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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.

2. How do you prepare a patient for Impedance cardiography monitoring?
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).

3. What is an aortic dissection?

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4. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Second Left intercostal space
D/C the med and call the doctor.

5. What is the goal of treatment for an MI? Treatment?
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.

6. What is more harmful a lot of little emboli or one large emboli?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Before
One large emboli (smaller=better)
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm

7. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

8. What should be done is a patient on anticoagulants suffers from epistaxis for more than 15 mins?
Right sided heart failure
Lung disease
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the

9. What are the S&S associated with right sided heart failure?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.

10. In what locations should you not place electrodes?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.

11. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
Pulmonary edema
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches

12. What is a good diagnosis for someone with right sided HF?
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Activity intolerance

13. When should bleeding precautions be implemented?
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.

14. What is defibrillation?
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.

15. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Right sided heart failure
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.

16. What causes secondary hypertension?
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.

17. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in complete heart block?
Only for a few hours
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
In the first 72 hours!!!!!

18. What should be done immediately if a pulmonary embolism is suspected?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts

19. What type of surgery is done for an aortic dissection?
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo

20. When should a patient call 911 after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Cannot
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.

21. What should you do prior to placing cardiac monitor electrodes on the skin (4 things)?
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause

22. What condition can cause left sided heart failure?
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

23. What SE should you look for with calcium channel blocker use?
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.

24. What should a patient do if they feel chest pain or discomfort?
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

25. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.

26. What should you teach someone about iodine?
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.

27. What are the proper steps to changing a central venous catheter dressing?
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.

28. What should be done during the insertion of both a CVP catheter and a swan ganz catheter?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.

29. What signals an elevated venous pressure based on the internal jugular veins?
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).

30. What should you do if the patient you are applying cardiac monitor electrodes to is hairy?
Right sided heart failure
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.

31. What does plan of care include?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.

32. What should you do frequently for someone with a central line to help prevent pulmonary emboli?
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.

33. Which jugular veins give a more accurate estimate of the jugular vein pressure and pressure in the right atrium?
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.

34. What are the treatments/ S&S of peripheral venous disease?
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.

35. What landmarks should you be looking for on someone's chest?
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Poorly controlled hypertension
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW

36. What should you teach your patient about MRI?
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.

37. What should you go when applying nitroglycerin ointment for angina?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+

38. For what disease should you do the Allen's test?

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39. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.

40. What are the S&S of air embolism?
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.

41. What will be the treatment for an acute episode of life threatening tamponade?
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Right sided heart failure
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

42. What are the 2 types of pacemakers?
Second right intercostal space
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)

43. What factors place you at risk for HTN?
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat

44. What are common risk factors for an MI?
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
Lower left sternal border
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.

45. What should you do if you are going to ventilate someone with an ambu bag?
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
Idiopathic

46. What should be done immediately for someone with PE?
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.

47. For which heart sounds should the bell be used?
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.

48. What should you teach someone with arterial insufficiency?

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49. Where is the tricuspid valve landmark on the chest?
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
Lower left sternal border
Open up blood vessels
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD

50. What makes the symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome better? Worse?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.