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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For which heart sounds should the diaphragm be used?
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm

2. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr

3. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in atrial fibrillation?
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.

4. What is intermittent claudication?
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea

5. What should be immediately done for a patient experiencing digoxin toxicity?
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).

6. What is the most common cause of arterial insufficiency?
Poorly controlled hypertension
No radial artery punctures if negative
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.

7. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
Cannot
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.

8. What should be checked in a patient on a beta blocker?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Poorly controlled hypertension
Pulse before and after giving.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.

9. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.

10. What is the treatment for a patient in complete heart block?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.

11. Test ending in Gram=?
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Iodine
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.

12. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.

13. What is the goal of treatment for an MI? Treatment?
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Don't interfere!

14. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
Pulmonary edema
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

15. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
A nosebleed
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).

16. How is the Allen's test done?
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.

17. What activity should a patient with pericarditis - who is undergoing treatment - be allowed?
Maintain BED REST
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.

18. What is characteristic of ventricular tachycardia?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.

19. What should you suspect for someone who post cardiac cath and percutaneous coronary intervention reporting feeling a pop in her left groin followed by a saturated dressing - swelling around site - palpable 2 inch fullness - and a bruit is present?
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at

20. What should you do if the PTT value is 80 for someone on heparin?
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
D/C the med and call the doctor.

21. What are the S&S of superior vena cava syndrome?
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Idiopathic

22. Where is the right ventricle landmark on the chest?
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
Left sternal border
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.

23. What should you always assume with a patient who has a central line placed and is experiencing SOB?
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Air embolism

24. What is a assessment finding with DVT?

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25. What should be done immediately if a pulmonary embolism is suspected?
Poorly controlled hypertension
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts

26. What are common risk factors for an MI?
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
A nosebleed
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.

27. Where is the pulmonic valve landmark on the chest?
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Second left intercostal space
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.

28. What disease can cause right sided heart failure?
Lung disease
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.

29. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Second Left intercostal space
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

30. What needs to be held during the placement of a femoral artery compression device?
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
NO NSAIDS or ASA.

31. What should you teach someone with arterial insufficiency?

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32. What is the hallmark clinical finding associated with pericarditis?
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.

33. What factors place you at risk for HTN?
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.

34. What should you teach your patient about an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.

35. What should happen if someone converts to asystole/flatline?
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm

36. What are the steps for adult/child 1 rescuer CPR?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Pulse before and after giving.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause

37. Where is the tricuspid valve landmark on the chest?
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Lower left sternal border

38. What nursing interventions are associated with a pt. experiencing ventricular fibrillation?
Air answers (open junctions)
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).

39. When would a nurse use an external femoral artery compression device?
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va

40. What is the treatments for hypertension?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).

41. What are all the S&S of pericarditis?
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Protamine Sulfate
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

42. How is the arterial brachial index (ABI) calculated? Who should perform this? What is normal?
Pulmonary edema
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Second Left intercostal space
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.

43. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.

44. When should bleeding precautions be implemented?
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Right sided heart failure
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.

45. How is angina treated?

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46. For what disease should you do the Allen's test?

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47. What should the plan of care include for a diagnosis of activity intolerance r/t right sided HF?
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.

48. What should you do when applying a femoral artery compression device?
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.

49. What things should you do to assess cardiovascular status?
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.

50. What is superior vena cava syndrome?
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.