Test your basic knowledge |

NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.

2. What should you teach your patient about angiography (arteriography)?
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Iodine
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu

3. What should the plan of care include for a diagnosis of activity intolerance r/t right sided HF?
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
A nosebleed
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

4. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

5. What is a therapeutic digoxin level?
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.

6. What will the Transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE) show that will indicate cardiac tamponade?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.

7. What type of surgery is done for an aortic dissection?
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).

8. What should you not allow if a patient has a negative Allen's test?
No radial artery punctures if negative
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.

9. What should you do if the PTT value is 80 for someone on heparin?
One large emboli (smaller=better)
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Idiopathic

10. What should you teach someone after they have had a pacemaker placed?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

11. What does the device for impedance cardiography consist of?
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).

12. What is the nursing care associated with chemical stress tests (persantine stress test)?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea

13. What should you do frequently for someone with a central line to help prevent pulmonary emboli?
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.

14. What is the treatment for myocardial infarction?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.

15. What should you do prior to placing cardiac monitor electrodes on the skin (4 things)?
Only for a few hours
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie

16. What is pulsus paradoxus?
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.

17. What causes secondary hypertension?
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).

18. How do you prepare a patient for Impedance cardiography monitoring?
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30

19. Where should you place your stethescope to find the aortic valve?
Second Right intercostal space.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images

20. What are the steps to perform the heimlich maneuver?
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.

21. If you see a NA placing a patient with DVT in sitting position with legs dependent what should you do?
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu

22. What are the indications for a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
A nosebleed
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.

23. In What time period is the greatest risk of sudden death from an MI?
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.

24. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
Activity intolerance
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

25. What is you see an NA placing cardiac monitor electrodes on a patient. She is placing (-) on the left and (+) on the right what should you do?
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo

26. If 2 liters of fluid is left in the pericardial sac (cardiac tamponade) and goes untreated what could it cause?
Left sternal border
Right sided heart failure
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Lung disease

27. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
Left sternal border
Second Right intercostal space.
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.

28. What drugs are most commonly used for angina?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW

29. What is the antidote for heparin?
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
Protamine Sulfate
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr

30. What activity should a patient with pericarditis - who is undergoing treatment - be allowed?
One large emboli (smaller=better)
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Maintain BED REST
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie

31. What are the 2 types of pacemakers?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.

32. What should you do immediately if you suspect someone of developing a hematoma?
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Second left intercostal space
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.

33. Who would most likely have peripheral venous disease?
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

34. What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation?
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Left sternal border
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.

35. Should the tubing for a venous access port be included under the dressing site?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

36. What should you teach someone about iodine?
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml

37. What should you do immediately for someone experiencing anticoagulant induced epistaxis?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Only for a few hours
Second Right intercostal space.
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at

38. What are the proper steps to changing a central venous catheter dressing?
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
Open up blood vessels
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.

39. What are coumadin and heparin used for?
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.

40. What body systems are affected by digoxin toxicity? S&S?
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va

41. What are the S&S of air embolism?
Open up blood vessels
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the

42. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.

43. What are the S&S of superior vena cava syndrome?
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).

44. What is important to remember when removing a CVC from a patient?
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Air answers (open junctions)
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space

45. What is characteristic of complete heart block?
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.

46. What type of EKG change indicates MI?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border

47. What is the treatment for someone with right sided HF? How do you know working?
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho

48. What is more harmful a lot of little emboli or one large emboli?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
One large emboli (smaller=better)

49. Where should you place your stethescope to find the ERB's Point?
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.

50. Where is the aortic valve landmark on the chest?
Second right intercostal space
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.