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Microbiology

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1. Adsorption - penetration - replication - assembly - release
infection process of bacteriophage (5)
C tetani
people with _____ have some protection against infection with malaria
When nutriets are limited

2. What is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis - what kind of virus is it - and What is the pathophys
Rotavirus - dsRNA reovirus - villous destruction with atrophy leads to dec absorption of Na and H2O - day care centers and kindegartnes
Leptospria - borrelia - treponema
Heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs
Catalase pos organisms - remove H2O2 leading to infection - staph

3. Describe the rabies virus
Bullet shaped capsid - long incubation period before sx onset
Pseudomonas
Prior HAV infection - protects against reinfection
Pen G and vanc - may be sens to ampicillin

4. What prophylactic treatment is given to AIDS pts to prevent M. avium intracellulare
Travels retrograde fashion up nerve axons
lysis
Protein synthesis - 30S and 50S subunits
Azithromycin

5. Extreme heat/cold - dehydration - radiation (UV light) - toxic chemicals
endospores are resistant to (4)
HPV 6 and 11 - condylomata acuminata
Blocka glycine and GABA release - inhibitory NTs from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
Silver stain

6. Where are strep viridans normal flora and What do they cause
Black necrosis surrounded by edematous ring - caused by letha factor and edema factor
Can cause pneumonia and disseminate - all are dimorphic fungi except coccidiodomycosis Which is a spherule in tissue - tx is fluconazole/ketoconazole for local and amphotericin B for systemic - can mimic TB except no person to person infxn
Nl flora in oropharynx - cause dental carries (mutans) - subacute bacterial endocarditis (sanguis)
B19 virus - aplastic crisis in sickle cell - slapped cheek rash in kids - erythema infectosum (5th disease) - RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death - pure RBC aplasia and RA like symtpoms in adults

7. How do rabies virus reach the CNS
Travels retrograde fashion up nerve axons
Envelope proteins
Trichinella spiralis - undercooked meat usually pork - larvae encyst in muscle - bendazoles
special staining of bacteria

8. 25 celsius
how many degrees celsius for mold?
yeast and mold stages can be dependent on _____ or ______
Salpingitis
HDV

9. What are the only circular DNA viruses
halophiles
Capsid protein
Papilloma - polyoma - hepadnavirus
gram- negative stain - explanation

10. This infxn produces a primary chanre - disseminated rash - or cardiac/neurologic dz in mom and can result in stillbirth - hydrops fetalis or surviving neonates have facial abnl (notched teeth - saddle nose - short maxilla) saber shins - org and trans
Nocardia - pseudomonas - m. tuberculosis - bacillus - nagging pests must breathe
Avain resevoir
hypertonic solution
Syphillis - sexual contact

11. What is the TX for candidiasis
Staph epi - normal skin flora - contaminates blood cultures
Cigar shaped yeast
Nystatin for superficial - ampho B for systemic
Superantigen that binds MHCH II and T cell receptor resulting in poly colonal T cell activation

12. perianal pruritis - parasite
Mild flulike symptoms with legionella
Enterobius
Pseudomembranous (grey- white membrane) pharyngitis with lymphadenopathy
importance of microorganisms

13. What is the fxn and chemical composition of bacterial pilus/fimbria
C. trachomatis - subactue - often undiagnosed - N. gono - acute with high fever; C. trachomatis is the most common STI in the US
Mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface;sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation - glycoprotein
Enteroviruses - rhinovirus - reovirus (rotavirus)
Flagellum - pilus - capsule - peptidoglycan - cytoplasmic membrane

14. Antiviral drugs exist but are usually very ____
HHV-6; high fevers followed by diffuse maculopapular rash
actinomycetes (3) - description
Crohns or appendicitis
specific

15. What kind of virus is HEV and What does it cause
Ceftriaxone - rifampin for close contacts
RNA hepevirs - transmitted enterically and causes water borne epidemics - resembles HAV in course - severity - incubation - high mortality in pregnant women
Aseptic meningitis
histoplasmosis

16. macular rash over the body appears after several days of high fever - usually affects infants - agent and dz
HHV 6 - roseola
Avain resevoir
Pox - complex
Children

17. Surrounds the capsid in some viruses
Mycoplasma - C. pneumo and S pneumo
envelope - definition
Trichinella spiralis - undercooked meat usually pork - larvae encyst in muscle - bendazoles
Pharyngitis - cellulitis - impetigo

18. variola - lots of spots
Lepromatous
Poxvirus - smallpox no longer present outside labs
Plasmodium
Cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome) - also enhances cytokine release causing HUS - shigella and E. Coli 0157:H7

19. What does reverse transcriptase do in HIV
A second - different antigenic determinant of the HBV core - HBeAg indicates active viral replication and therefor high transmissability
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is rare - and giant cell PNA in immunoCised
Synthesized dsDNA from RNA; dsDNA integrates into host genome
Actic polymerization

20. Spaghetti and meatball appearance on KOH prep - dz - organism
flagella - function
Phenotypic missing - infectivity of type B - progeny will of second infection will have coat from virus A
Tinea versicolor - malassezia furfur
Transcribe negative strand to positive - RNA dependent RNA polymerase

21. How do group B strep respond to bacitracin
Candidal esophagitis - toxoplasmosis - histoplasmosis
CMV
Resistant
VDRL screens and FTA- ABS

22. Low grade fever - cough - hepatosplenomegaly in HIV pts with oval yeast cells within macrophages
Inc - inc PMNs - inc - dec
Trypanosoma bruceii - tsetse fly (painful bite) - blood smear - suramin for blood borne - melarsoprol for CNS infxn
Histoplasmosis
Apices of lung - immune system compromise - or anti - TNF alpha use

23. How much more frequently do women have UTIs than men - why - and What are predisposing factors
Fusion and entry
Klebsiella pneumo
S. epidermidis
Ten times - shorter urethrase colonized by fecal flora - obstruction - kidney surgery - catheterization - GU malformation - diabetes pregnancy

24. Giardia lamblia - attaches to the intestinal cell wall via a sucker disk - causes severe diarrhea - is shed in the feces of wil animals
Encapsulated or not - positive if encapsulated bug is present; capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added
Lazzaro Spallanzani
RNA hepevirs - transmitted enterically and causes water borne epidemics - resembles HAV in course - severity - incubation - high mortality in pregnant women
giardia

25. Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
Promote T cell activation and subsequent class switching - alone only IgM antibodies would be produced
Clostridium botulinum
flagella - description
Schistosoma mansori

26. vaginitis - strawberry colored mucosa - corkscrew motility on wet prep - org and dz
some fungi produce ______ that are toxic to humans
8 segments of neg stranded RNA undergo high frequency recombinatino via reassortment
Lepromatous - diffusely over skin and is communicalbe (immunoCised) tuberculoid limited to a few hypoesthetic skin nodules (immunoCtent
Trichamonas vaginalis - trichomoniasis

27. Tightly coiled
Ehrlichia: no rash - granulocytes with berry cluster organisms
Salmonella typhi
Nucleus - except parvovirus
spiral - spirochete

28. 1 - 10 micrometers
California encephalitis - sandfly/Rift Valley fevers - crimean - congo hemorrhagic fever Not - hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever pneumonia
Lynn Margulis - gen. information
prokaryotes
Heat labile toxin that inhibits ACH release from NMJ causing a flaccid paralysis

29. yeast - molds - mushrooms
fungi kingdom
Nl/inc - inc lymphos - nl - inc - nl
Francesco Redi
Sterility

30. Is there person to person transmissino of legionella and What is the TX
Catalase pos microbes - S. aureus - Nocardia - aspergillus
No - erythromycin
Bartonella henselae
flagella

31. In the bunyavirus family which are arboviruses and which are not
Actinomyces and nocardia
Yersinia enterocolitica
California encephalitis - sandfly/Rift Valley fevers - crimean - congo hemorrhagic fever Not - hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever pneumonia
Encapsulated or not - positive if encapsulated bug is present; capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added

32. What are the 3 C's for measles
Diploid - retroviruses - 2 ssRNA molecules - all others are haploid
Used to diagnose Whipple's disease - tropheryma whippelii
Cough - coryza - conjunctivitis
Rabies

33. painful penile - vulvar cervical vesicles and uclers - can cause systemic symptoms such as fever - HA - myalgia - org and dz
Superantigen that binds MHCH II and T cell receptor resulting in poly colonal T cell activation
Arenaviruses - bunyaviruses - paramyxoviruses - orthomyxoviruses - filoviruses - rhabdoviruses - Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication
HSV-2 - genital herpes
envelope - definition

34. What is Treponema - tricky Ts
flagella - function
Ferver - night sweats - weight loss - hemoptysis - can be drug resistant
Spirochete - causes syphillis - or yaws (T. pertenue)
CMV

35. Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis after swimming - dz - transmission - dx and tx
Side of oxidative transport of enzymes - lipoprotein layer
fermentation - definition
Syphillis - sexual contact
Naegleria fowleri - freshwater lakes through cribiform plate - amoebas in spinal fluid - amphotericin for survivors

36. What OI/disease occurs in the brain of AIDS pts
N. gono causing gono
Cryptococcal meningitis - toxoplasmosis - CMV encelphalopathy - AIDS dementia - PML from JC virus
people with _____ have some protection against infection with malaria
Gram neg rod - poor gram stain - use silver stain - grow on charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine

37. What is the mechanism of renal failure and thrombocytopenia in HUS
Cryptosporidium
Salmonella typhi
Endothelium swells and narrows lumen - leading to mechanical hemolysis and reduced renal blood flow - damaged endothelium consumes platelets
mycoplasma (5) - description

38. Campylobacter is a common antecedent to what neurologic disorder
Guillain barre
German measles - fever - posauricular tenderness - lymphadenopathy - arthralgias - fine truncal rash - mild disease in children but serious congenital disease (a TORCH infxn)
Immunity and hypersensitivity - tuberculin positive
Bordetella pertussis

39. trematodes causing granulomas - fibrosis - inflammation of spleen and liver - org - host - transmission - tx
single- stranded RNA
Parvo - single stranded
Schistosoma - snail - cercariae penetrate skin of humans - praziquantrl
Cycles occur every other day: dormant form in liver

40. Why is anthrax called woolsorters disease
Roseola - high fevers for several days that can cause seizures - followed by a macular papular rash - not determined
Palivizumab
Inhalation of spores from contaminated wool
Clostridium botulinum

41. Of the sereptypes of chlamydia trachomatis - which cause urethritis/PID ectopic pregs - neonatal pneumonia with staccato cough - or neonatal conjunctivitis
D- K
E. coli
commercial applications
Candida and aspergillus

42. In What age group is mycoplasma seen - and what groups are outbreaks common
Reverse transcriptase - HIV - HTLV - T cell leukemia
Headache - fever - rash (vasculitis) - obligate intracellular that need CoA and NAD+
<30 - military - prisons
Rheumatic fever - acute glomerulonephritis

43. pediatric infxn
Endothelium swells and narrows lumen - leading to mechanical hemolysis and reduced renal blood flow - damaged endothelium consumes platelets
H flu
Gives rigid support - protects against osmotic pressure - sugar backbone with cross linked peptide side chains
Salmonella

44. What happens in EBV mononucleosis - and what cells does it infect
malaria
S. epidermidis
B cells - fever hepatosplenomegaly - pharyngitis - lymphadenopathy
C. diptheriae

45. Fungus grows on bird droppings - humans inhale spores which infect lungs
Blastomycosis - states east of mississippi river and central america
Salmonella
histoplasmosis
Surface protein - lipid bilayer - capsid - nucleic acid

46. Leading cause of UTI - colonies show metallic sheen on EMB agar
Pseudomonas
plasmid - function
E. coli
yeast and mold stages can be dependent on _____ or ______

47. What viruses make up the PaRaMyxovirus family and What do they do
JC - progressive mutlifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV
C. diptheriae
Specialized transduction - an excision event
Parainfluenza - croup - RSV - bronchiloitis in babies - Rx - ribavirin - Rubeola (Measles) Mumps

48. Where are spores of C. botulinum found
Treponema - tertiary syphillis
Canned food - honey (causing floppy baby)
Giardia and crytosporidium in immunoCised pts
Viridans is resistant and pneumo is sensitive - OVRPS (overpass)

49. Nutrient broth - heated - and then placed in sealed flask => microbial growth
John Needham - experiment
Have flagella - disseminate hematogenously - produce H2S - symptoms can be prolonged with Abx - typically a monocytic response
protozoa (3)
virus example

50. Osteomyelitis in sickle cell
gram- negative stain - color
Mycoplasma - C. pneumo and S pneumo
spiral - spirochete
Salmonella

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Microbiology

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