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Microbiology

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1. Long network of tubules continuous with the nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum - definition
Borrelia - leptospira - treponema
Starts quickly and ends quickly
gram- negative cell wall

2. What are the two forms of Hansens disease and which patients get which
Lepromatous - diffusely over skin and is communicalbe (immunoCised) tuberculoid limited to a few hypoesthetic skin nodules (immunoCtent
CMV retinitis and esophagitis - disseminated M avium intracellulare - cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Measles - koplik spots on buccal mucosa are diagnostic
glycocalyx - function

3. Which are the herpesviruses
Haemophilus ducreyi - chancroid
8 - orthomyoxovirus
HSV1 and 2 - VZV - CMV - EBV
Oral thrush - tinea pedis - reactivation VZV - reactivation TB - bacterial infxns (H flu - S pneumo - Salmonella)

4. In which pts is it dangerous to give live vaccines to...
Paragonimus westermani
Borrelia burgdorferi - transmited by Ixodes - erythema chronicum migrans (bulls eye rash with central clearing) effects joints - CNS and heart
ImmunoCised - or their close contacts
Loa loa - deer/horse/mango fly - diethylcarbamazine

5. What is the fxn and chemical composition of bacterial periplasm
Space between cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan wall in gram neg bacteria contains many hydrolytic enzymes - including beta lactamases
Toxocara canis - food contaminated with eggs - diethylcarbamazine
Poliovirus - coxsackievirus - echovirus - HAV
Red spots with blue/white center on buccal mucosa - rash presents last - spreads from head to toe and includes hands and feet (vs. truncal rash in rubella)

6. When is the AIDS dx made
adsorption (AV)
Dimorphic: yeast with pseudohyphae in culture at 20C - germ tube formation at 37C (diagnostic)
Scarlet fever - toxic shock - like syndrome
CD4 less than or equal to 200 - or HIV pos with AIDS defining conditino like pneumocytsis jerovici or a CD4/CD8 < 1.5

7. How do group B strep respond to bacitracin
Resistant
eukarya domain
lysozyme
Rickettsiae - chlamydia (Giemsa)

8. Which nematodes infect through the skin
Strongyloides - ancylostoma - necator
Interfere with host cell function - binding component binds to a receptor on surface of host cell enabling endocytosis - active portion attaches an ADP- ribosyl to a shost cell protein altering protein function
RSV - mycoplasma - chlamydia pneumo - strep pneumo -
Anti gp120 crosses the placenta

9. Adsorption - penetration - replication - assembly - release
N. gonorrhea - vancomycin (inhibits gram pos) polymyxin (inhibits gram neg) - nystatin (inhibits fungi)
infection process of bacteriophage (5)
Group B strep
plant kingdom

10. Mitosis and meiosis + cytokinesis
Parotis - orchitis and aseptic meningitis
Transcribe negative strand to positive - RNA dependent RNA polymerase
replication for eukaryotes
bacteria domain

11. fever - lymphadenopathy - skin rashes - condylomata lata - org and dz
E. coli - proteus
Klebsiella
Treponema - 2ndary syphillis
Staph or H. flu

12. Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan - CV-I crystals do not leave
release (B)
Dapsone - hemolysis and methemoglobinemia or rifampin and combination clofazimine + dapsone
gram- positive stain - explanation
plasmid - definition

13. What other organism is involved in vaginosis from gardnerella
arrangements - staphylo
Does not ferment sorbitol
Mobiluncus - an anaerobe
five fields of microbiology

14. What species causing watery diarrhea is comma shaped organism producing a rice water diarrhea
spiral
Severe bacteremia - death
Dysentery from shiga like toxin - O157:H7 is common serotype - produces HUS
Virbrio cholera

15. How do bacterial capsules function
antibiotics
Rickettsiae - chlamydia (Giemsa)
Gram neg rod - urease pos - creates alk envrionment
Antiphagocytic virulence factor

16. What are the assiaction of pseudomonas and What can it cause

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17. Which neisseria has a polysaccharide capsule
Elevated CRP and ESR
S. epidermidis; colonized by S. aureus
Meningococci
five fields of microbiology

18. Non - hodgkin lymphoma large cell type often in oropharynx (waldeyer's ring) of HIV pos pt
hyperthermophiles
EBV
Meningococci
Transposition - some flanking genes can be gained and lost - and transferred in conjugation

19. 37 celsius
osmotic lysis
how many degrees celsius for yeast?
Flagellum - pilus - capsule - peptidoglycan - cytoplasmic membrane
Salpingitis

20. What other disease can mesenteric adenitis mimic
Histoplasmosis - mississippi and ohio river valley
Francesco Redi - experiment
Diarrhea in children - no toxin - adheres to apical surface - flattens villi - prevents absorption
Crohns or appendicitis

21. Which bacteria are alpha hemolytic
capsid - function
Profuse rice water diarrhea via toxin that permantnely activates Gs inc cAMP
Topocal miconazole - selenium sulfide
Strep pneumo and viridans

22. Where does group B strep colonize
Interstitial pneumonia - AIDS - diffuse bilateral CXR appearance - dx by lung biopsy or lavage - ID- ed by methanamine silver stain of lung tissue
Pos leukocyte esterase test = bacterial UTI - pos nitrate test = gram neg bacterial UTI - except S. saprophyticus
Inc - inc lymphos - inc - dec
Vagina

23. What two toxins does C. diff produce andw What do they do
HEV
Toxin A - enterotoxin binds to brush border of the gut - Toxin B - cytotoxin - destroys the cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes - causing pseudomembranous colitis
S. pyogenes - hemolysin antigen for ASO antibody Which is used in the dx of rheumatic fever
Fibrocaseous cavitary lesion in upper lobe

24. Retinitis in HIV pos pts with cotton wool spots on fundoscopic exam
S. pyogenes - hemolysin antigen for ASO antibody Which is used in the dx of rheumatic fever
CMV
60%; viruses
taxonomic hierarchy

25. Nutrient broth placed in flask - heated - not sealed => microbial growth; nutrient broth placed in flask - sealed - and heated => no microbial growth
B19 virus - aplastic crisis in sickle cell - slapped cheek rash in kids - erythema infectosum (5th disease) - RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death - pure RBC aplasia and RA like symtpoms in adults
Louis Pasteur - experiment
germination
eukaryotes

26. cestode causing neurocysticercosis - org - transmission - tx
HBV from needle stick
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - bendazole
yeast
Doxycycline and ceftriaxone

27. What bug secretes scarlet fever erythrogenic toxin and What does it cause
M. tuberculosis
S. aureus - Strep pyogenes - group B strep - listeria monocytogenes
E. coli - shigella - salmonella - yersinia - klebsiella - proteus - enterobacter - serratia - vibrio - campylobacter - helicobacter - pseudomonas - bacteroides
S. pyogenes - toxic shock - like syndrome

28. Protein synthesis
Killed/inactivated
ribosomes - function
LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Lassa fever encephalitis - spread by mice
CXCR4 on CD4 cells - CCR5 on CD4 and MACS - homozygous CCRF mutation confer immunity - CCR5 heterozygoes have slower course

29. 70S = 30S + 50S
Reoviridae - rotavirus
Strep pneumo and viridans
ribosomes (prokaryotic) - size
Fever - rash - shock - S aureas - TSST-1

30. What aspect of PID is a risk factor fo ectopic pregnancy - infertility - chronic pelvic pain - adhesion
Salpingitis
food thickeners
Rose gardner's
gram- negative stain - color

31. Where do CMV cells remain latent
Clue cells - or vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria visible under the microscope
Viral gastroenteritis
Blocks the release of ACH - causes anticholinergic symptoms - CNS paralysis - especially cranial nerves
Mononuclear cells

32. Animal - plant - fungi - protista - and monera
Edema factor - part of the toxin complex - is an adenylate cyclase
five kingdoms of microorganisms
Toxin A - enterotoxin binds to brush border of the gut - Toxin B - cytotoxin - destroys the cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes - causing pseudomembranous colitis
fermentation - definition

33. What is the classic triad of infxn with rickettsia and what requirements do they need to grow
Resistant to destruction by heat or chemicals - need to autoclave to kill by steaming at 121C for 15 minutes
Mycoplasma - legionella - chlamydia
Headache - fever - rash (vasculitis) - obligate intracellular that need CoA and NAD+
Azithromycin

34. What bacteria has protein A and What does it do
RNA hepevirs - transmitted enterically and causes water borne epidemics - resembles HAV in course - severity - incubation - high mortality in pregnant women
CD4 less than or equal to 200 - or HIV pos with AIDS defining conditino like pneumocytsis jerovici or a CD4/CD8 < 1.5
S. aureus - virulence factor - binds Fc - IgG - inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis
Toxocara canis - food contaminated with eggs - diethylcarbamazine

35. What is the Ghon complex
S. aureus - Strep pyogenes - group B strep - listeria monocytogenes
Mumps virus - mumps
B anthracis - c. perfringens - c tetani (b cereus and c botulinum also form spores
TB granulomas (Ghon focus + lobar and perihilary lymph node involvment) - primary infection or exposure

36. In the bacterial growth curve - what happens in the stationary phase
Sexual activity - but not an STI
Thursh - HSV - CMV - oral hairy leukoplakia from EBV
Nutrient depletion slows growth - spore formation in some bacteria
Heat labile toxin that inhibits ACH release from NMJ causing a flaccid paralysis

37. What can cause food poisoning in improperly canned foods (bulging cans)
C. botulinum
Scarlet fever - toxic shock - like syndrome
S pneumo - GNR - listeria
Fever diarrhea - headache - rose spots on abdomen

38. Is pneumocystis a fungus or a protazoan
Yeast - protazoan
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli
virology
spiral

39. What surface protein do all paramyxoviruses contain and What does it cause
Surface F protein - causes respiratory epithelial cells to fus and form multinucleated cells
yeast and mold stages can be dependent on _____ or ______
S. pneumo - H. flu - Anaerobes - viruses - mycoplasma
S. pneumo - Influenza virus - anaerobies - H flu - GNR

40. Smallest living cell - fried egg appearance of colonies - no cell wall - contain sterols in cell membrane - cause walking pneumonia
microaerophilic
mycoplasma (5) - description
eukaryotic organelles (5)
B19 virus - aplastic crisis in sickle cell - slapped cheek rash in kids - erythema infectosum (5th disease) - RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death - pure RBC aplasia and RA like symtpoms in adults

41. What does c perfringens produce and What does it do
protozoology
Alpha toxin (lecithinase) that can cause myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis
botulism
None - but are colonized rapidly after birth

42. rash beginning at the head and moving down - rash is preceded by cough coryza and conjunctivitis and blue white spots on the buccal mucosa - agent and dz
SHiN - strep pneumo - h flu - neisseria
Measles rubeola - measles
Protects against phagocytosis - polysaccharide (except for B. anthracis which contains D- glutamate)
Enterobius

43. What does a UTI that ascends to the kidneys result in
Pyelonephritis - fever - chills flank pain - CVA tenderness - hematuria and WBC casts
Diaper rash - endocarditis in IVDU - disseminated candidiasis - chronic mucocutanous candidiasis
Viridans group streptococci
Roseola - high fevers for several days that can cause seizures - followed by a macular papular rash - not determined

44. Cyst with four nuclei
Entamoeba hisotlytica
B. cereus
Pseudomonas
Resistant

45. Botulism - prevents contraction of muscles - SIDS
Clostridium botulinum
how many degrees celsius for mold?
Mononuclear cells
LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Lassa fever encephalitis - spread by mice

46. What 3 things cause rash on palms and soles
envelope is composed of...
Coxsackie A - rocky mountain spotted fever and syphillis (CARS)
Parenteral - sexual - maternal fecal routes - 3 months
Characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons infected with rabies virus; commonly found in Purkinje cells of cerebellum

47. Capitalized/italics or underlined
Nl/inc - inc lymphos - nl - inc - nl
genus
eukaryotic organelles - definition
chlamydia

48. Bats can carry _____ - but birds do not
Burn wounds - nosocomial pneumonia - pneumonias in cystic fibrosis
histoplasmosis
RNA flavivirus - transmitted primarily via blood and resembles HBV in its course and severity
Toxo crosses the placenta

49. Prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and often live in extreme conditions
archaea domain
Protein synthesis - 30S and 50S subunits
Teichoic acid
endocytosis...

50. Cat scratch disease - can cause bacillary angiomatosis in immuncoCised patients - can be confused with KS
2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Spongiform encephalopathy and dementia - ataxia and death.
Bartonella sp
helical shape - definition

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Microbiology

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