Test your basic knowledge |

NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is characteristic of complete heart block?
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

2. What are the steps for adult 2 rescuer CPR?
Second Right intercostal space.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc

3. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.

4. What should be checked in a patient on a beta blocker?
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Pulse before and after giving.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30

5. When should a patient call their doctor after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.

6. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Second left intercostal space

7. Where is the tricuspid valve landmark on the chest?
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Lower left sternal border

8. Where should you place your stethescope to find the ERB's Point?
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space

9. What nursing interventions are associated with a pt. experiencing ventricular fibrillation?
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.

10. What are the S&S associated with right sided heart failure?
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!

11. What makes the symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome better? Worse?
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.

12. What is INR?
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Lung disease
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.

13. What should be done for someone on bleeding precautions?
Second left intercostal space
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

14. What is impedance cardiography?
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.

15. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.

16. If 2 liters of fluid is left in the pericardial sac (cardiac tamponade) and goes untreated what could it cause?
Right sided heart failure
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at

17. What is the normal value for arterial pulse? Pulse amplitude? Edema? Reflex?
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space

18. What activity should a patient with pericarditis - who is undergoing treatment - be allowed?
Only for a few hours
Maintain BED REST
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
Poorly controlled hypertension

19. What does plan of care include?
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches

20. What is intermittent claudication?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

21. What should you observe for in someone on bleeding precautions?
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Maintain BED REST
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.

22. What is a good diagnosis for someone with right sided HF?
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Second Left intercostal space
Activity intolerance

23. What type of surgery is done for an aortic dissection?
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
RAndI= Razor - electric - Aspirin - NO - Needles - small gauge - Decrease - needle sticks - and Injury- protect from. No percodan or NSAIDS - no open toed shoes.
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.

24. What are the steps to perform the heimlich maneuver?
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.

25. What are the S&S of aortic dissection?
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).

26. What should you teach your patient about an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Idiopathic
Second Right intercostal space.

27. What is the correct way to insert an oropharyngeal airway?
Aortic valve - Pulmonic valve - right ventricle - tricuspid valve - and apex or mitral valve.
Pulmonary edema
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho

28. What should a patient do if they feel chest pain or discomfort?
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

29. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

30. What is the antidote for heparin?
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
Protamine Sulfate
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.

31. If you see a NA placing a patient with DVT in sitting position with legs dependent what should you do?
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

32. What should you do if you are going to ventilate someone with an ambu bag?
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml

33. What should be done during the insertion of both a CVP catheter and a swan ganz catheter?
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)

34. For which heart sounds should the bell be used?
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.

35. How is the Allen's test done?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).

36. How does the blood flow through the heart? (valves?)
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
0.5-2.0 ng/ml

37. What should you watch for with PICC lines that have been in place for 6 months?
Air answers (open junctions)
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Second right intercostal space

38. What things should you do to assess cardiovascular status?
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va

39. When should you be concerned about premature ventricular contraction?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).

40. What signals an elevated venous pressure based on the internal jugular veins?
No radial artery punctures if negative
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
Pulmonary edema

41. What are the treatments/ S&S of peripheral venous disease?
Air embolism
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.

42. For what disease should you do the Allen's test?

43. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

44. What should you teach someone about iodine?
Don't interfere!
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.

45. What should you do immediately if you suspect someone of developing a hematoma?
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.

46. What condition can cause left sided heart failure?
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

47. What should you explain to the patient about an impedance cardiography test?
Second Left intercostal space
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Open up blood vessels
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L

48. What is a assessment finding with DVT?

49. What should you teach someone after they have had a pacemaker placed?

50. What is a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
Iodine
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
ST segment elevation (STEMI)