Microbiology

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How do bacterial capsules function
Mycoplasma
eukaryotic organelles (5)
Salmonella - neisseria - brucella - mycobacterium - listeria - francisella - legionella
Antiphagocytic virulence factor


2. How do you treat actinomyces or nocardia
SNAP - sulfa for nocardia and actinomyces get pen
Anaerobes
Salmonella
Rusty sputum - sepsis in sickle cell after splenectomy


3. What kind of virus is HCV and How is transmitted
In pregs - amnionitis - septicemia - spontaneous abortion - granulomatous infantiseptica - neonatal meningitis in neonates - immunoCised - meningitis - healthy people - mild gastroenteritis
RNA flavivirus - transmitted primarily via blood and resembles HBV in its course and severity
Parvoviridae
Plasmodium


4. What kind of exotoxin does E. coli have and What does it work
Ingestion of preformed toxin
Major surface antigen - peptidoglycan for support - teichoic acid induces TNF and IL-1
Rubella - respiratory droplets
ADP- R AB toxin: heat labile - stimulates adenylate cylcase - heat stable toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase - both cause watery diarrhea


5. What is the clinical picture of rheumatic fever

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6. Obligate intracellular parasites - most can infect cells of only one host species
viruses
Often secondary to Abx use - diagnosed by detection of one or both toxins in the stool
importance of microorganisms
Microbes that may pass from mother to fetus - hepatosplenomegaly - jaundice - thrombocytopenia - growth retardation


7. Basic shapes - arrangements - motility - staining - oxygen requirements
Enterobius - ascaris - trichinella
Francisella tularenis
Double zone of hemolysis
characteristics of bacteria (5)


8. Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis after swimming - dz - transmission - dx and tx
HSV-2 - genital herpes
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis - lung cavity aspergilloma 'fungus ball' invasice aspergillosis in immunoCised pts and those with chronic granulomatous disease
Actinomyces
Naegleria fowleri - freshwater lakes through cribiform plate - amoebas in spinal fluid - amphotericin for survivors


9. Anthrax (wool sorter's disease)
Degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to micorbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase
there can be a ___ stage and a ___ stage within the same genus and species
biggest danger of toxplasmosis
Bacillus anthracis


10. Why aren't naked viruses destroyed in the gut (A and E)
pasteurization
Severe - daily cycles - parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in the brain - kidneys and lungs
No envelope
Rabies - influenza - salk polio - HAV


11. Which bacteria is an important cause of subacute endocarditis and bacteremia in colon cancer patients
Strep bovis - also group D
fungal infection examples (3)
Cool temps - infects skin and superficial nerves - armadillos
Ingestion of preformed toxin


12. What are prion disease caused by
how many degrees celsius for mold?
Conversion of a normal cellular protein termed prion protein (PrPc) toa beta pleated form (PrPsc) Which is transmissible - resists degradation and facilitates conversion of still more PrPc to PrPsc
Profuse rice water diarrhea via toxin that permantnely activates Gs inc cAMP
virology


13. What are the serum markers of Chronic hep B with low infectivity
infection process of bacteriophage (5)
HBsAg - anti - HBeAb - anti - HBcAb IgG
H flu type B
HBsAg as envelope - can coinfect or superinfect (worse prognosis)


14. tissue nematode that causes swelling in the skin and can see worms crawling in the conjunctiva - org - transmission - tx
Acute/recent infection
replication (B)
Pyelonephritis - fever - chills flank pain - CVA tenderness - hematuria and WBC casts
Loa loa - deer/horse/mango fly - diethylcarbamazine


15. What does the quellung reaction test for and What does a positive result indicate
Common cold
how wine is spoiled
SHiN - strep pneumo - h flu - neisseria
Encapsulated or not - positive if encapsulated bug is present; capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added


16. Contains genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes; largest organelle
nucleus
Transposition - some flanking genes can be gained and lost - and transferred in conjugation
special staining of bacteria
IL-1 - lever - TNF - fever/hemorrhagic tissue necrosis - NO - hypotension


17. pus - empyema - abcess
Yeast - protazoan
John Needham - experiment
Cmv
S. aureus


18. Human fetus when acquired during pregnancy (stillbirth - brain damage - vision)
Topocal miconazole - selenium sulfide
Protozoan - a TORCH infection
Papilloma - polyoma (circular - supercoiled) and hepadna (circular incomplete)
biggest danger of toxplasmosis


19. Where are strep viridans normal flora and What do they cause
amoebic dynsentry
algology
Nl flora in oropharynx - cause dental carries (mutans) - subacute bacterial endocarditis (sanguis)
malaria


20. What is Treponema - tricky Ts
giardia
Pseudomembranous (grey- white membrane) pharyngitis with lymphadenopathy
Spirochete - causes syphillis - or yaws (T. pertenue)
Borrelia - plasmodium - tryapanosomes - chlamydia


21. painless chancre - org and dz
Treponema - primary syphillis
Group B strep - E. coli - listeria
ASO titer
molds


22. When humans are the only test host - ethical issues; ex HIV

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23. What makes up the cell membrane of mycobacterium
Acute or chronic - vaccine is HBsAg - reverse transcriptase though not a retrovirus
Mycolic acid - high lipid content
CXCR4 on CD4 cells - CCR5 on CD4 and MACS - homozygous CCRF mutation confer immunity - CCR5 heterozygoes have slower course
M. kansasii


24. 1665 - Reported life's smallest structural units were 'cells' - Cell Theory - lacked staining techniques and resolution to see microbes
Gardnerella vaginialis and bacterial vaginosis
Saucer shaped yeast forms
LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Lassa fever encephalitis - spread by mice
Robert Hooke


25. Mitosis and meiosis + cytokinesis
replication for eukaryotes
Aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum pen (pipercillin - ticarcillin)
Endotoxin/LPS - the periplasmic space (location of many beta lactamases)
Diploid - retroviruses - 2 ssRNA molecules - all others are haploid


26. What features are unique to salmonella
Icterohemorrhagic leptospriosis - sever form with jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfxn - ; fever hemorrhage and anemia
Meningococci
Have flagella - disseminate hematogenously - produce H2S - symptoms can be prolonged with Abx - typically a monocytic response
Azithromycin


27. What kind of paralysis does tetanus toxin produce
Spastic - trismus (lockjaw and risus sardonicus)
Theory of Biogenesis
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - bendazole
HBsAg - HBeAg - IgM - Anti - HBcAg


28. What toxins does S. aureus secrete
Diploid - retroviruses - 2 ssRNA molecules - all others are haploid
2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Enterotoxins - TSST-1 - exfoliatin which causes scalded skin syndrome
protozoa means of locomotion (3)


29. What is seen on with the dermatophytes with KOH prep
CMV retinitis and esophagitis - disseminated M avium intracellulare - cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Syphillis - sexual contact
Mold hyphae - not dimorphic
Rickettsia rickettsii


30. What does neg PPD indicated
fungi kingdom
No infection - anergic (steroids - malnutrition - immunoCised - sarcoidosis)
Dapsone - hemolysis and methemoglobinemia or rifampin and combination clofazimine + dapsone
Transcribe negative strand to positive - RNA dependent RNA polymerase


31. PNA in elderly
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomembranous (grey- white membrane) pharyngitis with lymphadenopathy
Serratia marcescens
S. pneumo - Influenza virus - anaerobies - H flu - GNR


32. What are koplick spots - and when/How does the rash present in measles infxn
Prevents phagocytosis - group A strep
Red spots with blue/white center on buccal mucosa - rash presents last - spreads from head to toe and includes hands and feet (vs. truncal rash in rubella)
When nutriets are limited
Candida albicans


33. Hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life (what we know is true)
fungi kingdom
biogenesis
VDRL screens and FTA- ABS
Rickettsia rickettsii


34. yeast - molds - mushrooms
gram- positive cell wall
Treponema - primary syphillis
fungi kingdom
Gives rigid support - protects against osmotic pressure - sugar backbone with cross linked peptide side chains


35. Antiviral drugs exist but are usually very ____
specific
Prevents phagocytosis - group A strep
Children; parainfluenza (croup seal like barking cough) - mumps - measles and RSV (bronchiolitis - PNA) in infants
ADP- R AB toxin: inc cAMP by inhibiting Galpha1 - causes whooping cough - inhibits chemokine receptor - causing lymphocytosis


36. What does poxvirus cause

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37. What does norwalk virus do
EBV
Elevated CRP and ESR
aerobic
Viral gastroenteritis


38. Purple
gram- positive stain - color
C. diff
double- stranded RNA
replication (AV)


39. What species causing bloody diarrhea invades colonic mucosa
Lepromatous
Enteroinvasive E. coli
When nutriets are limited
Elementary body - small dense is infectious and enters via endocytosis -; reticulate body replicates in cell by fission - seen in tissue culture


40. What bugs are obligate intracellulars and why

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41. What bugs can colonize the respiratory mucosa and why
Acsaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - bendazole or pyrantel pamoate
S. pneumo - H. flu type b - Neisseira - SHiN - IgA protease cleaves IgA
Clue cells - or vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria visible under the microscope
8 - orthomyoxovirus


42. What C. diptheria grows on...
KS from HHS-8 - invasive cervical caricoma from HPV - and primary CNS lymphoma - non - Hodgkin's lymphoma
Cough - coryza - conjunctivitis
flagella - function
Tellurite agar


43. Trichomonas vaginalis - STD - many women and men are asymptomatic
capsid - definition
trichomoniasis...
Rapid cell division
oral yeast infections =


44. What does parainfluenza cause
antibiotics
E. coli - proteus
smooth ER
Croup - seal like barking cough


45. fluffy white cottage chees lesions in mouth of HIV pos pts with pseudohyphae microscopicallly
Weil Felix test
In pregs - amnionitis - septicemia - spontaneous abortion - granulomatous infantiseptica - neonatal meningitis in neonates - immunoCised - meningitis - healthy people - mild gastroenteritis
Pharyngitis - cellulitis - impetigo
Candida


46. This infxn causes rash - lymphadenopathy and arthritis in the mom and PDA (or pulmonary artery hypolplasia) - cataracts and deafness +/- blueberry muffin rash - org and transmission
Rubella - respiratory droplets
Sporadic - Creutzfeldt Jakob disease - rapidly progressive dementia; inheritid - Gerstmann - Straussler - Scheinker syndrome; or acquired (kuru)
Phenotypic missing - infectivity of type B - progeny will of second infection will have coat from virus A
Leptospira interrogans - flulike symptoms - fever - HA - abdominal pain - jaundice - and photophobia with conjuctivitis


47. pos PAS stain

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48. 1668 - Attempted to disprove spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi
Mold hyphae - not dimorphic
HPV 6 and 11 - condylomata acuminata
10 to 12


49. How do shigella propel themselves without flagella
Reverse transcriptase - HIV - HTLV - T cell leukemia
B anthracis - c. perfringens - c tetani (b cereus and c botulinum also form spores
Actic polymerization
Poliovirus - coxsackievirus - echovirus - HAV


50. This bacteria causes gastritis and up to 90% of duodenal ulcers - risk factor for peptic ulcer - gastric adenocarcinoma - lymphoma
H. pylori
HIV - malnutrition - death
Babesiosis - ixodes - blood smear - quinine and clindamycin
Proteus mirabilis