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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is characteristic of ventricular fibrillation?
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Before
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.

2. Where should you place your stethescope to find the tricuspid valve?
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!

3. What should you do immediately if you suspect someone of developing a hematoma?
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.

4. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Second right intercostal space
Lower left sternal border

5. What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Left sternal border
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie

6. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
One large emboli (smaller=better)

7. What are all the S&S of pericarditis?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Left sternal border

8. What is pulsus paradoxus?
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie

9. How should you palpate the carotid arteries?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.

10. What is the proper way to access and implanted venous access port (IVAP) (Mediport)?

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11. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in atrial fibrillation?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
ST segment elevation (STEMI)

12. What landmarks should you be looking for on someone's chest?
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Second left intercostal space
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.

13. What are the two common complications of pericarditis?
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Protamine Sulfate
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
One large emboli (smaller=better)

14. What is the treatment for premature ventricular contractions?
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).

15. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.

16. Where should you place your stethescope to find the pulmonic valve?
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Second Left intercostal space

17. What is a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.

18. What factors place you at risk for HTN?
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.

19. What does an Allen's test determine?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).

20. What is a transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE)?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).

21. How is the Allen's test done?
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Air answers (open junctions)
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
Lung disease

22. What is the treatment for a patient in complete heart block?
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
No radial artery punctures if negative

23. In What time period is the greatest risk of sudden death from an MI?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
Cannot
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.

24. A femoral artery compression device ______be assigned to an NA?
Cannot
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Activity intolerance
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

25. What are common risk factors for an MI?
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.

26. What should you do if you are going to ventilate someone with an ambu bag?
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)

27. What is an aortic dissection?

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28. What is the most common cause of arterial insufficiency?
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.

29. What will the Transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE) show that will indicate cardiac tamponade?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.

30. What are the steps to perform the heimlich maneuver?
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).

31. What should you observe for in someone on bleeding precautions?
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).

32. What should be done for someone on bleeding precautions?
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.

33. What disease can cause right sided heart failure?
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Lung disease

34. What are the proper steps to changing a central venous catheter dressing?
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply

35. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.

36. What are the indications for a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

37. What is the purpose of compression devices?
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.

38. What should you tell a patient who developed a hematoma in the hospital and is being discharged?
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.

39. What should you teach your patient about an abdominal ultrasonography?
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.

40. Where is the right ventricle landmark on the chest?
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
Left sternal border
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.

41. What is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?
Open up blood vessels
D/C the med and call the doctor.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).

42. What are the S&S of pulmonary embolism?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.

43. Where should you place your stethescope to find the ERB's Point?
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space

44. What should you remember while taking care of someone with a peripheral arterial occlusion?
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).

45. What activity should a patient with pericarditis - who is undergoing treatment - be allowed?
Maintain BED REST
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

46. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).

47. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!

48. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr

49. What is cardioversion?

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50. What is an air embolism?
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).