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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. During an Allen's test don't compress one artery _____ the other.
Before
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.

2. What is the treatments for hypertension?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.

3. What should you teach your patient about an exercise ECG (stress test)?
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

4. What should you teach your patient about a cardiac catheterization?
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.

5. What is intermittent claudication?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images

6. Which jugular veins give a more accurate estimate of the jugular vein pressure and pressure in the right atrium?
Second Left intercostal space
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.

7. How does the blood flow through the heart? (valves?)
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

8. How is the Allen's test done?
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna

9. When should bleeding precautions be implemented?
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.

10. What is the antidote for coumadin?
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)

11. What can result from left sided heart failure if left untreated?
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
Pulmonary edema

12. What is characteristic of premature ventricular contractions?
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.

13. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.

14. What are the two common complications of pericarditis?
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.

15. Where is the aortic valve landmark on the chest?
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
Second right intercostal space
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)

16. What should you teach your patient about angiography (arteriography)?
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border

17. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Don't interfere!
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.

18. What does vasotec (Enalapril Maleate) do/SE?
Iodine
Lower left sternal border
Maintain BED REST
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.

19. What is characteristic of complete heart block?
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.

20. When should a patient call 911 after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.

21. How do you prepare a patient for Impedance cardiography monitoring?
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

22. What is angina? Stable vs. unstable?

23. What makes the symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome better? Worse?
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip

24. What is the necessary lab value to evaluate while a patient is on heparin? What is the normal value?
Air answers (open junctions)
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab

25. What will be the treatment for an acute episode of life threatening tamponade?
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.

26. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.

27. What are the proper steps to changing a central venous catheter dressing?
Open up blood vessels
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.

28. Where should you place your stethescope to find the pulmonic valve?
Maintain BED REST
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Second Left intercostal space

29. What are the S&S of superior vena cava syndrome?
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches

30. What should you teach your patient about an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).

31. What does an Allen's test determine?
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.

32. What is you see an NA placing cardiac monitor electrodes on a patient. She is placing (-) on the left and (+) on the right what should you do?
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.

33. What is the treatment for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.

34. What should you remember while taking care of someone with a peripheral arterial occlusion?
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
Maintain BED REST
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the

35. Where is the right ventricle landmark on the chest?
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.
Left sternal border
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie

36. What should be taught upon discharge for someone going home on coumadin as a result of a PE?
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.

37. What are signs and symptoms of an MI?
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Before

38. What is the treatment for myocardial infarction?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Anxiousness - restlessness - tachycardia - tachypneic - 90% SP02 - dyspnea - substernal pain - coughing - hemoptysis - and fever.

39. What will the Transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE) show that will indicate cardiac tamponade?
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L
An enlarged space indicates fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

40. What is a transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE)?
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
One large emboli (smaller=better)
Air embolism
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.

41. What is the most common cause of arterial insufficiency?
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.

42. What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc

43. What causes essential/primary hypertension?
Idiopathic
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Don't interfere!

44. What is superior vena cava syndrome?
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Before
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.

45. What should be done immediately for someone with PE?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.

46. What are the steps for adult/child 1 rescuer CPR?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
No radial artery punctures if negative
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).

47. What needs to be held during the placement of a femoral artery compression device?
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
A nosebleed

48. How is angina treated?

49. How should you palpate the carotid arteries?
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Activity intolerance
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO

50. What is an acute peripheral arterial occlusion?
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.