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Microbiology

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1. The mild heating of a substance to kill spoilage organisms (bacteria)
Gardnerella vaginalis
three domains of microorganisms
pasteurization
Salmonella

2. How does tetanus toxin cause tetanus
eukaryotes
Blocka glycine and GABA release - inhibitory NTs from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
Cell Theory
virology

3. Osteomyelitis in sickle cell
protozoa means of locomotion (3)
Antigen in urine
Salmonella
cell wall - function

4. What are the gram neg coccus (genus)
gram- positive stain - explanation
Fever - rash - shock - S aureas - TSST-1
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis - lung cavity aspergilloma 'fungus ball' invasice aspergillosis in immunoCised pts and those with chronic granulomatous disease
Neisseria

5. What are the top bugs for PID and what distinguishes them
C. trachomatis - subactue - often undiagnosed - N. gono - acute with high fever; C. trachomatis is the most common STI in the US
Endothelium swells and narrows lumen - leading to mechanical hemolysis and reduced renal blood flow - damaged endothelium consumes platelets
Water source - endotoxin causing fever and shock - exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2)
Yes carriers - celullar RNA poly transcribes RNA from DNA template - reverse transcriptase transcribes DAN genome from RNA intermediate - virion enzyme is DNA dependent DNA poly

6. What other organism is involved in vaginosis from gardnerella
Rickettsia rickettsii
Promote T cell activation and subsequent class switching - alone only IgM antibodies would be produced
Toxin A - enterotoxin binds to brush border of the gut - Toxin B - cytotoxin - destroys the cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes - causing pseudomembranous colitis
Mobiluncus - an anaerobe

7. Opportunistic infections - KS - lymphoma - orga and dz
E. coli
Echinococcus granulosus
HIV - AIDS
H flu

8. What associations go with listeria monocytogenes
Toxplasmosis
Entamoeba his - cysts in water - serology/trophozoites or cysts in stool/RBC in cytoplasm of entamoeba - metronidazole and iodquinol
John Needham - experiment
Tumbling motility - meningitis in newborns - unpasteurized milk

9. Endospores get into deep puncture wounds - make puncture wounds bleed (oxygen)
tetanus
Mycolic acid - high lipid content
HBsAg - HbeAg - and IgG Anti - HBcAg
Shiga like toxin - botulinum toxin - cholera toxin - diptheria toxin - erythrogenic toxin of s. pyogenes

10. What are possible sequelae of measles infxn
Herpesviruses - HBV - smallpox
Traveler's diarrhea - labile toxin/stable toxin - no inflammatino or invasion
Group B are resistant - group A are sensitive - B- BRAS
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is rare - and giant cell PNA in immunoCised

11. Vesciular rash on palms and soles with ulcers in oral mucosa - agent and dz
B. cereus
five nutritional adaptations of fungi compared to bacteria
Rickettsia rickettsii
Coxsackie A - hand - foot - mouth dz

12. What aspect of PID is a risk factor fo ectopic pregnancy - infertility - chronic pelvic pain - adhesion
Salpingitis
Taenia solium - ingestion of eggs - bendazole
Protein A - S. aureus
Tapeworm larvae (intestinal infection) in pork or eggs (neurocystircercosis) in food/water contaminated with human feces

13. Cat scratch disease - can cause bacillary angiomatosis in immuncoCised patients - can be confused with KS
Aerobic gram pos rod - non lactose fermenting - oxidase pos - blue - green pigment - grapelike odor
Bartonella sp
>100 - acid labile - destroyed by stomach acid - does not infect GI
Streptococcus mutans

14. Where does group B strep colonize
Vagina
Clostridia
HPV - warts (1 - 2 - 6 - 11) - CIN - cervical cancer (16 - 18) vaccine available
Food - fingers - feces - flies

15. Virus sticks to host cell surfaces by means of receptor sites which are inherited characteristics of the host
adsorption (AV)
S - definition
E. Coli produces beta galactosidase
penetration (B)

16. What kind of exotoxin does corneybacterium have and What does it do
Nocardia asteroides
Pyelonephritis - fever - chills flank pain - CVA tenderness - hematuria and WBC casts
Cmv
ADP- R AB toxin - inactivates EF-2; causes pharyngitis and pseudomembrane in the throat (similar to pseudomonas exotoxin A)

17. 37 celsius
Enterobius - ascaris - trichinella
how many degrees celsius for yeast?
Dipoid RNA
Babesiosis - ixodes - blood smear - quinine and clindamycin

18. Trichomonas
assembly (AV)
Dimorphic: yeast with pseudohyphae in culture at 20C - germ tube formation at 37C (diagnostic)
flagella
Elementary body

19. Why is anthrax called woolsorters disease
Herpesvirus; chickenpox and zoster
cell membrane - function
Inhalation of spores from contaminated wool
Lancet shaped - encapsulate - IgA protease

20. The host cell's plasma membrane
Haemophilus - legionella - bordetella - francisella - brucella - pasteurella - bartonella - garderella
envelope is composed of...
Mostly in DKA pts and leukemic pts - rhinocerebral - frontal lobe abscesses - HA - facial pain - black necrotic eschar on face - cranial nerve involvement
Epiglottitis (cherry- red in kids) meningitis - otitis media and pneumonia

21. Prevents contraction of muscles
Envelope proteins
ADP- R AB toxin: inc cAMP by inhibiting Galpha1 - causes whooping cough - inhibits chemokine receptor - causing lymphocytosis
flaccid paralysis
some fungi produce ______ that are toxic to humans

22. What is the progression of disease in rabies infxn
Fever - malaise leading to agitation - photophobia - hydrophobia leading to paralysis - coma and death
gram stain - definition
Doxycycline
Generalized transduction - a packaging event

23. Many sided; most common is icosahedron
Salmonella
polyhedral shape - defintion
Both are lactose fermenters - both invade intestinal mucosa and can cause blood diarrhea
Specialized transduction - an excision event

24. Other than the ToRCHeS infxns - what other infectious agents can cause meningitis in neonates
Fever - malaise leading to agitation - photophobia - hydrophobia leading to paralysis - coma and death
Transfer of just plasmid in F+ and transfer of plasmid plus some flanking genes in Hfr x F-
Group B strep - E. coli - listeria
chromosomes in nucleus are...

25. osteomyelitis after cat and dog bites or scratches
Lactose fermeting enterics - citrobacter - klebsiella - E. coli - enterobacter - serratia
Muramic acid
Pasteurella multocida
taxonomic hierarchy

26. Which two bacteria are gram pos rods forming long braching filaments resembling fungi
Nl/inc - inc lymphos - nl - inc - nl
facultative
Actinomyces and nocardia
complex virus example

27. dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
Treponema
Toxoplasmosis - aerolized cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat
Cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome) - also enhances cytokine release causing HUS - shigella and E. Coli 0157:H7

28. microcytic anemia - parasite
Ancylostoma - necator
Protozoan - STD
Cryptococcal meningitis - cryptococcosis - soap bibble lesions in brain
S. aureus

29. Which are the enteroviruses
flagella - description
Mobiluncus - an anaerobe
B19 virus - aplastic crisis in sickle cell - slapped cheek rash in kids - erythema infectosum (5th disease) - RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death - pure RBC aplasia and RA like symtpoms in adults
Poliovirus - coxsackievirus - echovirus - HAV

30. What does botulinum toxin do and What is it characterized by
Klebsiella pneumo
Heat labile toxin that inhibits ACH release from NMJ causing a flaccid paralysis
Promote T cell activation and subsequent class switching - alone only IgM antibodies would be produced
2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

31. Blue
VZV - chickenpox
Invasive - dysentary - shiga like toxin; microbe invades mucosa and toxin causes necrosis and inflammation
CD4 less than or equal to 200 - or HIV pos with AIDS defining conditino like pneumocytsis jerovici or a CD4/CD8 < 1.5
not acid- fast - colo

32. What is the organism for endemic typhus (human body louse)
S. aureus
commercial applications
Rickettsia - legionella - chlamydia (lacks muramic acid in cell wall)
R. prowazekii

33. Anthrax (wool sorter's disease)
MRSA - resistant to beta lactams due to altered penicillen binding protein
Bacillus anthracis
Bulls eye rash - flulike symptoms
Insidious onset - HA - non productive cough - diffuse interstitial infiltrate

34. The receptor sites for host cell in an enveloped virus
Candidal esophagitis - toxoplasmosis - histoplasmosis
Diarrhea in children - no toxin - adheres to apical surface - flattens villi - prevents absorption
Enteroviruses - rhinovirus - reovirus (rotavirus)
what envelope contains

35. Which form of Hansens disease is lethal
cell membrane - function
LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Lassa fever encephalitis - spread by mice
Blastomycosis - states east of mississippi river and central america
Lepromatous

36. What is the fxn and chemical composition of the bacterial capsule
Enterococci (E. faecalis - E. faecium) nl colonic flora - pen G resistant - cause UTI and subacute endocarditis
CMV retinitis and esophagitis - disseminated M avium intracellulare - cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Protects against phagocytosis - polysaccharide (except for B. anthracis which contains D- glutamate)
Degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to micorbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase

37. Protein synthesis
Strep pneumo - klebesiella - H flu type b - N. meningititides - salmonella - group B strep
ribosomes - function
Pseudomonas
cytoplasm - definition

38. What organisms stain with Ziehl - Neelson
TB granulomas (Ghon focus + lobar and perihilary lymph node involvment) - primary infection or exposure
Protozoan - a TORCH infection
Humoral and cell mediate - can revert to virulence
Acid fast organisms

39. Allows bacterial cells to attach to surfaces - helps prevent phagocytosis
glycocalyx - function
Fibrocaseous cavitary lesion in upper lobe
Gonorrhea - septic arthritis - neonatal conjunctivitis - PID - fitz - hugh curtis
Bartonella sp

40. In what instance does primary TB become progressive lung disease and what happens
HIV - malnutrition - death
Rheumatic fever - acute glomerulonephritis
malaria prevention
Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia

41. What doe HBV and HCV infxn predispose to...
two genre of bacteria that produce endospores
Active hepatitis - cirrhosis and HCC
HCV
S pneumo - GNR - listeria

42. This fungi causes pneumonia and meningitis can disseminate to bone - cases inc after earthquakes - name of dz - classic histo finding and endemic area
Coccidiodiomycosis - southwestern US - CA - San Joaquin Valley valley fever - spherules
Polio - echo - rhino - coxsackie - HAV - enteroviruses = fecal oral; large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins - can cause aspetic meningitis (except rhino and HAV)
Papilloma - polyoma - hepadnavirus
Toxoplasmosis - aerolized cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat

43. What happens in tertiary syphillis
Gummas (chronic granulomas) - aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction) neurosyphillis (tabes dorsalis) - argyll robertson pupils
Papilloma - polyoma (circular - supercoiled) and hepadna (circular incomplete)
HHV 6 - roseola
Toxoplasmosis - aerolized cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat

44. Antiviral drugs exist but are usually very ____
Adenovirus - papilloviruses - parvovirus
Black necrosis surrounded by edematous ring - caused by letha factor and edema factor
Elementary body
specific

45. Obligate intracellular parasites - most can infect cells of only one host species
Antigen in urine
ADP- R AB toxin: inc cAMP by inhibiting Galpha1 - causes whooping cough - inhibits chemokine receptor - causing lymphocytosis
viruses
Streptococcus - staphylococus

46. Unimmunized child with pharyngitis - grayish oropharyngeal pseudomembrane which can obstruct the airway - painful throat
they are eukaryotes
differential staining example
C. diptheriae
adsorption (AV)

47. Host cell usually lyses - lysozyme produced
Coxsackie A - rocky mountain spotted fever and syphillis (CARS)
Serratia marcescens
release (B)
Robert Hooke

48. intestinal nematode can cause anemia by sucking blood from the intestinal walls - orgs - transmission - tx
Lepromatous
Ancylostoma duodenale - necator americanus - larvae penetrate skin of feet - bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
Doxycycline
Guillain barre

49. What is Treponema - tricky Ts
Surface F protein - causes respiratory epithelial cells to fus and form multinucleated cells
replication (B)
Spirochete - causes syphillis - or yaws (T. pertenue)
C tetani

50. What is the classical presentation of mycoplasma pneumonia
Insidious onset - HA - non productive cough - diffuse interstitial infiltrate
Type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria toxoid or other protein
C. perfringens
Viridans group streptococci

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Microbiology

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