Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a assessment finding with DVT?

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2. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.


3. What is intermittent claudication?
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.


4. What should happen if someone converts to asystole/flatline?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Lung disease


5. What type of EKG change indicates MI?
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Lower left sternal border
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)


6. What should a patient do if they feel chest pain or discomfort?
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table


7. What is the treatment for myocardial infarction?
Maintain BED REST
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.


8. What is the antidote for heparin?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Protamine Sulfate
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.


9. What should you go when applying nitroglycerin ointment for angina?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border


10. What is the treatment for someone with right sided HF? How do you know working?
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!


11. What is pulsus paradoxus?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.


12. What makes the symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome better? Worse?
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.


13. For what disease should you do the Allen's test?

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14. What is the correct way to insert an oropharyngeal airway?
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.


15. What should you know about your recovery period after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va


16. What should you do when applying a femoral artery compression device?
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.


17. What is the proper way to access and implanted venous access port (IVAP) (Mediport)?

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18. In What time period is the greatest risk of sudden death from an MI?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply


19. What should you remember while taking care of someone with a peripheral arterial occlusion?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Air embolism
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.


20. What should you watch for with PICC lines that have been in place for 6 months?
Air answers (open junctions)
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.


21. What is the treatment for a patient in complete heart block?
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.


22. What should you teach your patient about an exercise ECG (stress test)?
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.


23. What should you do if you are going to ventilate someone with an ambu bag?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-


24. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).


25. What should you do if the PTT value is 80 for someone on heparin?
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.


26. What does plan of care include?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Before


27. What should you do to treat pulmonary edema?
Before
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Lower left sternal border


28. What should you tell a patient who developed a hematoma in the hospital and is being discharged?
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.


29. What can result from left sided heart failure if left untreated?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Pulmonary edema
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.


30. What should you observe for in someone on bleeding precautions?
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).


31. What is the treatments for hypertension?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Air answers (open junctions)
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.


32. If 2 liters of fluid is left in the pericardial sac (cardiac tamponade) and goes untreated what could it cause?
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Right sided heart failure
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.


33. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Iodine
Activity intolerance
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).


34. What are the S&S of superior vena cava syndrome?
Lung disease
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Poorly controlled hypertension


35. What is a nursing diagnosis for arterial occlusion? Tx
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
Pulse before and after giving.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.


36. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo


37. What should you teach your patient about MRI?
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip


38. What should be done immediately if a pulmonary embolism is suspected?
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border


39. What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)


40. What should you teach someone with arterial insufficiency?

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41. What signals an elevated venous pressure based on the internal jugular veins?
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.


42. For which heart sounds should the diaphragm be used?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.


43. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.


44. What usually triggers angina pain?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Open up blood vessels
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).


45. What is the treatment for premature ventricular contractions?
Second left intercostal space
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).


46. When should you be concerned about premature ventricular contraction?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Second Right intercostal space.
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).


47. What are the five areas for listening to the heart?

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48. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in complete heart block?
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).


49. What landmarks should you be looking for on someone's chest?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.


50. What is the normal value for arterial pulse? Pulse amplitude? Edema? Reflex?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).