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Microbiology

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In the bacterial growth curve - what happens in the lag phase
Metabolic activity without division
Paragonimus westermani - undercooked crab meat - praziquantel
osmotic pressure
endospores - definition

2. Segment of DNA that can jump from one location to another - can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa
Space between cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan wall in gram neg bacteria contains many hydrolytic enzymes - including beta lactamases
Protein synthesis - 30S and 50S subunits
Nucelocapsid - nucleic acid
Transposition - some flanking genes can be gained and lost - and transferred in conjugation

3. ___ percent of infected illnesses are caused by ___
E. coli - proteus
Synthesized dsDNA from RNA; dsDNA integrates into host genome
60%; viruses
Enterococci (E. faecalis - E. faecium) nl colonic flora - pen G resistant - cause UTI and subacute endocarditis

4. May carry genes for antibiotic resistance - toxin production - synthesis of enzymes
plasmid - function
Histoplasmosis - mississippi and ohio river valley
hypertonic solution
D- K

5. This cause of UTI is often nosocomial and drug resistant
Klebsiella pneumo
Enterobacter cloacae
Traveler's diarrhea - labile toxin/stable toxin - no inflammatino or invasion
mitochondria - function

6. Dilated cardiomyopathy - megacolon - megaesophagus in south america - dz - organism - transmission - dx and tx
Streptococcus - staphylococus
Infectious = most of dsDNA (not pox/HBV) (+) strand ssRNA (same as mRNA); non infecitious = (-) ssRNA - dsRNA
Chagas dz - trypanosoma cruzi - reduviid bug - blood smear - nifurtimox
Crohns or appendicitis

7. cestode causing intestinal tapeworms - org - transmission - tx
Interstitial pneumonia - AIDS - diffuse bilateral CXR appearance - dx by lung biopsy or lavage - ID- ed by methanamine silver stain of lung tissue
Taenia solium - ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork - praziquantel
Strep pneumo and viridans
Enterobacter cloacae

8. Which hepatitis virus is the hepevirus
2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
taxonomic hierarchy
HEV
Cell Theory

9. Has a phospholipid bilayer - is semi- permeable (nutrients in - waste out) - lack carbohydrates and sterols - acts as a barrier to the outside - ATP production occurs here
C. perfringens
specialized flagella
prokaryotic cell membrane (5)
Between 2 and 18 months

10. What is a positive Monospot test
Coxsackie A - rocky mountain spotted fever and syphillis (CARS)
Heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs
Mild flulike symptoms with legionella
Acsaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - bendazole or pyrantel pamoate

11. What feature of influenza virus promotes it entry into cells
D- K
Apices of lung - immune system compromise - or anti - TNF alpha use
Hemagluttin
mycoplasma (5) - description

12. Survival structure produced when food and water are unavailable - dormant - not a life cycle stage
Smallpox - although eradicated - could be used in germ warfare Vaccinia - cowpox 'milkmaid's blisters' Molluscum contagiosum - flesh colored dome lesions with central dimple
Transposition - some flanking genes can be gained and lost - and transferred in conjugation
IVDU
endospores - definition

13. What is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis - what kind of virus is it - and What is the pathophys
Rotavirus - dsRNA reovirus - villous destruction with atrophy leads to dec absorption of Na and H2O - day care centers and kindegartnes
spiral - spirillum
Icterohemorrhagic leptospriosis - sever form with jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfxn - ; fever hemorrhage and anemia
Beta hemolytic

14. How do pneumocystis appear microscopically
Toxoid vaccine
Saucer shaped yeast forms
chromosomes in nucleus are...
Eastern equine virus - wesetern equine virus - rubella not

15. Locomotion or can move substances along the cell
differential staining example
Salmonella typhi
Cryptosporidium
cilia - function

16. What is the TX for gardnerella
All of them
polyhedral shape - defintion
Metronidazole
HBV from needle stick

17. Fungal infections can be hard to get rid of because
how many degrees celsius for yeast?
they are eukaryotes
Clindamycin or ampicillin
penetration (B)

18. What is the TX for sporthrix
Itraconazole or potassium iodide
osmotic pressure
C. diff
Macrophages - complement pathway and hageman factor

19. Blue - green pigment and fruity odor - usually nosocomial and drug resistant cause of UTI
Transposition - some flanking genes can be gained and lost - and transferred in conjugation
icosahedron
Pseudomonas
Toxo crosses the placenta

20. Trichomonas vaginalis - STD - many women and men are asymptomatic
trichomoniasis...
eukaryotic organelles (5)
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis - lung cavity aspergilloma 'fungus ball' invasice aspergillosis in immunoCised pts and those with chronic granulomatous disease
cytoplasm - definition

21. What does catalase do
Degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to micorbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase
Rickettsiae starts on hands and feet - typhus starts centrally and spreads outwards without involving palms or soles
Severe bacteremia - death
C. diptheriae

22. What is diptheria exotoxin coded by and What does it do
PCR/Viral load
Ingestion of preformed toxin
Coded by beta prophage - inhibits synthesis via ADP ribosylation of EF-2
R. prowazekii

23. What toxin mediated diseases does staph aureas cause
Pseudomonas
HPV - warts (1 - 2 - 6 - 11) - CIN - cervical cancer (16 - 18) vaccine available
Toxic shock syndrome (TSST-1) - scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin) - rapid onste fod poisoning (enterotoxin
Spirochete - causes syphillis - or yaws (T. pertenue)

24. Many protein subunits called capsomeres
Trichinella spiralis - undercooked meat usually pork - larvae encyst in muscle - bendazoles
Superantigen that binds MHCH II and T cell receptor resulting in poly colonal T cell activation
HAV - RNA picornavirus
capsid is composed of...

25. Ribosomes - chromosomes - plasmid - cytoplasm
in prokaryotic cell membranes -
adsorption (AV)
Does not ferment sorbitol
Pleuritic chest pain - hemoptysis - infiltrates on imaging

26. Which bacteria grow pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
N. meningitidis - enterovirus - s pneumo - HSV
Lactose fermeting enterics - citrobacter - klebsiella - E. coli - enterobacter - serratia
penetration (AV)
Malaria - plasmodium - anopheles - blood smear - cholorquine - resistant use mefloquine and for vivax/ovale add primaquine for dormant forms

27. yeast - molds - mushrooms
Pseudomonas
fungi kingdom
Comma shaped - s - shaped - oxidase positive - grows at 42 C
Cytoplasm - except influenza and retroviruses

28. How many segments are typically in reoviruses
Immediately upon exposure
Reticulte body - in cytoplast of host
Enterobius verniculum (pinworm - nematode) - food contaminated with eggs - bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
10 to 12

29. What is the fxn and chemical composition of the bacterial glycocalyx
fimbriae - function
Rose gardner's
Mold hyphae - not dimorphic
Mediates adherence to surfaces - especially foreign surfaces like indwelling catheters; polysaccharide

30. What kind of exotoxin does E. coli have and What does it work
10 to 12
taxonomic hierarchy
ADP- R AB toxin: heat labile - stimulates adenylate cylcase - heat stable toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase - both cause watery diarrhea
Dark field microscopy

31. Trichomonas
MRSA - resistant to beta lactams due to altered penicillen binding protein
Proteus - klebsiella - H. pylori - ureaplasma - particular kinds have urease
Dysentery from shiga like toxin - O157:H7 is common serotype - produces HUS
flagella

32. What are the recombinant vaccines
Muramic acid
Encapsulated or not - positive if encapsulated bug is present; capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added
CMV - RSV
HBV (antigen = recombinant HBsAg) HPV (6 - 11 -16 -18)

33. What are the lab findings in gardnerella
protozoology
plasmolysis
C. trachomatis (L1- L3) - lymphgranuloma venereum
Clue cells - or vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria visible under the microscope

34. How is atypical rickettsiae transmitted
Antigen associated with core of HBV
Between 2 and 18 months
Aerosal and causes pneumonia
Hepadna - herpes - adeno - pox - parvo - papilloma - polyoma

35. CO2 concentration and temperature
Elementary body
Insidious onset - HA - non productive cough - diffuse interstitial infiltrate
Ehrlichia: no rash - granulocytes with berry cluster organisms
yeast and mold stages can be dependent on _____ or ______

36. When 1 of 2 viruses that infects the cell has a mutation that results in nonfxnal protein - What is called when the nonmutated makes a fxnal protein that serves both viruses
facultative
Complementationthis occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses - genome of virus A can be partially or completely coated forming a pseudovirion with the surface protein of of virus B
Gram pos rods with metachromatic (blue and red) granules
Cryptococcal meningitis - cryptococcosis - soap bibble lesions in brain

37. Locomotion (wavelike motion)
ALT > AST in viral - AST > ALT in EtOH
Meningococci
flagella - function
Toxic shock syndrome (TSST-1) - scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin) - rapid onste fod poisoning (enterotoxin

38. What does p24 do
S. aureus - Strep pyogenes - group B strep - listeria monocytogenes
Strep bovis - also group D
Preallergic lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination - reactivation in adult life
Capsid protein

39. Diploid - 2 genes for every trait; humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Legionella
chromosomes in nucleus are...
Klebsiella pneumo
Genetic drift - epidemic

40. Which bacteria are alpha hemolytic
production of beer and wine
Strep pneumo and viridans
gram- positive stain - explanation
Treponema palladium - painless chancre

41. Chronic watery diarrhea in HIV pos pt with acid fast cysts seen in stool
Pseudomembranous (grey- white membrane) pharyngitis with lymphadenopathy
ribosomes - function
malaria symptoms
Cryptosporidium

42. What OI's are HIV pos patients at risk for with CD4 < 50
CMV retinitis and esophagitis - disseminated M avium intracellulare - cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Dark field microscopy
how do viruses take over a host cell?
Diaper rash - endocarditis in IVDU - disseminated candidiasis - chronic mucocutanous candidiasis

43. What is the nl flora of the colon
S. pneumo - Influenza virus - anaerobies - H flu - GNR
Wound and burn infectinos - Pneumonia in CF - sepsis - external otitis (swimmer's ear) - UTI - drug use and diabetic osteomyelitis and hot tub follculitis
Bacteroides fragilis > E. coli
Toxin permanently activates causing rice water diarrhea via induction of cAMP - turns the on on

44. What is chlamydia trachomatis - tricky Ts
prokaryotic cell membrane (5)
Staph epi - normal skin flora - contaminates blood cultures
Salmonella - neisseria - brucella - mycobacterium - listeria - francisella - legionella
Bacteria - STD

45. The mild heating of a substance to kill spoilage organisms (bacteria)
Mold with septate hyphae that branch at acute angles
three domains of microorganisms
RNA viruses - BOAR = Bunyavirus - Orthomyxovirus - Arenaviruses - Reoviruses
pasteurization

46. Transmitted by ticks - flulike symptoms with spotted rash; damages cardiovascular system and affects permeability of capillaries resulting in spotted rash
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
differential staining of bacteria
Surfers in the tropics
gram- positive stain - explanation

47. roseola - lots of spots
glycocalyx - function
flaccid paralysis
HHV-6; high fevers followed by diffuse maculopapular rash
Cryptococcal meningitis - toxoplasmosis - CMV encelphalopathy - AIDS dementia - PML from JC virus

48. Which hepatitis causes post - transfusion hepatitis
Immunity and hypersensitivity - tuberculin positive
ELISA test is sensitive but high false pos rates and low threshold - RULE OUT test - pos test are confirmed with western blot - High false neg - high threshold
Fusion and entry
HCV

49. Osteomyelitis in most people is caused from
Motility - protein
S. aureus
Azithromycin
Chlamydia trachomatis (D- K) - chlamydia

50. What kind of immunity to live attenuated viral vaccines induce and What is the concern
Chronic disease - positive during window period
Humoral and cell mediate - can revert to virulence
Have flagella - disseminate hematogenously - produce H2S - symptoms can be prolonged with Abx - typically a monocytic response
Endotoxin/LPS - the periplasmic space (location of many beta lactamases)