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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What will be the treatment for an acute episode of life threatening tamponade?
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.

2. What do calcium channel blockers do?
Open up blood vessels
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
No radial artery punctures if negative
One large emboli (smaller=better)

3. What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Only for a few hours
Poorly controlled hypertension
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.

4. What should you tell someone about taking nitroglycerin tablets (SE)?
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.

5. For which heart sounds should the bell be used?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).

6. What should you observe for in someone on bleeding precautions?
Air answers (open junctions)
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

7. In what locations should you not place electrodes?
A nosebleed
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.

8. Where is the apex/mitral valve landmark on the chest?
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.

9. What is you see an NA placing cardiac monitor electrodes on a patient. She is placing (-) on the left and (+) on the right what should you do?
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.

10. How is the arterial brachial index (ABI) calculated? Who should perform this? What is normal?
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.

11. What should be done for someone on bleeding precautions?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.

12. What is epistaxis?
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
A nosebleed
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.

13. For which heart sounds should the diaphragm be used?
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).

14. What is a major complication of central line placement?
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.

15. Where should you place your stethescope to find the mitral (apex) valve?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW

16. What is impedance cardiography?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Only for a few hours
Pulmonary edema
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the

17. What are the five areas for listening to the heart?

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18. What causes secondary hypertension?
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.

19. Without prompt surgery for an aortic dissection What is someone at risk for developing?
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

20. What should you teach your patient about angiography (arteriography)?
Second left intercostal space
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.

21. What makes the symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome better? Worse?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Right sided heart failure
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.

22. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in complete heart block?
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches

23. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

24. What should you do prior to placing cardiac monitor electrodes on the skin (4 things)?
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Air answers (open junctions)
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va

25. What is a good diagnosis for someone with right sided HF?
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Activity intolerance

26. What is the normal value for arterial pulse? Pulse amplitude? Edema? Reflex?
A nosebleed
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border

27. What drugs are most commonly used for angina?
Maintain BED REST
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.

28. Test ending in Gram=?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Iodine

29. What is the correct way to insert an oropharyngeal airway?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the

30. How is the Allen's test done?
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna

31. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts

32. What are the steps for adult 2 rescuer CPR?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.

33. What is important to remember when removing a CVC from a patient?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab

34. What disease can cause right sided heart failure?
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Lung disease

35. What should the plan of care include for a diagnosis of activity intolerance r/t right sided HF?
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.

36. What is labile hypertension?
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.

37. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
No radial artery punctures if negative
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).

38. What condition can cause left sided heart failure?
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc

39. What does the device for impedance cardiography consist of?
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Idiopathic
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).

40. What is Raynauds disease? Tx?
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Air embolism
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.

41. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Lower left sternal border
No radial artery punctures if negative
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.

42. What should you do if the patient you are applying cardiac monitor electrodes to is hairy?
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.

43. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.

44. What should be done immediately for someone with PE?
Lung disease
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).

45. What is intermittent claudication?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
Iodine
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.

46. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

47. What is CVP? Normal?
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.

48. What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation?
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Don't interfere!
Iodine
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.

49. If 2 liters of fluid is left in the pericardial sac (cardiac tamponade) and goes untreated what could it cause?
Right sided heart failure
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+

50. What is the treatments for hypertension?
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
Pulse before and after giving.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

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NCLEX Cardiac

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