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Microbiology

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1. What bacteria in particular have the ability to transform
Legionella
SHiN - strep pneumo - h flu - neisseria
Gonorrhea - septic arthritis - neonatal conjunctivitis - PID - fitz - hugh curtis
how many degrees celsius for mold?

2. What is the treatment for c. diff infection
Metronidazole
Dimorphic: yeast with pseudohyphae in culture at 20C - germ tube formation at 37C (diagnostic)
Grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile
Klebsiella granulomatis

3. Surrounds the capsid in some viruses
envelope - definition
Gummas (chronic granulomas) - aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction) neurosyphillis (tabes dorsalis) - argyll robertson pupils
pili - function
Entamoeba histolytica

4. Golgi complex - mitochondria - chloroplasts* - endoplasmic reticulum - nucleus
eukaryotic organelles (5)
interferon
HEV
Yersinia pestis

5. what dpes gp120 do
Red spots with blue/white center on buccal mucosa - rash presents last - spreads from head to toe and includes hands and feet (vs. truncal rash in rubella)
flagella - description
Attachment to host T cell
Common cold and SARS

6. Study of algae
Burn wounds - nosocomial pneumonia - pneumonias in cystic fibrosis
algology
Often secondary to Abx use - diagnosed by detection of one or both toxins in the stool
Eastern equine virus - wesetern equine virus - rubella not

7. Which are the RNA enveloped viruses
Toxocara canis - food contaminated with eggs - diethylcarbamazine
Influenza virus - parainfluenza virus - RSV - measles virus - mumps virus - rubella virus - rabies virus - HTLV - HIV
Thursh - HSV - CMV - oral hairy leukoplakia from EBV
Cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome) - also enhances cytokine release causing HUS - shigella and E. Coli 0157:H7

8. The host cell's plasma membrane
envelope is composed of...
Rifampin
Neurologica like bell's palsy and cardiac AV block
Mold with septate hyphae that branch at acute angles

9. Cyst with four nuclei
Entamoeba hisotlytica
Does not ferment sorbitol
ribosomes (prokaryotic) - size
Headache - fever - rash (vasculitis) - obligate intracellular that need CoA and NAD+

10. What kind of exotoxin does C. tetani have and What does it do
ELISA test is sensitive but high false pos rates and low threshold - RULE OUT test - pos test are confirmed with western blot - High false neg - high threshold
Chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis
Tetanus toxin blocks the release of inhibitory GABA and glycine - causes lockjaw
Measles - koplik spots on buccal mucosa are diagnostic

11. Grow in very hot conditions
Clue cells - or vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria visible under the microscope
arrangements - strepto...
hyperthermophiles
Clostridium tetani

12. Agar
fungi kingdom
red algae make
Aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum pen (pipercillin - ticarcillin)
C. diff

13. What can cause food poisoning in poultry - meat and eggs
Salmonella
chromosome - description
Food - fingers - feces - flies
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - bendazole

14. What is the ability to take up DNA from evironment in bacteria
Transformation or competence
Haemophilus ducreyi - chancroid
Envelope proteins
All of them

15. What are the laboratory findings for H Flu
Blocks the release of ACH - causes anticholinergic symptoms - CNS paralysis - especially cranial nerves
Acute or chronic - vaccine is HBsAg - reverse transcriptase though not a retrovirus
Gram neg coccobacillary rods - cultured on chocolate agar with factors V and X NAD+ and hematin OR with S. aureus
Mumps virus - mumps

16. Opportunistic infections - KS - lymphoma - orga and dz
HIV - AIDS
Cycles occur every other day: dormant form in liver
No they are T cells reacting to EBV infected cells
aerobic

17. This infxn produces a primary chanre - disseminated rash - or cardiac/neurologic dz in mom and can result in stillbirth - hydrops fetalis or surviving neonates have facial abnl (notched teeth - saddle nose - short maxilla) saber shins - org and trans
trichomoniasis...
Parenteral - sexual - maternal fecal routes - 3 months
HBV
Syphillis - sexual contact

18. What is the course of illness with food poisoning from S. aurues and B. cereus
Starts quickly and ends quickly
Acid fast organisms
Toxin A - enterotoxin binds to brush border of the gut - Toxin B - cytotoxin - destroys the cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes - causing pseudomembranous colitis
bacteria domain

19. health care provider
No cell wall
Comma shaped - s - shaped - oxidase positive - grows at 42 C
HBV from needle stick
cilia

20. Nucleic acid is copied and capsid pieces are made
Acsaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - bendazole or pyrantel pamoate
Encapsulated or not - positive if encapsulated bug is present; capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added
Oral thrush - tinea pedis - reactivation VZV - reactivation TB - bacterial infxns (H flu - S pneumo - Salmonella)
replication (AV)

21. What is the Ghon complex
Pseudomembranous (grey- white membrane) pharyngitis with lymphadenopathy
TB granulomas (Ghon focus + lobar and perihilary lymph node involvment) - primary infection or exposure
Aerosal - from environmental water source
Used to diagnose Whipple's disease - tropheryma whippelii

22. Insects - parasitic worms - etc
animal kingdom
Cyanophora paradoxa
Coxsackie A - hand - foot - mouth dz
malaria prevention

23. Requires presence of oxygen
Strongyloides - ancylostoma - necator
Enteroinvasive E. coli
aerobic
release (AV)

24. Bugs in hospital acquired PNA
Tapeworm larvae (intestinal infection) in pork or eggs (neurocystircercosis) in food/water contaminated with human feces
gram- negative stain - color
C. perfringens
Staph or enteric GNR

25. Look like molds - but cells are prokaryotic; have filamentous growth and some produce asexual spores; Streptomyces produces geosmin ('fresh dirt' smell) and many antibiotics
All except coxiella are via arthropod
B19 virus - aplastic crisis in sickle cell - slapped cheek rash in kids - erythema infectosum (5th disease) - RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death - pure RBC aplasia and RA like symtpoms in adults
Lower lobe
actinomycetes (3) - description

26. What does gonococi cause
eukarya domain
Both are lactose fermenters - both invade intestinal mucosa and can cause blood diarrhea
Gonorrhea - septic arthritis - neonatal conjunctivitis - PID - fitz - hugh curtis
M. tuberculosis

27. What is the TX for pseudomonas
Gram neg rod - poor gram stain - use silver stain - grow on charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine
Owl's eye inculsions
actinomycetes (3) - description
Aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum pen (pipercillin - ticarcillin)

28. What is the resevoir for chlamydiae psittaci
Avain resevoir
Pneumonia - meningitis - sepsis in babies
algae characteristics (3)
Klebsiella granulomatis

29. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the only bacterial membrane containing what substance
virus example
Cholesterol
fimbriae - function
Pseudomonas

30. Glycocalyx - flagella - fimbriae - pili - cell wall
structures of prokaryotic cell
fungi
MeninGococci - maltose and glucose - Gonococci - only glucose - both produce IgA protease
Endotoxin/LPS - the periplasmic space (location of many beta lactamases)

31. Meningitis in newbord (0 - 6 months)
Actic polymerization
Enterococci (E. faecalis - E. faecium) nl colonic flora - pen G resistant - cause UTI and subacute endocarditis
replication for prokaryotes
Group B strep - E. coli - listeria

32. Virus sticks to host cell surfaces by means of receptor sites which are inherited characteristics of the host
Chlamydia trachomatis (D- K) - chlamydia
Thursh - HSV - CMV - oral hairy leukoplakia from EBV
adsorption (AV)
replication for prokaryotes

33. What kind of result is expected from the Weill Felix test in Q fever
Negative
Measles - koplik spots on buccal mucosa are diagnostic
Pseudomonas
Severe bacteremia - death

34. Osteomyelitis in diabetics and drug addicst
biggest danger of toxplasmosis
Protein A - S. aureus
CMV retinitis and esophagitis - disseminated M avium intracellulare - cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Pseudomonas

35. What kind does exotoxin from C. botulinum do
C. diptheriae
B anthracis - anthrax - cutaneous is black eschar ulcer (painless) can progress to bacteremia or death - pulmonary anthrax is inhalation of spores producing flu - like sx that rapidly progress to fever pulmonary hemorrhage - mediastinitis and shock
Blocks the release of ACH - causes anticholinergic symptoms - CNS paralysis - especially cranial nerves
C. trachomatis (L1- L3) - lymphgranuloma venereum

36. What are prion disease caused by
Conversion of a normal cellular protein termed prion protein (PrPc) toa beta pleated form (PrPsc) Which is transmissible - resists degradation and facilitates conversion of still more PrPc to PrPsc
Disseminated disease with constintutional symptoms including maculopapular rash on palms and soles - condylomata lata
differential staining example
VZV - chickenpox

37. Protein coat surrounding nucleic acid
capsid - definition
Sacral ganglia
N. gono causing gono
Treponema

38. This rash begins at the head and moves down; postauricular lymphadenopathy - agent and dz
structures of an eukaryotic cell (5)
Robert Hooke
gram- negative cell wall
Rubella german measles

39. which purified viral nucleic acids are infectious and which are not
Sacral ganglia
Francisella tularenis
Infectious = most of dsDNA (not pox/HBV) (+) strand ssRNA (same as mRNA); non infecitious = (-) ssRNA - dsRNA
Borrelia - leptospira - treponema

40. What is the presentation of EIEC and What is the mechanism of the toxin
osmotic pressure
Clostridium botulinum
Herpes genitalis - neonatal herpes - sexual contact - perinatal
Invasive - dysentary - shiga like toxin; microbe invades mucosa and toxin causes necrosis and inflammation

41. PNA in neonates < 4wks - orgs
Gives rigid support - protects against osmotic pressure - sugar backbone with cross linked peptide side chains
Protein synthesis - 30S and 50S subunits
Mold with septate hyphae that branch at acute angles
Group B strep - E. coli

42. What sugars do the various neisseria bacteria ferment and what enzyme do they both produce
Staph or H. flu
MeninGococci - maltose and glucose - Gonococci - only glucose - both produce IgA protease
vaginal yeast infections can be caused by this
Toxic shock syndrome (TSST-1) - scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin) - rapid onste fod poisoning (enterotoxin

43. What kind of lesion is characteristic of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis
LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Lassa fever encephalitis - spread by mice
Fibrocaseous cavitary lesion in upper lobe
Francesco Redi - experiment
Gram pos rods with metachromatic (blue and red) granules

44. Which males have UTIs
Viridans is resistant and pneumo is sensitive - OVRPS (overpass)
Infants with congenital defects like vesicoureteral reflux - elderly with enlarged prostates
TMP- SMX - pentamidine - dapsone - start proph when CD4 drops below 200
Paramyxovirus; measles

45. Segment of DNA that can jump from one location to another - can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa
Mold hyphae - not dimorphic
Transposition - some flanking genes can be gained and lost - and transferred in conjugation
35 to 37 weeks - intrapartum pen prophylaxis
Parainfluenza - croup - RSV - bronchiloitis in babies - Rx - ribavirin - Rubeola (Measles) Mumps

46. What is the fxn and chemical composition of the bacterial capsule
Protects against phagocytosis - polysaccharide (except for B. anthracis which contains D- glutamate)
Bartonella henselae
Gram neg rod - poor gram stain - use silver stain - grow on charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine
Nucleus - except parvovirus

47. What does M protein do - who has it
Brucella sp
Severe - daily cycles - parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in the brain - kidneys and lungs
Prevents phagocytosis - group A strep
Pneumocystis jerovici PNA - TB - histoplasmosis

48. Endospores get into deep puncture wounds - make puncture wounds bleed (oxygen)
Paragonimus westermani
tetanus
Profuse rice water diarrhea via toxin that permantnely activates Gs inc cAMP
bacteriophage - definition

49. What can cause food poisoning in meat - maynaisse custard with pre - formed toxin
S. aureus
double- stranded RNA
Enterobius
Shigella

50. Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan - CV-I crystals do not leave
gram- positive stain - explanation
trichomoniasis...
C. diff
cell membrane - definition

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Microbiology

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