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NCLEX Cardiac
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Subjects
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nclex
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health-sciences
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nursing
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is intermittent claudication?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Lung disease
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
2. What does an Allen's test determine?
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
Second right intercostal space
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
3. What activity should a patient with pericarditis - who is undergoing treatment - be allowed?
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Maintain BED REST
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
4. How is the Allen's test done?
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
5. What is CVP? Normal?
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
6. What should you do if the patient you are applying cardiac monitor electrodes to is hairy?
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
7. Where should you place your stethescope to find the tricuspid valve?
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
8. What should you teach a patient regarding discharge after a DVT?
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9. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
10. In What time period is the greatest risk of sudden death from an MI?
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
11. What should you do if the PT value is 45 sec?
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
12. What do calcium channel blockers do?
Open up blood vessels
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
Activity intolerance
Lung disease
13. What SE should you look for with calcium channel blocker use?
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
14. What is defibrillation?
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
15. What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
16. What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
17. What should be done for someone on bleeding precautions?
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
18. What are coumadin and heparin used for?
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
19. What needs to be held during the placement of a femoral artery compression device?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
20. What is the treatment for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
21. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
22. What is the goal of treatment for an MI? Treatment?
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
23. How should you palpate the apical pulse?
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
24. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
25. What should you go when applying nitroglycerin ointment for angina?
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
26. Which jugular veins give a more accurate estimate of the jugular vein pressure and pressure in the right atrium?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
27. What should you not allow if a patient has a negative Allen's test?
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
No radial artery punctures if negative
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
28. How is the arterial brachial index (ABI) calculated? Who should perform this? What is normal?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
29. How does the blood flow through the heart? (valves?)
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
30. What signals an elevated venous pressure based on the internal jugular veins?
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
31. For what disease should you do the Allen's test?
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32. How long is contrast media in the body?
Only for a few hours
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Pulmonary edema
33. What should you observe for in someone on bleeding precautions?
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
34. What is the most common cause of arterial insufficiency?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
35. What should you teach someone about iodine?
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
Before
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
36. How should you palpate the carotid arteries?
Lower left sternal border
Open up blood vessels
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
37. What is characteristic of complete heart block?
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
38. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
39. What is epistaxis?
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
A nosebleed
40. What can result from left sided heart failure if left untreated?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Pulmonary edema
41. What should be taught upon discharge for someone going home on coumadin as a result of a PE?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
42. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Idiopathic
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Second Right intercostal space.
43. What should you do if the PTT value is 80 for someone on heparin?
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Lower left sternal border
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
44. What body systems are affected by digoxin toxicity? S&S?
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Right sided heart failure
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
45. In what locations should you not place electrodes?
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
46. What is the treatment for myocardial infarction?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
47. If 2 liters of fluid is left in the pericardial sac (cardiac tamponade) and goes untreated what could it cause?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Right sided heart failure
48. Where is the pulmonic valve landmark on the chest?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Second left intercostal space
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
49. When would a nurse use an external femoral artery compression device?
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
Protamine Sulfate
Second right intercostal space
50. What should you teach your patient about MRI?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip
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