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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What would make someone more at risk for digoxin toxicity?
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Activity intolerance
0.5-2.0 ng/ml

2. What is INR?
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.

3. Where is the aortic valve landmark on the chest?
Second right intercostal space
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Protamine Sulfate
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).

4. What should a patient do if they feel chest pain or discomfort?
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

5. When should a patient call 911 after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.

6. How is angina treated?

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7. In what locations should you not place electrodes?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.

8. What should you watch for with PICC lines that have been in place for 6 months?
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Air answers (open junctions)
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

9. What should you do prior to placing cardiac monitor electrodes on the skin (4 things)?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!

10. What should you do when applying a femoral artery compression device?
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.

11. What are the S&S of superior vena cava syndrome?
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches

12. What should you tell a patient who developed a hematoma in the hospital and is being discharged?
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Activity intolerance
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).

13. What causes essential/primary hypertension?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Idiopathic
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.

14. What are the S&S of air embolism?
Lung disease
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.

15. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in complete heart block?
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.

16. During an Allen's test don't compress one artery _____ the other.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Before
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.

17. What are the steps for adult/child 1 rescuer CPR?
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.

18. What is a nursing diagnosis for arterial occlusion? Tx
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.

19. What are common risk factors for an MI?
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.

20. When should bleeding precautions be implemented?
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo

21. What should be immediately done for a patient experiencing digoxin toxicity?
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).

22. What should you go when applying nitroglycerin ointment for angina?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.

23. What is the normal value for arterial pulse? Pulse amplitude? Edema? Reflex?
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space

24. Which jugular veins give a more accurate estimate of the jugular vein pressure and pressure in the right atrium?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).

25. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

26. What is the treatment for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.

27. Where should you place your stethescope to find the tricuspid valve?
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

28. What is characteristic of premature ventricular contractions?
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.

29. Without prompt surgery for an aortic dissection What is someone at risk for developing?
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.

30. Where is the tricuspid valve landmark on the chest?
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Lower left sternal border
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.

31. What is important to remember when removing a CVC from a patient?
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.

32. What does an Allen's test determine?
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.

33. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
Protamine Sulfate
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Left sternal border

34. What is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr

35. What is the treatments for hypertension?
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Air embolism

36. What is more harmful a lot of little emboli or one large emboli?
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
One large emboli (smaller=better)

37. What is characteristic of complete heart block?
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.

38. What will the Transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE) show that will indicate cardiac tamponade?
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
Iodine
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.

39. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.

40. What should you do if you are going to ventilate someone with an ambu bag?
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW

41. What is cardioversion?

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42. What does plan of care include?
Activity intolerance
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.

43. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.

44. What is labile hypertension?
D/C the med and call the doctor.
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).

45. What is intermittent claudication?
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.

46. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).

47. What should you tell someone about taking nitroglycerin tablets (SE)?
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.

48. What should you teach someone after they have had a pacemaker placed?

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49. What is CVP? Normal?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.

50. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Second left intercostal space
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.