Test your basic knowledge |

NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is you see an NA placing cardiac monitor electrodes on a patient. She is placing (-) on the left and (+) on the right what should you do?
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
Open up blood vessels
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.

2. In what locations should you not place electrodes?
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.

3. What should you do if the PTT value is 80 for someone on heparin?
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
D/C the med and call the doctor.

4. What should you teach your patient about an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.

5. What will the Transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE) show that will indicate cardiac tamponade?
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.

6. What is a therapeutic digoxin level?
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L

7. What places someone at risk for an aortic dissection?
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
Poorly controlled hypertension

8. What makes the symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome better? Worse?
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

9. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Poorly controlled hypertension
A nosebleed
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

10. What should you not allow if a patient has a negative Allen's test?
No radial artery punctures if negative
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.

11. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.

12. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
In the first 72 hours!!!!!

13. What would make someone more at risk for digoxin toxicity?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.

14. What is the nursing care associated with chemical stress tests (persantine stress test)?
Second Left intercostal space
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.

15. What should you explain to the patient about an impedance cardiography test?
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
Only for a few hours
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the

16. What is the correct way to insert an oropharyngeal airway?
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.

17. What should you watch for with PICC lines that have been in place for 6 months?
Second right intercostal space
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Air answers (open junctions)
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.

18. What is the treatment for premature ventricular contractions?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Lower left sternal border
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).

19. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.

20. What is a nursing diagnosis for arterial occlusion? Tx
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

21. What should you do frequently for someone with a central line to help prevent pulmonary emboli?
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.

22. Where should you place your stethescope to find the tricuspid valve?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Pulse before and after giving.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

23. What are the steps to perform the heimlich maneuver?
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.

24. What are common risk factors for an MI?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
A nosebleed
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.

25. What should you know about your recovery period after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
Idiopathic
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

26. What should you always assume with a patient who has a central line placed and is experiencing SOB?
Air embolism
Pulse before and after giving.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
Second Left intercostal space

27. Where should you place your stethescope to find the pulmonic valve?
Idiopathic
Second Left intercostal space
Poorly controlled hypertension
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.

28. What are the steps for adult/child 1 rescuer CPR?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Pulmonary edema

29. What are the two common complications of pericarditis?
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.

30. Which type of patient shouldn't take nitrates?
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.

31. Who would most likely have peripheral venous disease?
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml

32. What are the S&S associated with right sided heart failure?
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.

33. What is the antidote for coumadin?
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
A nosebleed
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.

34. What do calcium channel blockers do?
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Open up blood vessels

35. What should you teach a patient regarding discharge after a DVT?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

36. What should you do if the PT value is 45 sec?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
No radial artery punctures if negative
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.

37. What should you do if the patient you are applying cardiac monitor electrodes to is hairy?
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie

38. What is Raynauds disease? Tx?
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Air embolism
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.

39. What type of EKG change indicates MI?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)

40. What is a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

41. What should you do immediately if you suspect someone of developing a hematoma?
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).

42. What are the four types of pulmonary emboli?
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Maintain BED REST

43. What is an air embolism?
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.

44. Where should you place your stethescope to find the aortic valve?
Iodine
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Second Right intercostal space.
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).

45. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
A nosebleed

46. What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
Idiopathic
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).

47. What is an aortic dissection?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

48. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
A nosebleed
Right sided heart failure
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.

49. How is the Allen's test done?
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna

50. What does a swan ganz measure?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.