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NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What condition can cause left sided heart failure?
Idiopathic
Fourth or fifth intercostal space at or medial to the midclavicular line.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.

2. What does a swan ganz measure?
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.

3. What is characteristic of ventricular tachycardia?
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
Need for follow up blood tests - Need to take oral warfarin for at least 3 months - and to reduce current risk encourage weight loss - smoking cessation - and regular exercise.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border

4. What does vasotec (Enalapril Maleate) do/SE?
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Second Right intercostal space.
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
Protamine Sulfate

5. Where should you place your stethescope to find the mitral (apex) valve?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

6. What is the purpose of compression devices?
Cannot
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
To reduce a patients risk of DVT and PE. They include graduated compression stockings - vena cava filters - and intermittent sequential external compression devices.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.

7. What are examples of calcium channel blockers?
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.

8. Where is the aortic valve landmark on the chest?
When: using anticoagulants - liver disease - decrease in platelets (less than 150 -000) - hemophilia - using thrombolytic meds - DIC - CA - HIV - chemo - bone marrow problems - and ASA/NSAIDS.
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Second right intercostal space
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.

9. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in atrial fibrillation?
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

10. What are the S&S associated with right sided heart failure?
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Verapamil (calan) - diltiazem (cardizem) - nifedipine (procardia) - amlodipine (norvasc).

11. What should you explain to the patient about an impedance cardiography test?
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Maintain BED REST
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.

12. What is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!

13. What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation?
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

14. What is pericarditis?
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
The internal jugular veins (external are less reliable).
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.

15. What should be done is a patient on anticoagulants suffers from epistaxis for more than 15 mins?
Posterior nasal packing to stop the blood flow. The LPN CAN DO THIS!
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
A monitor with four dual electrodes that are applied to the patients neck and thorax.

16. What is the treatments for hypertension?
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
The arteries have narrowed - decreased O2 to tissues= hypoxia to cells.

17. What should you do prior to placing cardiac monitor electrodes on the skin (4 things)?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
Constipation or MAY CAUSE ANKLES TO SWELL (call healthcare provider).
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

18. What things should you do to assess cardiovascular status?
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
D/C the med and call the doctor.
Inspect pulses on chest - inspect the internal jugular veins - palpate the apical pulse - palpate the carotid arteries - and auscultate the heart sounds.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO

19. What should happen if someone converts to asystole/flatline?
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)

20. What is the maintenance for venous access port that isn't being regularly used?
Must be flushed 1x/month with heparin and between treatments.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip

21. What is the treatment for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
Activity intolerance
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
Awake and alert: IV lidocaine bolus and drip Unconscious - hypotensive - or S&S of angina/CHF: Direct current cardioversion and IV Lidocaine bolus and drip.
Put on gloves - remove the previous application paper and use a tissue to remove all ointment from the site to prevent overdose - squeeze the prescribed ointment in a thin layer onto a clean ruled application paper - choose an unused site on the ches

22. What is characteristic of complete heart block?
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!

23. What needs to be held during the placement of a femoral artery compression device?
Cannot
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.
NO NSAIDS or ASA.
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.

24. What is a chemical stress test (persantine stress test)?
It is a test that examines the hearts response to being stressed by a pharmacologic agent. Persantine and adenosine vasodilate the coronary arteries and cause blood to shunt away from partially occluded coronary vessels. Then dobutamine stresses the
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Difficulty breathing - pain in midchest and shoulder - pale - nausea - and light headedness.
Maintain BED REST

25. What is a nursing diagnosis for arterial occlusion? Tx
Ventricular rate is regular at a rate of 40-60 bpm and there is no relationship of P waves to QRS complexes.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.

26. What lab value is used to evaluate a patient on coumadin? What is the normal value?
PT. Normal= 12 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PT= 18-30 sec.
Used in an emergency (Vfib/defib) - used with Vfib or Vtach - NO CARDIAC OUTPUT - client is unconscious - EKG monitor - NO CONSENT NEEDED - begin with 200 Joules and up to 360.
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

27. What disease can cause right sided heart failure?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
Lung disease

28. What is the antidote for heparin?
No radial artery punctures if negative
Protamine Sulfate
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.

29. What is superior vena cava syndrome?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Only for a few hours
Decreased tissue perfusion. Tx: clot busting treatment must start within 6 hours.
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.

30. What factors place you at risk for HTN?
Close the open catheter lumen with the clamp - and place the pt on their left side in trendelenburg to move the air embolus away from the pulmonic valve. If you hear a churning sound in his chest (a classic sign of air embolus) and the patient starts
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.

31. What is Raynauds disease? Tx?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.

32. What does an Allen's test determine?
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
NO TED HOSE - NO SHEETS/BLANKETS - NO COMPRESSION DEVICES - (TEACH NO OPEN TOES SHOES). Lambs wool is okay!
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
A nosebleed

33. What are the five areas for listening to the heart?

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34. What is an air embolism?
Second Right intercostal space.
Protamine Sulfate
Whether the patients ulnar and radial arteries are patent.
When a large air bubble blocks blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.

35. What are all the S&S of pericarditis?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Pericardial friction rub - chest pain (sharp and aggravated with breathing) - abnormal EKG findings - possible fever and tachycardia.
One at a time to assess the pulse amplitude and contour.
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table

36. Where should you place your stethescope to find the pulmonic valve?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.
Second Left intercostal space

37. What is important to remember when taking care of patients with compression devices?
You need to maintain use of those devices continually except when the patient is ambulating - bathing - or during physical therapy or skin assessment.
Fatigue - JVD - Increased peripheral venous pressure - ascites - anorexia/complaints of GI distress - cyanosis - and dependent edema.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in

38. How should you palpate the apical pulse?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.

39. How is the arterial brachial index (ABI) calculated? Who should perform this? What is normal?
Only for a few hours
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.

40. What should the plan of care include for a diagnosis of activity intolerance r/t right sided HF?
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.

41. What are the steps to perform the heimlich maneuver?
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Explain procedure - stress importance of reporting symptoms. INSTRUCT The PATIENT NO TO EAT DRINK OR SMOKE AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE The TEST. EVALUATE PATIENTS HISTORY FOR ANY CARDIAC CONDITIONS OR MEDICATIONS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH The TEST!!! (No va
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic

42. What should you do if you are going to ventilate someone with an ambu bag?
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Lower HOB - place patient supine - assess LOC - open airway - assess breathing - get ambu bag - put on gloves - connect tubing from O2 source - adjust flow to 10 to 15 liters. First RESCUER: PLACE APEX of MASK OVER BRIDGE of NOSE And BASE BETWEEN LOW
Idiopathic
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

43. During an Allen's test don't compress one artery _____ the other.
In the first 72 hours!!!!!
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
Before
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.

44. What should you teach your patient about an exercise ECG (stress test)?
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen. Stable: the feeling comes and goes at expected times. Unstable: the pattern of your pain has changed (longer - hurts more - etc.)
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-

45. What should you teach someone about iodine?
PTT. Normal= 30 sec. If on anticoagulants it should be between 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 x the normal value. For PTT= 45-75 sec.
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
One large emboli (smaller=better)

46. What is characteristic of premature ventricular contractions?
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Lower left sternal border
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L

47. What are the steps for adult/child 1 rescuer CPR?
Check for response - activate ERS - open airway head tilt chin lift - check breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec) with visible chest rise - checks brachial pulse (5-10 sec) - locates CPR finger position - deliver 1st cycle of compressions (30
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr

48. What are the signs and symptoms of left sided HF?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM - cough - orthopnea - exertional dyspnea - cyanosis.
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
To inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

49. What should you suspect for someone who post cardiac cath and percutaneous coronary intervention reporting feeling a pop in her left groin followed by a saturated dressing - swelling around site - palpable 2 inch fullness - and a bruit is present?
The right and left ventricular pressures - cardiac output - arterial venous O2 difference - and pulmonary artery pressure.
Include rest periods prior to any activity.
Air answers (open junctions)
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.

50. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in complete heart block?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Ask patient to make a tight fist - using your index and middle fingers compress both the radial and ulnar arteries to obstruct blood flow to hand - ask pt to relax hand (hand and palm should appear blanched bc flow stopped) - release pressure on ulna
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).