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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What should you explain to the patient about an impedance cardiography test?
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Second Left intercostal space
Air embolism
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.

2. What are the S&S of cardiac tamponade?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr

3. What should be immediately done for a patient experiencing digoxin toxicity?
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Pulse before and after giving.
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.

4. What should happen if someone converts to asystole/flatline?
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).

5. What is epistaxis?
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
A nosebleed
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
D/C the med and call the doctor.

6. What should be taught upon discharge for someone going home on coumadin as a result of a PE?
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.

7. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

8. Where should you place your stethescope to find the tricuspid valve?
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
Lung disease

9. What condition can cause left sided heart failure?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
Second left intercostal space
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.

10. What is the purpose of compression devices?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea

11. What does an Allen's test determine?
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.

12. What is the hallmark clinical finding associated with pericarditis?
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml

13. What is the normal value for arterial pulse? Pulse amplitude? Edema? Reflex?
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+

14. What landmarks should you be looking for on someone's chest?
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.

15. What should be done for someone on bleeding precautions?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.

16. What are the four types of pulmonary emboli?
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
Cannot
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic

17. What should be done immediately if a pulmonary embolism is suspected?
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
Activity intolerance

18. How should you palpate the carotid arteries?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Left sternal border
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.

19. What is an air embolism?
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.

20. Without prompt surgery for an aortic dissection What is someone at risk for developing?
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the

21. How long is contrast media in the body?
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Only for a few hours
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.

22. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!

23. What is the most common cause of arterial insufficiency?
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.

24. What are the S&S of air embolism?
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.

25. What is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.

26. What can result from left sided heart failure if left untreated?
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Lower left sternal border
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
Pulmonary edema

27. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Second Left intercostal space
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.

28. What is you see an NA placing cardiac monitor electrodes on a patient. She is placing (-) on the left and (+) on the right what should you do?
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho

29. What is cardiac tamponade? Common causes?
Second Right intercostal space.
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat

30. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

31. What are the treatments/ S&S of peripheral venous disease?
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.

32. What does a swan ganz measure?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Second Right intercostal space.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.

33. Where should you place your stethescope to find the mitral (apex) valve?
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab

34. What is the treatment for a patient in complete heart block?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.

35. What should you always assume with a patient who has a central line placed and is experiencing SOB?
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Air embolism
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.

36. What should you do frequently for someone with a central line to help prevent pulmonary emboli?
Maintain BED REST
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

37. Who would most likely have peripheral venous disease?
Air embolism
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Second Right intercostal space.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.

38. What should be done immediately for someone with PE?
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
Second Right intercostal space.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).

39. What type of EKG change indicates MI?
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.

40. What should you teach someone about iodine?
Don't interfere!
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.

41. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO

42. What are the indications for a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Iodine
Cannot
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.

43. What is the maintenance for venous access port that isn't being regularly used?
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)
Right sided heart failure

44. When should a patient call 911 after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).

45. What should you do if you are going to ventilate someone with an ambu bag?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
D/C the med and call the doctor.

46. What does vasotec (Enalapril Maleate) do/SE?
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Activity intolerance
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD

47. What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.

48. What should you teach your patient about MRI?
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip

49. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm

50. How is the arterial brachial index (ABI) calculated? Who should perform this? What is normal?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.