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Microbiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does gp41 do
Yes carriers - celullar RNA poly transcribes RNA from DNA template - reverse transcriptase transcribes DAN genome from RNA intermediate - virion enzyme is DNA dependent DNA poly
B anthracis - c. perfringens - c tetani (b cereus and c botulinum also form spores
Fusion and entry
what peptidoglycan is composed of

2. What titer can detect recent s pyogenes infection
ASO titer
Glycogen - mucopolysaccharides
simple staining of bacteria
Ancylostoma duodenale - necator americanus - larvae penetrate skin of feet - bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

3. What C. diptheria grows on...
Candida
flagella - function
Tellurite agar
Nystatin for superficial - ampho B for systemic

4. Capsid is removed to release nucleic acid
fimbriae - function
Does not ferment sorbitol
Meningococci
uncoating (AV)

5. What doe HBV and HCV infxn predispose to...
ELISA test is sensitive but high false pos rates and low threshold - RULE OUT test - pos test are confirmed with western blot - High false neg - high threshold
Active hepatitis - cirrhosis and HCC
Polio - echo - rhino - coxsackie - HAV - enteroviruses = fecal oral; large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins - can cause aspetic meningitis (except rhino and HAV)
S. aureus - virulence factor - binds Fc - IgG - inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis

6. Which are the DNA nucleocapsid viruses
Coxsackie A - hand - foot - mouth dz
Enteroinvasive E. coli
HEV
Adenovirus - papilloviruses - parvovirus

7. which viruses are kind of diploid and What are the others
Malaria - plasmodium - anopheles - blood smear - cholorquine - resistant use mefloquine and for vivax/ovale add primaquine for dormant forms
spiral - spirochete
Diploid - retroviruses - 2 ssRNA molecules - all others are haploid
Elementary body - small dense is infectious and enters via endocytosis -; reticulate body replicates in cell by fission - seen in tissue culture

8. When humans are the only test host - ethical issues; ex HIV

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9. What are the recombinant vaccines
C. diptheriae
HBV (antigen = recombinant HBsAg) HPV (6 - 11 -16 -18)
Acute bacterial endocarditis and osteomyelitis
Dysentery from shiga like toxin - O157:H7 is common serotype - produces HUS

10. Cyst with four nuclei
penetration (AV)
S. pyogenes - hemolysin antigen for ASO antibody Which is used in the dx of rheumatic fever
Entamoeba hisotlytica
Proteus - klebsiella - H. pylori - ureaplasma - particular kinds have urease

11. When should prophylactic vaccination of rabies vaccination occur
malaria
HBsAg as envelope - can coinfect or superinfect (worse prognosis)
Immediately upon exposure
Nystatin for superficial - ampho B for systemic

12. All living things are composed of cells
Cell Theory
No cell wall
Gram neg rod - urease pos - creates alk envrionment
Flulike (acute) - feeling fine (latent) - falling count - final crisis

13. What feature is unique to shigella
what many pathogenic fungi are
Candida
More virulent - 10^1 vs 10^5 organisms
chromosomes in nucleus are...

14. What species causing bloody or watery diarrhea produces a pseudomembranous colitis
Protein synthesis - 30S and 50S subunits
C. diff
C. trachomatis - subactue - often undiagnosed - N. gono - acute with high fever; C. trachomatis is the most common STI in the US
uncoating (AV)

15. What is the TX for candidiasis
3 groups in archaea
Nystatin for superficial - ampho B for systemic
C. trachomatis (L1- L3) - lymphgranuloma venereum
Spirochete - causes syphillis - or yaws (T. pertenue)

16. What kind of virus is HEV and What does it cause
RNA hepevirs - transmitted enterically and causes water borne epidemics - resembles HAV in course - severity - incubation - high mortality in pregnant women
S. epidermidis; colonized by S. aureus
Edema factor - part of the toxin complex - is an adenylate cyclase
Klebsiella

17. How do shigella propel themselves without flagella
Actic polymerization
bacillus
production of beer and wine
Chagas dz - trypanosoma cruzi - reduviid bug - blood smear - nifurtimox

18. How endospores return to metabolizing cells when environmental conditions are better (food and water present)
infection process of animal viruses (6)
Salmonella
germination
Leptospria - borrelia - treponema

19. Domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species
Malignant otitis externa
taxonomic hierarchy
hypertonic solution
Rubella

20. Opportunistic infections - KS - lymphoma - orga and dz
HIV - AIDS
eukaryotic organelles - definition
Gram neg coccobacillary rods - cultured on chocolate agar with factors V and X NAD+ and hematin OR with S. aureus
Macrophages - complement pathway and hageman factor

21. What bugs can cause food poisoning from contaminated seafood - and which of these can cause wound infections from contact with contaminated water or shellfish
special staining of bacteria
Food poisoning = Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus - wound = just vulnificus
S. pyogenes - toxic shock - like syndrome
Gardnerella vaginalis

22. What virulence factor binds Fc region of Ig - prevents opsonization and phagocytosis and what bug has it
Encapsulated or not - positive if encapsulated bug is present; capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added
Bad xray - worse than pt - high titer of cold agglutinins (IgM) which can agglutinate or lyse RBCs - grown on Eaton's agar
Protein A - S. aureus
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli

23. liver cysts - parasite
Mold hyphae - not dimorphic
Echinococcus granulosus
15-20 - atypical lymphocytes
Azithromycin

24. What kind of paralysis does tetanus toxin produce
Between 2 and 18 months
flagella - function
Spastic - trismus (lockjaw and risus sardonicus)
Parvovirus B19 and erythema infectiosum

25. What does parainfluenza cause
H flu type B
icosahedron
Croup - seal like barking cough
ADP- R AB toxin: heat labile - stimulates adenylate cylcase - heat stable toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase - both cause watery diarrhea

26. osteomyelitis after cat and dog bites or scratches
Ingestion of preformed toxin
Cryptosporidium
N. gonorrhoeae (rare) septic arthritis is more common
Pasteurella multocida

27. What is the organism for endemic typhus (fleas)
Lynn Margulis - gen. information
All of them
Doxycycline
R. typhi

28. What organisms are encapsulated
Actinomyces israeli
biggest danger of toxplasmosis
protozoan infections (5)
Strep pneumo - klebesiella - H flu type b - N. meningititides - salmonella - group B strep

29. What is chlamydia trachomatis - tricky Ts
>100 - acid labile - destroyed by stomach acid - does not infect GI
flagella
Bacteria - STD
yeast and mold stages can be dependent on _____ or ______

30. What are neoplasms associated with HIV

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31. A molecule unique to bacteria that gives the cell strength to resist breakage
Borrelia recurrentis
Koch's Postulates 4
peptidoglycan - definition
Tinea versicolor - malassezia furfur

32. What features are unique to salmonella
Toxo crosses the placenta
Have flagella - disseminate hematogenously - produce H2S - symptoms can be prolonged with Abx - typically a monocytic response
Streptococcus - staphylococus
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis - lung cavity aspergilloma 'fungus ball' invasice aspergillosis in immunoCised pts and those with chronic granulomatous disease

33. What are the signs of neurosyphillis
halophiles
S - definition
Broad based ataxia - positive ataxia - charcot joint - stroke without HTN
Cigar shaped yeast

34. What does pneumocystis jeroveci cause - How is it diagnosed - and in who do you see it in
Interstitial pneumonia - AIDS - diffuse bilateral CXR appearance - dx by lung biopsy or lavage - ID- ed by methanamine silver stain of lung tissue
ImmunoCised - or their close contacts
Pseudomonas
A lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrance of gram neg bacteria

35. What does norwalk virus do
Viral gastroenteritis
Tinea pedis - cruris - corporis - capitis - dermatophytes: microsporum - trichophyton - epidermophyton
Mold with septate hyphae that branch at acute angles
Gummas (chronic granulomas) - aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction) neurosyphillis (tabes dorsalis) - argyll robertson pupils

36. What is the nl flora of the vagina
Metronidazole
Lactobacillus - colonized by E. coli and group B strep
Capsid protein
Travels retrograde fashion up nerve axons

37. What acid is in the spore core
exceptions to Koch's Postulates 1
Dipicolinic acid
Transcribe negative strand to positive - RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Enteroviruses - rhinovirus - reovirus (rotavirus)

38. What is yellow fever transmissed by and What are the symptoms
Yersinia - enterocolitica - diarrhea (in day care centers) - causes mesenteric adenitis
lysis
Aedes mosquitos with monkey or human resevoir -; high fever - black vomitus - and jaundice
Campylocobacter jejuni

39. Require intracellular parasite/has to be within a host cell to replicate (prokaryotic); Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Surfers in the tropics
mycolic acid - definition
rickettsia
Naegleria fowleri - freshwater lakes through cribiform plate - amoebas in spinal fluid - amphotericin for survivors

40. What vaccine can prevent diptheria
C. botulinum
Toxoid vaccine
Protozoan - causes chagas dz - or african sleeping sickness
Fungi

41. What is the Ghon complex
Rickettsia rickettsii
TB granulomas (Ghon focus + lobar and perihilary lymph node involvment) - primary infection or exposure
Mumps virus - mumps
infection process of bacteriophage (5)

42. With strep grown on optichin - which are sensitive and which are resistant
All except coxiella are via arthropod
R. typhi
Viridans is resistant and pneumo is sensitive - OVRPS (overpass)
Anemia - thrombocytopenia - acute renal failure

43. Strict anaerobes that produce methane from CO2 and H
Actic polymerization
bacteria domain
Meningococci
methanogens

44. Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
flagella - description
Rickettsia - legionella - chlamydia (lacks muramic acid in cell wall)
structures of prokaryotic cell
C3a - hypotension - edema and C5a - neutrophil chemotaxis

45. What are the markers of Hep immunity
Salmonella
H flu
Anti - HBsAb
Gram neg coccobacillary rods - cultured on chocolate agar with factors V and X NAD+ and hematin OR with S. aureus

46. What is the TX for rickettsiae
Doxycycline
Water source - endotoxin causing fever and shock - exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2)
When nutriets are limited
S. aureus - Strep pyogenes - group B strep - listeria monocytogenes

47. health care provider
HBV from needle stick
Genetic drift - epidemic
release (AV)
Nocardia - pseudomonas - m. tuberculosis - bacillus - nagging pests must breathe

48. What is the clinical picture of rheumatic fever

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49. What features are common to both salmonella and shigella
Macrophages - complement pathway and hageman factor
ABC
Enteroviruses - rhinovirus - reovirus (rotavirus)
Both are lactose fermenters - both invade intestinal mucosa and can cause blood diarrhea

50. cestode causing cysts in liver - anaphylaxis when released from cysts - org - transmission - pre - surgical tx - and tx
Echinococcus granulosus - ingested eggs in dogs feces - surgeons inject ethanol before removal to kill daughter cysts - bendazoles
adsorption (B)
Severe bacteremia - death
8 - orthomyoxovirus