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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a therapeutic digoxin level?
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.

2. What does the device for impedance cardiography consist of?
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the

3. What is you see an NA placing cardiac monitor electrodes on a patient. She is placing (-) on the left and (+) on the right what should you do?
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches

4. What is the most common cause of arterial insufficiency?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.

5. What is the antidote for heparin?
Protamine Sulfate
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.

6. What will be the treatment for an acute episode of life threatening tamponade?
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Don't interfere!
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.

7. What are all the S&S of pericarditis?
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Second left intercostal space
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.

8. What is pericarditis?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.

9. Where is the right ventricle landmark on the chest?
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
Left sternal border

10. What should you do if the PT value is 45 sec?
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Second Left intercostal space

11. What is a transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE)?
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Air embolism

12. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
Cannot
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.

13. What is important to remember when taking care of patients with compression devices?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.

14. What causes essential/primary hypertension?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Idiopathic
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.

15. What should you teach your patient about an abdominal ultrasonography?
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in

16. What nursing interventions are associated with a pt. experiencing ventricular fibrillation?
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
Pulmonary edema

17. What should the plan of care include for a diagnosis of activity intolerance r/t right sided HF?
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm

18. What are coumadin and heparin used for?
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
A nosebleed
Activity intolerance

19. What are the four types of pulmonary emboli?
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.

20. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.

21. What do calcium channel blockers do?
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Open up blood vessels

22. What is the purpose of compression devices?
Maintain BED REST
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.

23. What should you do frequently for someone with a central line to help prevent pulmonary emboli?
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.

24. What is CVP? Normal?
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.

25. What should you teach your patient about a cardiac catheterization?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
D/C the med and call the doctor.

26. What are the S&S of air embolism?
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Lung disease
Poorly controlled hypertension
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

27. What are the steps for adult/child 1 rescuer CPR?
Protamine Sulfate
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)

28. What would make someone more at risk for digoxin toxicity?
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).

29. What signals an elevated venous pressure based on the internal jugular veins?
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images

30. What should you teach your patient about a holter monitor?

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31. Where should you place your stethescope to find the pulmonic valve?
Second Left intercostal space
Activity intolerance
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.

32. What are the proper steps to changing a central venous catheter dressing?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Left sternal border
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.

33. What should you go when applying nitroglycerin ointment for angina?
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.

34. What is impedance cardiography?
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

35. What needs to be held during the placement of a femoral artery compression device?
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.

36. What SE should you look for with calcium channel blocker use?
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.

37. What should be done during the insertion of both a CVP catheter and a swan ganz catheter?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.

38. What is characteristic of premature ventricular contractions?
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Air answers (open junctions)
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).

39. What is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.

40. When would a nurse use an external femoral artery compression device?
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).

41. What are the 2 types of pacemakers?
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc

42. What is more harmful a lot of little emboli or one large emboli?
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Iodine
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
One large emboli (smaller=better)

43. How is angina treated?

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44. What does plan of care include?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Open up blood vessels
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

45. What should be done immediately for someone with PE?
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.

46. What are the steps for infant 1&2 rescuer CPR?
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.

47. What should you remember while taking care of someone with a peripheral arterial occlusion?
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie

48. What activity should a patient with pericarditis - who is undergoing treatment - be allowed?
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Maintain BED REST
Cannot
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at

49. What are the two common complications of pericarditis?
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Only for a few hours
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu

50. What is the nursing care associated with chemical stress tests (persantine stress test)?
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Lower left sternal border
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va

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NCLEX Cardiac

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