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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What should you do frequently for someone with a central line to help prevent pulmonary emboli?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Lower left sternal border
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.

2. What is the treatments for hypertension?
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.

3. Where is the apex/mitral valve landmark on the chest?
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
(S1 - S2) Third left intercostal space
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.

4. Where should you place your stethescope to find the tricuspid valve?
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).

5. How is the arterial brachial index (ABI) calculated? Who should perform this? What is normal?
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.

6. If you see a NA placing a patient with DVT in sitting position with legs dependent what should you do?
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause
GI - neuro - and cardiac. S&S= yellow/green vision - N&V - bradycardia - and anorexia.

7. What will a leg with arterial insufficiency look like?
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.

8. What condition can cause left sided heart failure?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

9. What are the S&S associated with right sided heart failure?
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
One large emboli (smaller=better)

10. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in complete heart block?
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).

11. What should you tell someone about taking nitroglycerin tablets (SE)?
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Lung disease
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.

12. What is an air embolism?
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.

13. What are the two common complications of pericarditis?
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Cardiac tamponade (fluid in pericardial space) and thickening/scarring of the pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis and possible RHF).

14. Where should you place your stethescope to find the mitral (apex) valve?
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Don a protective gown - gloves - and goggles - call Dr - hand pt. emesis basin and raise the HOB 45* (at this angle he can spit out blood and prevent N&V/aspiration - have another nurse firmly press on his nose just below bony part (apply pressure at

15. What does vasotec (Enalapril Maleate) do/SE?
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.

16. What are the five areas for listening to the heart?

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17. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Lower left sternal border
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

18. What is the treatment for a patient in complete heart block?
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.

19. What will be the treatment for an acute episode of life threatening tamponade?
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

20. What is CVP? Normal?
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Poorly controlled hypertension
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab

21. What type of EKG change indicates MI?
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
Open up blood vessels

22. What is the nursing care associated with chemical stress tests (persantine stress test)?
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.

23. What is the normal value for arterial pulse? Pulse amplitude? Edema? Reflex?
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
Arterial pulse: 60-90 - Amplitude: 4+=strong and bounding - Edema: 0=none - Reflex 2+
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.

24. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers

25. What should you do to treat pulmonary edema?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).

26. Where do the internal jugular veins lie?
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.

27. What is the goal of treatment for an MI? Treatment?
After a sheath removal to apply consistent pressure and prevent bleeding. (Ex: after swan ganz removal).
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Pulse before and after giving.

28. What is the maintenance for venous access port that isn't being regularly used?
Pneumothorax and will end up with chest tube to help reinflate lung.
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.

29. Where should you place your stethescope to find the aortic valve?
A nosebleed
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
Pulse before and after giving.
Second Right intercostal space.

30. What could happen without immediate intervention for a hematoma?
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.

31. What would make someone more at risk for digoxin toxicity?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Elderly - hypothyroidism - renal dysfunction - dehydration - HYPOKALEMIA - hypomagnesemia - or hypercalcemia. Patients with abnormal potassium levels have a higher risk because hypokalemia makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.

32. What nursing interventions are associated with a pt. experiencing ventricular fibrillation?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.

33. What is intermittent claudication?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
A nosebleed
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Pallor - diaphoresis - tachypnea - severe tearing chest pain radiating to back - PULSES In ARMS Are STRONG BUT LEG PULSES Are WEAK - low SP02.

34. What needs to be held during the placement of a femoral artery compression device?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Left sternal border
NO NSAIDS or ASA.

35. What are coumadin and heparin used for?
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.
Before
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.

36. What does a swan ganz measure?
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.

37. What are the S&S of cardiac tamponade?
Air answers (open junctions)
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
0.5-2.0 ng/ml

38. What should you observe for in someone on bleeding precautions?
Hematuria (tea or coca cola colored) - nosebleeds - gingival bleeding (no medicated mouth wash - flossing - or lemon glycerin swabs) - and bruising (assess for abuse w/o caregiver).
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the

39. What does the device for impedance cardiography consist of?
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.
Lung disease

40. What are the steps for infant 1&2 rescuer CPR?
Activity intolerance
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30

41. What should be done immediately if a pulmonary embolism is suspected?
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.

42. Which jugular veins give a more accurate estimate of the jugular vein pressure and pressure in the right atrium?
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Only for a few hours
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).

43. What should you teach your patient about an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
It is a noninvasive test that takes 15 mins. Electrodes are applied to sites on your body. You must lie still - relax - and breathe normally and remain quiet. Talking or moving distorts the images
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).

44. When should bleeding precautions be implemented?
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

45. What should you teach your patient about angiography (arteriography)?
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Exercise and use graduated compression devices as directed - don't stand for long period of time - to avoid dislodging blood clots don't rub or massage your legs.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu

46. What are all the S&S of pericarditis?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Using both gloved hands - apply firm pressure just above the skin puncture site and over the hematoma to compress the area. Wait at least 15 mins before removing pressure and reassessing the site. Then notify the health care provider.

47. What is characteristic of ventricular tachycardia?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
Idiopathic
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.

48. What causes secondary hypertension?
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Don't interfere!
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.

49. How do you prepare a patient for Impedance cardiography monitoring?
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
ST segment elevation (STEMI)
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches
Poorly controlled hypertension

50. What drugs are most commonly used for angina?
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Second left intercostal space
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers