Test your basic knowledge |

NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What condition can cause left sided heart failure?
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.

2. What do calcium channel blockers do?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Open up blood vessels
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.

3. What are the S&S associated with right sided heart failure?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).

4. When should you be concerned about premature ventricular contraction?
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.

5. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).

6. What is cardioversion?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

7. What is important to remember when taking care of patients with compression devices?
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.

8. What should you go when applying nitroglycerin ointment for angina?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches

9. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!

10. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.

11. What is the antidote for coumadin?
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Lower left sternal border
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)

12. For which heart sounds should the diaphragm be used?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

13. How long is contrast media in the body?
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Only for a few hours
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply

14. What should you do if the PT value is 45 sec?
D/C the med and call the doctor.
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab

15. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.

16. Who would most likely have peripheral venous disease?
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).

17. What things should you do to assess cardiovascular status?
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.

18. What are the S&S of cardiac tamponade?
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.

19. Where is the apex/mitral valve landmark on the chest?
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.

20. What should you teach someone after they have had a pacemaker placed?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

21. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.

22. What is a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
ST segment elevation (STEMI)

23. When would a nurse use an external femoral artery compression device?
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
Pulse before and after giving.

24. What is a good diagnosis for someone with right sided HF?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Activity intolerance
A nosebleed

25. What is the goal of treatment for an MI? Treatment?
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).

26. What should be immediately done for a patient experiencing digoxin toxicity?
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).

27. What SE should you look for with calcium channel blocker use?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).

28. What can result from left sided heart failure if left untreated?
Pulmonary edema
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).

29. What causes essential/primary hypertension?
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Idiopathic

30. What are the nursing interventions for a patient with premature ventricular contractions?
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho

31. What are the S&S of superior vena cava syndrome?
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Cannot
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.

32. What is superior vena cava syndrome?
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)

33. What is a transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE)?
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu

34. What is INR?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.

35. What are all the S&S of pericarditis?
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm

36. Where is the aortic valve landmark on the chest?
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Air embolism
Second right intercostal space

37. What does an Allen's test determine?
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.

38. What should you do immediately for someone experiencing anticoagulant induced epistaxis?
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
One large emboli (smaller=better)
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.

39. What are the four types of pulmonary emboli?
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers

40. What should you teach someone about iodine?
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L

41. What does a swan ganz measure?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Second right intercostal space
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.

42. What should you always assume with a patient who has a central line placed and is experiencing SOB?
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Air embolism

43. How do you prepare a patient for Impedance cardiography monitoring?
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD

44. What landmarks should you be looking for on someone's chest?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
Left sternal border

45. Where is the pulmonic valve landmark on the chest?
Second left intercostal space
Lung disease
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)

46. What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.

47. What should you not allow if a patient has a negative Allen's test?
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
No radial artery punctures if negative
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO

48. What is characteristic of premature ventricular contractions?
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.

49. What are coumadin and heparin used for?
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.

50. What should you suspect for someone who post cardiac cath and percutaneous coronary intervention reporting feeling a pop in her left groin followed by a saturated dressing - swelling around site - palpable 2 inch fullness - and a bruit is present?
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Left sternal border