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Microbiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is Hfr made
Transformation or competence
F+ plasmid can become incorportated into bacterial chromosome DNA
Ten times - shorter urethrase colonized by fecal flora - obstruction - kidney surgery - catheterization - GU malformation - diabetes pregnancy
Neisseria

2. What are the 4 Cs of HCV
Entertoxigenic E. coli
Aureus does - epidermidis and group B do not
Meningococci
Chronic - cirrhosis - carcinoma - carriers

3. What question mark shaped bacteria is found in water contaminated with animal urine and What does it cause
Leptospira interrogans - flulike symptoms - fever - HA - abdominal pain - jaundice - and photophobia with conjuctivitis
3 groups in archaea
No envelope
ADP- R AB toxin: inc cAMP by inhibiting Galpha1 - causes whooping cough - inhibits chemokine receptor - causing lymphocytosis

4. 10 - 100 micrometers
eukaryotes
Louis Pasteur
Taenia solium - ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork - praziquantel
flagella - function

5. yogurt - bread (yeast) - cheese - beer and wine - sauerkraut
Tinea versicolor - malassezia furfur
Treponema palladium - painless chancre
food industry
osmotic lysis

6. What bug grows on tellurite plate - lofflers media
Meningitis - otitis media - pneumonia - sinusitis OR - Most Optichin Sensitive
C. diptheriae
Severe pneumonia
differential staining example

7. Minor changes based on random mutation
Aerosal and causes pneumonia
monera kingdom
Genetic drift - epidemic
S. aureus

8. What does shiga toxin do and what bugs produce it
Lepromatous
Facultative intracellular microbe - ingestion of unpasteureized milk/cheese and deli meats or by vaginal transmission - forms actin rockets - cell to cell movements and tumbling motility
Cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome) - also enhances cytokine release causing HUS - shigella and E. Coli 0157:H7
Cytoplasm - except influenza and retroviruses

9. Which Abx are ineffective against obligate anaerobes and why - where are anaerobes nl found
Tumbling motility - meningitis in newborns - unpasteurized milk
Aminoglycosides - require O2 to enter bacterial cell - nl found in GI tract
lysis
Cigar shaped yeast

10. What is endotoxin
Trichomonas - sexual - motile trophozoites on wet mount - metronidazole
golgi complex - function
spiral - vibrio
A lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrance of gram neg bacteria

11. What does the quellung reaction test for and What does a positive result indicate
replication for prokaryotes
Encapsulated or not - positive if encapsulated bug is present; capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added
acid- fast - color
virology

12. 37 celsius
specific
John Needham - experiment
Nucelocapsid - nucleic acid
how many degrees celsius for yeast?

13. What kind of genome does HIV have
Trichamonas vaginalis - trichomoniasis
Papilloma - polyoma - hepadnavirus
Dipoid RNA
Gardnerella vaginialis and bacterial vaginosis

14. Size - cell structure - replication
lipids (fats) =
Fibrocaseous cavitary lesion in upper lobe
2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
single- stranded RNA

15. What is the presentation of ETEC and What is the mechanism of the toxin

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16. What is the presentation of EIEC and What is the mechanism of the toxin
Gram neg rod - urease pos - creates alk envrionment
Metronidazole
Invasive - dysentary - shiga like toxin; microbe invades mucosa and toxin causes necrosis and inflammation
Anti gp120 crosses the placenta

17. What toxigenic infections does s pyogenes cause
Scarlet fever - toxic shock - like syndrome
Cyanophora paradoxa
Protein synthesis - 30S and 50S subunits
Cryptococcus neoformans - also encephalitis

18. How is cryptococcus diagnosed in the lab and Where is it found

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19. urethritis - cervicitis - PID - prostatits - epididymitis - arthritis - creamy purulent discharge - org and dz
Aerobic gram pos rod - non lactose fermenting - oxidase pos - blue - green pigment - grapelike odor
Metabolic activity without division
food industry
N. gono causing gono

20. What drug is used in RSV to neutralize F protein
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - bendazole
Palivizumab
Silver stain
Endotoxin/LPS - the periplasmic space (location of many beta lactamases)

21. yeast infection
Guillain barre
Lynn Margulis - gen. information
B anthracis - anthrax - cutaneous is black eschar ulcer (painless) can progress to bacteremia or death - pulmonary anthrax is inhalation of spores producing flu - like sx that rapidly progress to fever pulmonary hemorrhage - mediastinitis and shock
candidiasis

22. What color sputum - and sepsis in which patients is associated with pneumococcus
Rusty sputum - sepsis in sickle cell after splenectomy
Mumps virus - mumps
Group B are resistant - group A are sensitive - B- BRAS
Anemia - thrombocytopenia - acute renal failure

23. Requires presence of oxygen
gram- positive stain - color
aerobic
Rickettsiae starts on hands and feet - typhus starts centrally and spreads outwards without involving palms or soles
Wound and burn infectinos - Pneumonia in CF - sepsis - external otitis (swimmer's ear) - UTI - drug use and diabetic osteomyelitis and hot tub follculitis

24. What diseases can CMV cause and What is the route of infection
Congenital infection - mononucleosis with negative monospot - pneumonia - congenital - transfusion - sexual contact - saliva - urine - transplant
Toxoid vaccine
Shingles from VZV - kaposi sarcoma from HHV-8
Reverse transcriptase - HIV - HTLV - T cell leukemia

25. What are the 2 most common causes of nosocomial infections
Aerobic gram pos rod - non lactose fermenting - oxidase pos - blue - green pigment - grapelike odor
E coli causing UTI and S. aureus causing wound infection
monera kingdom
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis - lung cavity aspergilloma 'fungus ball' invasice aspergillosis in immunoCised pts and those with chronic granulomatous disease

26. What are the different virulence factors in E. coli and What do they cause
Fimbriae - cystitis and pyelonephritis; K capsule - pneumonia - neonatal meningitis - LPS endotoxin - septic shock
HCV
Tapeworm larvae (intestinal infection) in pork or eggs (neurocystircercosis) in food/water contaminated with human feces
Provides resistance to dehydration - heat and chemicals; keratin like coat; dipicolinic acid

27. What does inflammatory diseases do staph aureus cause
Posterior cervical lymph nodes
Parvovirus B19 and erythema infectiosum
Skin infections - organ abscesses - pneumonia
Pseudomonas

28. What are the two forms of Hansens disease and which patients get which
Lepromatous - diffusely over skin and is communicalbe (immunoCised) tuberculoid limited to a few hypoesthetic skin nodules (immunoCtent
Episodes of fever - jaundice and inc AST/ALT
All of them
100 micrometers

29. What other organism is involved in vaginosis from gardnerella
Parenteral - sexual - maternal fecal routes - 3 months
amoebic dynsentry
Pseudomonas
Mobiluncus - an anaerobe

30. What species producing bloody diarrhea has a serotype O157:H7 - can cause HUS and makes shiga like toxin
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli
Enteroviruses - rhinovirus - reovirus (rotavirus)
Cool temps - infects skin and superficial nerves - armadillos
Cigar shaped yeast

31. What OI's are HIV pos patients at risk for with CD4 < 400
Oral thrush - tinea pedis - reactivation VZV - reactivation TB - bacterial infxns (H flu - S pneumo - Salmonella)
replication (B)
penetration (B)
HBV

32. What is the presentation of EPEC and What is the mechanism
double- stranded DNA
Diarrhea in children - no toxin - adheres to apical surface - flattens villi - prevents absorption
Mobiluncus - an anaerobe
replication (B)

33. Work in the renal dialysis unit is risk factor For what nosocomial infection
special staining of bacteria
Herpesvirus; chickenpox and zoster
how many degrees celsius for mold?
HBV

34. How can you distinguish enterococci from nonenterococcal group D
Grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile
Synthesized dsDNA from RNA; dsDNA integrates into host genome
N. gonorrhea - vancomycin (inhibits gram pos) polymyxin (inhibits gram neg) - nystatin (inhibits fungi)
RSV - mycoplasma - chlamydia pneumo - strep pneumo -

35. What organisms stain with PAS

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36. Is pneumocystis a fungus or a protazoan
Prevents phagocytosis - group A strep
hypotonic solution
Yeast - protazoan
R. typhi

37. Which bacteria have no cell wall
Vanc resis enterococci and are important cause of nosocomial infection
oxygen requirements of bacteria
Congenital infection - mononucleosis with negative monospot - pneumonia - congenital - transfusion - sexual contact - saliva - urine - transplant
Mycoplasma - have sterols

38. What vaccine can prevent diptheria
Immediately upon exposure
Chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis
Toxoid vaccine
hyperthermophiles

39. Cilia - flagella - cell wall* - cytoplasm - ribosomes
Visceral leishmaniasis - donovani - sandly - macrophages containing amastigotes (lack flagella) - sodium stibogluconate
structures of an eukaryotic cell (5)
Haematobium - bladder
bacteriophage - definition

40. How is the presumptive HIV diagnosis made
ELISA test is sensitive but high false pos rates and low threshold - RULE OUT test - pos test are confirmed with western blot - High false neg - high threshold
bacillus
Protozoan - causes chagas dz - or african sleeping sickness
Neuraminidase

41. How is atypical rickettsiae transmitted
Aerosal and causes pneumonia
Cough - coryza - conjunctivitis
Common cold and SARS
Sterility

42. Membrane- bound - cellular structures that perform a function - analogous to organs in the body
C tetani
eukaryotic organelles - definition
actinomycetes (3) - description
California encephalitis - sandfly/Rift Valley fevers - crimean - congo hemorrhagic fever Not - hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever pneumonia

43. What are the key features of systemic mycoses
HPV 6 and 11 - condylomata acuminata
pasteurization
Can cause pneumonia and disseminate - all are dimorphic fungi except coccidiodomycosis Which is a spherule in tissue - tx is fluconazole/ketoconazole for local and amphotericin B for systemic - can mimic TB except no person to person infxn
MeninGococci - maltose and glucose - Gonococci - only glucose - both produce IgA protease

44. chronic granulomatous disease
rough ER
Anti gp120 crosses the placenta
Catalase pos microbes - S. aureus - Nocardia - aspergillus
coccus

45. What are the three forms of prion diesase
Tellurite agar
Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia
Sporadic - Creutzfeldt Jakob disease - rapidly progressive dementia; inheritid - Gerstmann - Straussler - Scheinker syndrome; or acquired (kuru)
Ancylostoma - necator

46. What kind of virus is HEV and What does it cause
Fever - malaise leading to agitation - photophobia - hydrophobia leading to paralysis - coma and death
RNA hepevirs - transmitted enterically and causes water borne epidemics - resembles HAV in course - severity - incubation - high mortality in pregnant women
Salmonella
Group B are resistant - group A are sensitive - B- BRAS

47. When humans are the only test host - ethical issues; ex HIV

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48. What is the fxn and chemical composition of the outer membrane in gram negative bacteria
cell membrane - definition
Site of endotoxin (LPS) - major surface antigen - lipid A induces TNF and IL-1 - polysaccharide is the antigen
two genre of bacteria that produce endospores
Aedes mosquitos with monkey or human resevoir -; high fever - black vomitus - and jaundice

49. produces tetanospas an exotoxin causing tetanus
osmotic pressure
C tetani
Aedes mosquitos with monkey or human resevoir -; high fever - black vomitus - and jaundice
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

50. What OI/disease occurs in the brain of AIDS pts
Gram pos rods with metachromatic (blue and red) granules
Cryptococcal meningitis - toxoplasmosis - CMV encelphalopathy - AIDS dementia - PML from JC virus
Metronidazole
Rickettsia and chlamydia - can't make out ATP