalse and superoxide dismutase and susceptible to oxidative damage

48. What OI/disease occurs in the mouth and throat of AIDS pts
Thursh - HSV - CMV - oral hairy leukoplakia from EBV
Chagas dz - trypanosoma cruzi - reduviid bug - blood smear - nifurtimox
Does not ferment sorbitol
Black necrosis surrounded by edematous ring - caused by letha factor and edema factor

49. What color is the sputum in klebsiella infxn an besides pneumonia - what else can it cause
Red current jelly - nosocomial UTI
CMV - RSV
capsid is composed of...
Ingestion of preformed toxin

50. What is the Ghon complex
Rubella german measles
Entamoeba histolytica
TB granulomas (Ghon focus + lobar and perihilary lymph node involvment) - primary infection or exposure
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is rare - and giant cell PNA in immunoCised