NCLEX Cardiac

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. If a victim is choking but can cough - speak - or breath what should you do?

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2. What should you watch for with PICC lines that have been in place for 6 months?
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Air answers (open junctions)


3. What should you remember while taking care of someone with a peripheral arterial occlusion?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Protamine Sulfate
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.


4. How do you prepare a patient for Impedance cardiography monitoring?
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).


5. What causes secondary hypertension?
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply


6. What is Raynauds disease? Tx?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.


7. What is more harmful a lot of little emboli or one large emboli?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Right sided heart failure
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.


8. What places someone at risk for an aortic dissection?
Left sternal border
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Poorly controlled hypertension


9. How is the Allen's test done?
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna


10. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).


11. What needs to be held during the placement of a femoral artery compression device?
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.


12. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
Second Right intercostal space.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu


13. What should you teach someone with arterial insufficiency?

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14. What is a assessment finding with DVT?

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15. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO


16. What should you teach your patient about an exercise ECG (stress test)?
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va


17. What makes the symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome better? Worse?
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.


18. What factors place you at risk for HTN?
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.


19. What is a nursing diagnosis for arterial occlusion? Tx
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
In the first 72 hours!!!!!


20. What should you teach someone after they have had a pacemaker placed?

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21. What does the device for impedance cardiography consist of?
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the


22. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the


23. What is the normal value for arterial pulse? Pulse amplitude? Edema? Reflex?
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.


24. What should you teach your patient about an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.


25. Where is the tricuspid valve landmark on the chest?
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Lower left sternal border


26. What is important to remember when removing a CVC from a patient?
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Pulmonary edema
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.


27. Where should you place your stethescope to find the aortic valve?
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Second Right intercostal space.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.


28. What should a patient do if they feel chest pain or discomfort?
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.


29. What are common risk factors for an MI?
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.


30. What is impedance cardiography?
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.


31. What should you teach your patient about a cardiac catheterization?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause


32. What are the four types of pulmonary emboli?
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
Lower left sternal border
Second left intercostal space
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO


33. What is the proper way to access and implanted venous access port (IVAP) (Mediport)?

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34. Where is the pulmonic valve landmark on the chest?
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Second left intercostal space
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!


35. What do calcium channel blockers do?
Open up blood vessels
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+


36. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).


37. What body systems are affected by digoxin toxicity? S&S?
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.


38. What should be taught upon discharge for someone going home on coumadin as a result of a PE?
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.


39. During an Allen's test don't compress one artery _____ the other.
Maintain BED REST
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
Before


40. What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation?
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
Maintain BED REST
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Air answers (open junctions)


41. A femoral artery compression device ______be assigned to an NA?
Idiopathic
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Cannot


42. What is defibrillation?
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.


43. Which type of patient shouldn't take nitrates?
Lower left sternal border
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic


44. What SE should you look for with calcium channel blocker use?
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).


45. What is the treatment for someone with right sided HF? How do you know working?
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.


46. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.


47. When would a nurse use an external femoral artery compression device?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply


48. What disease can cause right sided heart failure?
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Lung disease
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.


49. What does an Allen's test determine?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.


50. What should you do to treat pulmonary edema?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.