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Microbiology

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Protein synthesis
ribosomes - function
F+ plasmid can become incorportated into bacterial chromosome DNA
Coxsackie A - hand - foot - mouth dz
Blocks the release of ACH - causes anticholinergic symptoms - CNS paralysis - especially cranial nerves

2. Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan - CV-I crystals do not leave
C. trachomatis - subactue - often undiagnosed - N. gono - acute with high fever; C. trachomatis is the most common STI in the US
Surface F protein - causes respiratory epithelial cells to fus and form multinucleated cells
Trichamonas vaginalis - trichomoniasis
gram- positive stain - explanation

3. What organisms stain with Ziehl - Neelson
Gram neg rod - poor gram stain - use silver stain - grow on charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine
B19 virus - aplastic crisis in sickle cell - slapped cheek rash in kids - erythema infectosum (5th disease) - RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death - pure RBC aplasia and RA like symtpoms in adults
Acid fast organisms
Aerosal - from environmental water source

4. What organisms do Giemsa stain pick up
Anti gp120 crosses the placenta
Polio - echo - rhino - coxsackie - HAV - enteroviruses = fecal oral; large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins - can cause aspetic meningitis (except rhino and HAV)
Borrelia - plasmodium - tryapanosomes - chlamydia
monera kingdom

5. Which kind of neisseria is sexually transmitted
Epiglottitis H flu type B
HBV
RNA viruses - BOAR = Bunyavirus - Orthomyxovirus - Arenaviruses - Reoviruses
Gonococci

6. In what instance does primary TB become progressive lung disease and what happens
HIV - malnutrition - death
icosahedron
Surfers in the tropics
Profuse rice water diarrhea via toxin that permantnely activates Gs inc cAMP

7. Which bacteris do not gram stain well because there is no cell wall
Dipicolinic acid
Common cold and SARS
Mycoplasma
Sporadic - Creutzfeldt Jakob disease - rapidly progressive dementia; inheritid - Gerstmann - Straussler - Scheinker syndrome; or acquired (kuru)

8. What are gp120 and gp41 together
Envelope proteins
HPV 6 and 11 - condylomata acuminata
JC virus causing PML
3 groups in archaea

9. Meningitis in newbord (0 - 6 months)
bacteriology
gram- positive stain - color
Group B strep - E. coli - listeria
Children

10. What are PE signs of PID
Influenza virus
Smallpox - although eradicated - could be used in germ warfare Vaccinia - cowpox 'milkmaid's blisters' Molluscum contagiosum - flesh colored dome lesions with central dimple
CD4 less than or equal to 200 - or HIV pos with AIDS defining conditino like pneumocytsis jerovici or a CD4/CD8 < 1.5
Cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign) purulent cervical discharge

11. What stain shows legionella
hyperthermophiles
Silver stain
gas gangrene
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - bendazole

12. What happens when macrophages activate macrophages
IL-1 - lever - TNF - fever/hemorrhagic tissue necrosis - NO - hypotension
Mycoplasma - legionella - chlamydia
Toxin permanently activates causing rice water diarrhea via induction of cAMP - turns the on on
chromosomes in nucleus are...

13. What is the presentation and mechanism of toxin in EHEC
Tumbling motility - meningitis in newborns - unpasteurized milk
Dysentery from shiga like toxin - O157:H7 is common serotype - produces HUS
infection process of animal viruses (6)
When nutriets are limited

14. What does group B strep cause
Antigen in urine
Pneumonia - meningitis - sepsis in babies
Onchocerca volvulus - female blackfies - ivermectin
Env - gp120 and gp41 - gag - p24 - pol - reverse transcriptase

15. Work in the renal dialysis unit is risk factor For what nosocomial infection
HBV
Ingestion of preformed toxin
Clostridium - bacteroides - actinomyces - lack catalse and superoxide dismutase and susceptible to oxidative damage
Clostridia

16. ___ on envelope can be used for identification
Pox - complex
Salpingitis
Gives rigid support - protects against osmotic pressure - sugar backbone with cross linked peptide side chains
Spikes

17. What can cause food poisoning in improperly canned foods (bulging cans)
E. Coli
Visceral leishmaniasis - donovani - sandly - macrophages containing amastigotes (lack flagella) - sodium stibogluconate
C. botulinum
Trigeminal ganglia

18. Lytic phage infects bacterium - cleavage of bacterial DNA and synthesis of viral proteins - parts of bacterial chromosome may become packaged in viral capsid
Vulvuvaginitis
Yersinia - enterocolitica - diarrhea (in day care centers) - causes mesenteric adenitis
Pseudomonas
Generalized transduction - a packaging event

19. Infects prosthetic devices and intravenous catheters by producing adherent biofilms - what bacteria and where do you normally find it
protozoa means of locomotion (3)
Staph epi - normal skin flora - contaminates blood cultures
Cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign) purulent cervical discharge
characteristics of bacteria (5)

20. Amoebic dysentry - giardia - trichomoniasis - malaria - toxplasmosis
Food poisoning = Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus - wound = just vulnificus
Treponema - tertiary syphillis
N. meningitidis - enterovirus - s pneumo - HSV
protozoan infections (5)

21. Decomposition - starting point of food chains - commercial applications
lipids (fats) =
importance of microorganisms
Mold hyphae - not dimorphic
Infectious = most of dsDNA (not pox/HBV) (+) strand ssRNA (same as mRNA); non infecitious = (-) ssRNA - dsRNA

22. What is HBeAg
Epiglottitis H flu type B
A second - different antigenic determinant of the HBV core - HBeAg indicates active viral replication and therefor high transmissability
Cell Theory
Acute/recent infection

23. Unimmunized child with fever - dysphagia - drooling - and difficulty breathing due edematous cherry red epiglottis
Epiglottitis H flu type B
pseudopodia
eukaryotic organelles (5)
HCV

24. Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis after swimming - dz - transmission - dx and tx
Naegleria fowleri - freshwater lakes through cribiform plate - amoebas in spinal fluid - amphotericin for survivors
Bacillus anthracis
Chlamydia trachomatis
HBsAg as envelope - can coinfect or superinfect (worse prognosis)

25. Leading cause of UTI - colonies show metallic sheen on EMB agar
cell wall - function
Mycobacterium
Metronidazole
E. coli

26. In what population does HCV cause hepaitits
Visceral leishmaniasis - donovani - sandly - macrophages containing amastigotes (lack flagella) - sodium stibogluconate
Treponema - tertiary syphillis
IVDU
Prolonged nutrient depletion and buildup of waste products leads to death

27. Cyst with four nuclei
Scarlet fever - toxic shock - like syndrome
Pseudomonas
Mumps virus - mumps
Entamoeba hisotlytica

28. What species causes bloody diarrhea is a protozoan
Entamoeba histolytica
Heavily encapsulate yeast - not dimorphic culture on saboouraud's agar - india ink stain - found in soil pigeon droppings - latex agglutination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen
Polio - echo - rhino - coxsackie - HAV - enteroviruses = fecal oral; large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins - can cause aspetic meningitis (except rhino and HAV)
Clue cells - or vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria visible under the microscope

29. What does shiga toxin do and what bugs produce it
Sporadic - Creutzfeldt Jakob disease - rapidly progressive dementia; inheritid - Gerstmann - Straussler - Scheinker syndrome; or acquired (kuru)
Aerosal and causes pneumonia
Enterovirus esp coxsackievirus - HSV - HIV - West Nile virus - VZV
Cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome) - also enhances cytokine release causing HUS - shigella and E. Coli 0157:H7

30. What does papillomovirus cause
HSV - skin or mucous membrance contact
E. coli - proteus
HPV - warts (1 - 2 - 6 - 11) - CIN - cervical cancer (16 - 18) vaccine available
Legionella

31. gram pos - spore forming - obligate anaerobes
HBV from needle stick
Bacillus anthracis
No cell wall
Clostridia

32. intestinal nematode causing infection - eggs are visible in feces - org - tx
Salmonella
Pleuritic chest pain - hemoptysis - infiltrates on imaging
Acsaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - bendazole or pyrantel pamoate
Cycles occur every other day: dormant form in liver

33. 48 hr cyclic fever - HA - splenomegaly - dz - organism - transmission - dx and tx
S. epidermidis; colonized by S. aureus
Borrelia - leptospira - treponema
Sporothrix schenckii
Malaria - plasmodium - anopheles - blood smear - cholorquine - resistant use mefloquine and for vivax/ovale add primaquine for dormant forms

34. This infxn is usually asymptomatic in mom or mono - like illness causing hearing loss - petechial rash in the neonate - org and mode of transmission
Dimorphic: yeast with pseudohyphae in culture at 20C - germ tube formation at 37C (diagnostic)
>100 - acid labile - destroyed by stomach acid - does not infect GI
CMV - sexual contact - organ transplants
bacteriology

35. Death of tissue
Gonorrhea - septic arthritis - neonatal conjunctivitis - PID - fitz - hugh curtis
necrosis
Toxplasmosis
flagella - function

36. What are the 3 structural proteins coded for by the HIV genome
Only humoral - stable
pasteurization
Env - gp120 and gp41 - gag - p24 - pol - reverse transcriptase
Legionella

37. Who mostly gets infected with leptospira
Surfers in the tropics
Silver stain
Nl/inc - inc lymphos - nl - inc - nl
Toxoplasmosis

38. What kind of exotoxin does V. cholerae have and What does it do
ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase - inc Cl - secretion into gut and dec Na absorption - H20 into gut lumen - voluminous rice water diarrhea
Coxsackie A - rocky mountain spotted fever and syphillis (CARS)
Pleuritic chest pain - hemoptysis - infiltrates on imaging
Heat labile toxin that inhibits ACH release from NMJ causing a flaccid paralysis

39. Pseudopodia - cilia - and flagella
Rapid cell division
protozoa means of locomotion (3)
B. cereus
Haematobium - bladder

40. Antibiotics which kill normal flora bacteria allowing yeast to overgrow
vaginal yeast infections can be caused by this
Clostridia
Mononuclear cells
Papilloma - polyoma (circular - supercoiled) and hepadna (circular incomplete)

41. Is pneumocystis a fungus or a protazoan
Beta hemolytic
Yeast - protazoan
Staph or H. flu
Clonorchis sinensis

42. What organisms stain with silver stain
Francesco Redi - experiment
The first 3 act via ADP ribosylation causing permenately activating adenylate cyclase - while anthrax edema factor is itself an adenylate cyclase causing an inc in cAMP
Lancet shaped - encapsulate - IgA protease
Fungi (pneumocystis) - legionella

43. What is the most invasive H flu disease caused by and what virulence factor does it produce
Yes
Diploid - retroviruses - 2 ssRNA molecules - all others are haploid
Salmonella typhi
Type B protease IgA

44. cestode causing cysticercosis - org - transmission - tx
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - praziquantal
Bulls eye rash - flulike symptoms
virology
Papilloma - polyoma (circular - supercoiled) and hepadna (circular incomplete)

45. Bugs in hospital acquired PNA
spiral - spirillum
Ferver - night sweats - weight loss - hemoptysis - can be drug resistant
Giardia - cysts in water - trophozoites or cysts in stool - metronidazole
Staph or enteric GNR

46. Thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids
Virbrio cholera
Schistosoma haematobium
gram- positive cell wall
polyhedral shape - defintion

47. Pleomorphic gram variable rod that causes vaginosis presenting as gray vaginal discharge with a fishy smell; non painful
special staining of bacteria
Gardnerella vaginalis
ABC
S. pneumo - H. flu type b - Neisseira - SHiN - IgA protease cleaves IgA

48. Which bacteria make catalase and which do not

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49. How does invasive aspergillosis present in the HIV pos pt
Strep pyogenes and scarlet fever
Can't make their own ATP - cause mucosal infections
Pleuritic chest pain - hemoptysis - infiltrates on imaging
Rubella - respiratory droplets

50. Require high salt concentrations
HAV - RNA picornavirus
ELISA test is sensitive but high false pos rates and low threshold - RULE OUT test - pos test are confirmed with western blot - High false neg - high threshold
halophiles
Staph or enteric GNR