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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What causes essential/primary hypertension?
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Idiopathic

2. What should you do if the PTT value is 80 for someone on heparin?
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD

3. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

4. Test ending in Gram=?
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Iodine
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).

5. What are the S&S of aortic dissection?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.

6. What should you go when applying nitroglycerin ointment for angina?
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.

7. What is the nursing care associated with chemical stress tests (persantine stress test)?
Pulse before and after giving.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

8. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
Pulse before and after giving.
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.

9. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in atrial fibrillation?
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

10. What drugs are most commonly used for angina?
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

11. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr

12. Where is the apex/mitral valve landmark on the chest?
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Second left intercostal space
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.

13. What is superior vena cava syndrome?
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space

14. Which jugular veins give a more accurate estimate of the jugular vein pressure and pressure in the right atrium?
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).

15. What is INR?
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Activity intolerance
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).

16. What should be immediately done for a patient experiencing digoxin toxicity?
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.

17. What should be done immediately for someone with PE?
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna

18. In what locations should you not place electrodes?
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.

19. What is characteristic of ventricular tachycardia?
Activity intolerance
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)

20. What is a nursing diagnosis for arterial occlusion? Tx
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.

21. What SE should you look for with calcium channel blocker use?
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).

22. What do calcium channel blockers do?
Open up blood vessels
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.

23. What should you tell a patient who developed a hematoma in the hospital and is being discharged?
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause

24. What are the 2 types of pacemakers?
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Pulmonary edema

25. Where should you place your stethescope to find the aortic valve?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Second Right intercostal space.
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

26. What are common risk factors for an MI?
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.

27. A femoral artery compression device ______be assigned to an NA?
Right sided heart failure
Open up blood vessels
Lung disease
Cannot

28. Where should you place your stethescope to find the pulmonic valve?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Second Left intercostal space
A nosebleed

29. What should you always assume with a patient who has a central line placed and is experiencing SOB?
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Air embolism

30. How should you palpate the apical pulse?
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.

31. What are the indications for a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.

32. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Don't interfere!

33. What are the steps for adult 2 rescuer CPR?
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

34. What are coumadin and heparin used for?
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Air answers (open junctions)
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.

35. What are the S&S of cardiac tamponade?
Pulmonary edema
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.

36. What disease can cause right sided heart failure?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Lung disease
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).

37. Where should you place your stethescope to find the mitral (apex) valve?
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.

38. What is cardiac tamponade? Common causes?
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat

39. What are the five areas for listening to the heart?

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40. What are the proper steps to changing a central venous catheter dressing?
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna

41. What landmarks should you be looking for on someone's chest?
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)

42. What should be done is a patient on anticoagulants suffers from epistaxis for more than 15 mins?
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Open up blood vessels

43. What should you do immediately for someone experiencing anticoagulant induced epistaxis?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at

44. What is the treatment for a patient in complete heart block?
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).

45. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers

46. What will be the treatment for an acute episode of life threatening tamponade?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

47. Who would most likely have peripheral venous disease?
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers

48. If a victim is choking but can cough - speak - or breath what should you do?

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49. What should you do frequently for someone with a central line to help prevent pulmonary emboli?
Lung disease
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic

50. What is pericarditis?
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts