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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where is the right ventricle landmark on the chest?
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Left sternal border
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.

2. What is CVP? Normal?
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.

3. What SE should you look for with calcium channel blocker use?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).

4. What is pulsus paradoxus?
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.

5. What is impedance cardiography?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Pulmonary edema

6. Who would most likely have peripheral venous disease?
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.

7. What does a swan ganz measure?
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.

8. What factors place you at risk for HTN?
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).

9. A femoral artery compression device ______be assigned to an NA?
Cannot
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Activity intolerance
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply

10. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.

11. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.

12. What should be done immediately if a pulmonary embolism is suspected?
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts

13. Where is the pulmonic valve landmark on the chest?
Second left intercostal space
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc

14. What is the purpose of compression devices?
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.

15. Where should you place your stethescope to find the ERB's Point?
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.

16. What should you teach your patient about an exercise ECG (stress test)?
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.

17. What is characteristic of ventricular tachycardia?
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Second left intercostal space

18. What is the treatment for premature ventricular contractions?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.

19. What does an Allen's test determine?
Air answers (open junctions)
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.

20. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.

21. What should you do immediately if you suspect someone of developing a hematoma?
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.

22. What places someone at risk for an aortic dissection?
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Poorly controlled hypertension
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.

23. What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Cannot

24. What are the S&S of aortic dissection?
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho

25. What are the steps for adult/child 1 rescuer CPR?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.

26. What should you tell someone about taking nitroglycerin tablets (SE)?
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.

27. What is the treatment for myocardial infarction?
Pulse before and after giving.
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.

28. What are common risk factors for an MI?
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.

29. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).

30. What are the treatments/ S&S of peripheral venous disease?
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.

31. If you see a NA placing a patient with DVT in sitting position with legs dependent what should you do?
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.

32. What is a therapeutic digoxin level?
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

33. What should be done during the insertion of both a CVP catheter and a swan ganz catheter?
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)

34. What are the indications for a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).

35. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.

36. What should you do if the PTT value is 80 for someone on heparin?
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
D/C the med and call the doctor.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Air answers (open junctions)

37. What should you teach your patient about angiography (arteriography)?
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).

38. What should you know about your recovery period after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Second left intercostal space

39. What are the steps to perform the heimlich maneuver?
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo

40. What things should you do to assess cardiovascular status?
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.

41. When should you be concerned about premature ventricular contraction?
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).

42. What is superior vena cava syndrome?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).

43. During an Allen's test don't compress one artery _____ the other.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Before
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
Air answers (open junctions)

44. When should a patient call 911 after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
Second Right intercostal space.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Don't interfere!

45. What is a major complication of central line placement?
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in

46. Without prompt surgery for an aortic dissection What is someone at risk for developing?
A nosebleed
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.

47. What disease can cause right sided heart failure?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
Lung disease
Open up blood vessels

48. What should you teach someone with arterial insufficiency?

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49. How does the blood flow through the heart? (valves?)
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L

50. What signals an elevated venous pressure based on the internal jugular veins?
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
Lower left sternal border
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie