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Microbiology

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Allows bacterial cells to attach to surfaces - helps prevent phagocytosis
glycocalyx - function
ribosomes (eukaryotic) - size
Cough - coryza - conjunctivitis
Tick feces and cattle placenta release spores that are inhaled as aerosols - coxiella burnetti

2. Viruses are not considered living; they need to be in a cell; and they do not grow on artificial media

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3. Diploid - 2 genes for every trait; humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
chromosomes in nucleus are...
differential staining of bacteria
Aerosal and causes pneumonia
Profuse rice water diarrhea via toxin that permantnely activates Gs inc cAMP

4. What OI/diseease occurs in the lungs of AIDS pts
Pneumocystis jerovici PNA - TB - histoplasmosis
Alpha toxin (lecithinase) that can cause myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis
five fields of microbiology
Spastic - trismus (lockjaw and risus sardonicus)

5. chronic granulomatous disease
rickettsia
Koch's Postulates 4
Motility - protein
Catalase pos microbes - S. aureus - Nocardia - aspergillus

6. painful genital ulcer - inguinal adenopathy- org and dz
Dysuria - frequency - urgency - suprapubic pain - WBCs but not casts in urine
Haemophilus ducreyi - chancroid
Genetic drift - epidemic
gram- positive cell wall

7. Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan - CV-I crystals wash out
Reticulte body - in cytoplast of host
Superantigen that binds MHCH II and T cell receptor resulting in poly colonal T cell activation
Entamoeba histolytica
gram- negative stain - explanation

8. What can cause food poisoning in improperly canned foods (bulging cans)
CXCR4 on CD4 cells - CCR5 on CD4 and MACS - homozygous CCRF mutation confer immunity - CCR5 heterozygoes have slower course
pili - function
Klebsiella
C. botulinum

9. What are the serum markers of Chronic hep B with low infectivity
SHiN - strep pneumo - h flu - neisseria
Site of endotoxin (LPS) - major surface antigen - lipid A induces TNF and IL-1 - polysaccharide is the antigen
Pen G and vanc - may be sens to ampicillin
HBsAg - anti - HBeAb - anti - HBcAb IgG

10. What viruses make up the arena virus family
Ingestion of preformed toxin
gram- negative stain - color
LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Lassa fever encephalitis - spread by mice
Pseudemonas aeruginosa

11. Locomotion by rotation of basal body
Strep bovis - also group D
flagella - function
Unimmunised kids
Resistant to destruction by heat or chemicals - need to autoclave to kill by steaming at 121C for 15 minutes

12. brain cysts - seizures - parasite
MRSA - resistant to beta lactams due to altered penicillen binding protein
Dimorphic: yeast with pseudohyphae in culture at 20C - germ tube formation at 37C (diagnostic)
Taenia solium - cysticercosis
Pseudomonas

13. Cyst with four nuclei
Rapid cell division
Virbrio cholera
Entamoeba hisotlytica
Toxoplasma - cysts in meat or cat feces - serology/biopsy - sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

14. Tail fibers attach to outside of host cell
C. botulinum
adsorption (B)
Spikes
Pseudomonas

15. Where do CMV cells remain latent
bacteriophage - definition
Pasteurella multocida
Mononuclear cells
S. aureus and S. epidermidis

16. Ribosomes - chromosomes - plasmid - cytoplasm
flaccid paralysis
Trichomonas - sexual - motile trophozoites on wet mount - metronidazole
penetration (AV)
in prokaryotic cell membranes -

17. Newborn nursery is a risk factor For what nosocomial infections
Protein synthesis - 30S and 50S subunits
CMV - RSV
Rubella - respiratory droplets
Staph or enteric GNR

18. What kind of paralysis does tetanus toxin produce
Spastic - trismus (lockjaw and risus sardonicus)
Group B strep - E. coli
gram- negative cell wall
C. perfringens

19. Bacteria uses alcohol and produce acetic acid and turns it to vinegar
ribosomes (prokaryotic) - size
Cytoplasmic inclusions seen on giemsa stain or fluorescent antibody- stained smear
ABC
how wine is spoiled

20. This cause of UTI is often nosocomial and drug resistant
S. pyogenes - hemolysin antigen for ASO antibody Which is used in the dx of rheumatic fever
Enterobacter cloacae
Strongyloides stercoralis - larvae penetrate skin - bendazoles or ivermectin
Schistosoma mansori

21. A waxy substance that retains carbolfuchsin
Unimmunised kids
Side of oxidative transport of enzymes - lipoprotein layer
mycolic acid - definition
Togavirus - german 3 day measles

22. What happens when macrophages activate macrophages
fungi kingdom
Measles - koplik spots on buccal mucosa are diagnostic
HBsAg - anti - HBeAb - anti - HBcAb IgG
IL-1 - lever - TNF - fever/hemorrhagic tissue necrosis - NO - hypotension

23. What is the pathophys of tinea versicolor
Treponema - tertiary syphillis
Cryptosporidium - cysts in water - cysts on acid - fast stain - prevention (clean water) no tx
Degradation of lipids produces acids that damage melancytes and cause hypopigmented and or hyperpigmented patches - occurs in hot humid weather
Capsid protein

24. What serum markers are present in the window period of HBV infxn
IgG Anti - HBcAg
glycocalyx - function
Herpes genitalis - neonatal herpes - sexual contact - perinatal
Bartonella sp

25. What are prion disease caused by
Shiga like toxin - botulinum toxin - cholera toxin - diptheria toxin - erythrogenic toxin of s. pyogenes
Conversion of a normal cellular protein termed prion protein (PrPc) toa beta pleated form (PrPsc) Which is transmissible - resists degradation and facilitates conversion of still more PrPc to PrPsc
nucleus
Cigar shaped yeast

26. A natural antiviral protein produced during viral infection which stops replication of virus
interferon
Flagellum - pilus - capsule - peptidoglycan - cytoplasmic membrane
Protozoan - a TORCH infection
IL-1 - lever - TNF - fever/hemorrhagic tissue necrosis - NO - hypotension

27. When humans are the only test host - ethical issues; ex HIV

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28. cestode causing intestinal tapeworms - org - transmission - tx
Taenia solium - ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork - praziquantel
capsid - definition
California encephalitis - sandfly/Rift Valley fevers - crimean - congo hemorrhagic fever Not - hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever pneumonia
Cryptococcus - CMV - toxoplasmosis (brain abscess) - JC virus (PML)

29. What must negative stranded viruses do and what must they bring with them to do it
Histoplasmosis - mississippi and ohio river valley
medical important mycobacteria
Transcribe negative strand to positive - RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Comma shaped - s - shaped - oxidase positive - grows at 42 C

30. enveloped ssRNA with segmented genome (8)
necrosis
Can cause pneumonia and disseminate - all are dimorphic fungi except coccidiodomycosis Which is a spherule in tissue - tx is fluconazole/ketoconazole for local and amphotericin B for systemic - can mimic TB except no person to person infxn
Influenza virus
assembly (B)

31. unimmunized child with meningitis - microbe colonized the nasopharynx can lead to myalgia and paralysis
chlamydia
H flu type B
ribosomes - function
HHV 6 - roseola

32. How many serologic type of rhinovirus are there and What can destroy it
>100 - acid labile - destroyed by stomach acid - does not infect GI
Gram neg rod - poor gram stain - use silver stain - grow on charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine
Borrelia - leptospira - treponema
Pets - treat with topical azoles

33. osteomyelitis after cat and dog bites or scratches
Pasteurella multocida
Reverse transcriptase - HIV - HTLV - T cell leukemia
Cool temps - infects skin and superficial nerves - armadillos
Ehrlichia: no rash - granulocytes with berry cluster organisms

34. What does VDRL detect - what it is used for and What are the limitations
virology
Mold hyphae - not dimorphic
Cryptococcal meningitis - toxoplasmosis - CMV encelphalopathy - AIDS dementia - PML from JC virus
Nonspecific antibody test that reacts with beef cardiolipin - used for screening of syphillis but many biologic false pos including viral infection (mono or hepatitis) some drugs - rheumatic fever - SLE and leprosy (V=viruses - D =drugs R = rheum fev

35. 1668 - Attempted to disprove spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi
Type B protease IgA
Serratia marcescens
halophiles

36. Require intracellular parasite/has to be within a host cell to replicate (prokaryotic); causes trachoma (most common infectious cause of blindness in the world)
No - erythromycin
helical shape - definition
chlamydia
Toxin permanently activates causing rice water diarrhea via induction of cAMP - turns the on on

37. 1665 - Reported life's smallest structural units were 'cells' - Cell Theory - lacked staining techniques and resolution to see microbes
Often secondary to Abx use - diagnosed by detection of one or both toxins in the stool
Robert Hooke
Proteus mirabilis
ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase - inc Cl - secretion into gut and dec Na absorption - H20 into gut lumen - voluminous rice water diarrhea

38. Prefers less oxygen than the levels found in the atmosphere
tetanus
microaerophilic
single- stranded DNA
eukaryotes

39. What does inflammatory diseases do staph aureus cause
Dapsone - hemolysis and methemoglobinemia or rifampin and combination clofazimine + dapsone
Enterovirus esp coxsackievirus - HSV - HIV - West Nile virus - VZV
Cholesterol
Skin infections - organ abscesses - pneumonia

40. What Oi/disease occurs on the genitals of AIDS pts
Clostridium - cornybacterium - bacillus - listeria - mycobacterium (acid fast)
Genital herpes - warts - cervical cancer from HPV
protozoology
VZV - chickenpox

41. Which kind of viral vaccine requires a booster
gram- positive stain - color
Chagas dz - trypanosoma cruzi - reduviid bug - blood smear - nifurtimox
Killed/inactivated
Palivizumab

42. What species producing watery diarrhea also produces gas gangrene
Severe - daily cycles - parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in the brain - kidneys and lungs
C. perfringens
Mild flulike symptoms with legionella
protista kingdom

43. 1673 - First to see microorganisms - marked beginning of microbiology - 'animalcules' - 'father of the microscope'
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Lepromatous
All except coxiella are via arthropod
Strep pyogenes and scarlet fever

44. Other than thrush and vaginitis - What are the other clinical manifestations or candidiasis
glycocalyx - description
Diaper rash - endocarditis in IVDU - disseminated candidiasis - chronic mucocutanous candidiasis
microaerophilic
Lepromatous

45. Methanogens - halophiles - and hyperthermophiles
10%; viral
Used to diagnose Whipple's disease - tropheryma whippelii
3 groups in archaea
release (B)

46. What diseases can HSV 1 cause and What is the route of transmission
Gingivostomatitis - keratoconjunctivitis - temporal lobe encephalitis - herpes labialis - respiratory secretions - saliva
Immediately upon exposure
S. pneumo - H. flu type b - Neisseira - SHiN - IgA protease cleaves IgA
Legionella

47. What is the technique to visualize treponema
chemical synthesis...
Darkfield microscopy and fluoresecent
helical shape - definition
Rubella

48. What feature of influenza virus promotes progeny virion release
differential staining of bacteria
Saprohyticus resistant - epidermidis is sensitive - NO StRES
Neuraminidase
A lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrance of gram neg bacteria

49. What causes granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)
HHV 6 - roseola
arrangements - staphylo
Neurologica like bell's palsy and cardiac AV block
Klebsiella granulomatis

50. Processes - sorts - and packages proteins and lipids
algology
golgi complex - function
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - bendazole
malaria symptoms