Test your basic knowledge |

NCLEX Cardiac

Subjects : nclex, health-sciences, nursing

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is labile hypertension?
An inflammation of the pericardium. It may result in MI.
BP is elevated or decreased depending on activity.
Assess and mark the location of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses in affected leg - wash hands and put on sterile gloves - gown - and mask - position device - check circulation and make sure good pedal pulse is present - IMMEDIATELY REPO
In the first 72 hours!!!!!

2. When should you be concerned about premature ventricular contraction?
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Thromboanglitis obliterans/ Buerger's disease= inflammatory process of arterial wall - veins - and nerves where they become blocked. It is associated with smoking/tobacco use.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

3. What should happen if someone converts to asystole/flatline?
ICG is a noninvasive way to collect hemodynamic data for assessing patients with heart failure - hypertension - or dyspnea.
Hair loss - muscle mass loss - pallor when elevated - dependent rubor - and prolonged cap refill time.
CPR should be done. No defibrillation bc no rhythm to shock (heart already depolarized).
Used to detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This noninvasive test takes 15 to 30 mins. They apply conductive gel to your abdomen and move a transducer over abdomen to scan blood vessels. Sound waves bouncing off anatomic structures are translated in

4. What are the nursing interventions for a patient in atrial fibrillation?
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
In fatty areas or over major muscles - large breasts - or bony prominences.
Stop the medication - address the factors that may have precipitated the event. If life threatening Digibind ay be indicated.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

5. Where should you place your stethescope to find the tricuspid valve?
Second left intercostal space
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.

6. How is the arterial brachial index (ABI) calculated? Who should perform this? What is normal?
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
A central line placed that measures the right atrial pressure. Normal= 4-10 cm of H20.
It is calculated by checking the brachial BP and the ankle BP. The ankle systolic pressure is divided by the brachial systolic. The NA can perform. 0.97-1 is normal anything below indicates ischemia.
Activity intolerance

7. What drugs are most commonly used for angina?
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Before
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers
Limit the size of the infarction is the goal. Treatment= thrombolytic therapy (tPA) initiated within 6 hours of the first symptoms= standard treatment.

8. What should you not allow if a patient has a negative Allen's test?
SOB - dyspnea - anxiousness - diaphoresis - cool/clammy skin - distended neck veins - mental status changes - narrowed pulse pressure - hypotension - and faint or muffled heart sounds.
No radial artery punctures if negative
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
Elevated legs - anticoagulation therapy (aggressive: generally IV heparin) - Be alert for signs of PE.

9. If you see a NA placing a patient with DVT in sitting position with legs dependent what should you do?
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

10. A femoral artery compression device ______be assigned to an NA?
A complication from a venous access device or port. It is a blockage of the superior vena cava preventing superior blood flow from reaching the heart.
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.
Cannot

11. When should a patient call 911 after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placed?
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
Positive Homan's sign (calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of the foot).
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
One large emboli (smaller=better)

12. What is the most common cause of arterial insufficiency?
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.
Direct current cardioversion and digoxin/propranolol (inderal).
Chronic arteriosclerotic disease.
Feeling of fullness in head - tightness around shirt collar - or rings/jewelry that suddenly seem tight - swelling in face - hands - arms - and swollen/cyanotic lips - dyspnea - coughing - hoarseness - chest pain - hemotysis - visable collateral ches

13. What is the correct way to insert an oropharyngeal airway?
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.

14. What type of surgery is done for an aortic dissection?
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
Stroke - renal or heart failure - paraplegia secondary to compromised blood flow - or death from aortic rupture.
A fluid accumulation in the pericardial space that compromises cardiac function. It is considered a medical emergency and is a hemodynamic consequence of blood or excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. Common causes are surgical or traumat

15. Where should you place your stethescope to find the pulmonic valve?
Deep in the sternomastoid muscle - so look for pulsations in the soft tissue surrounding that area.
Second Left intercostal space
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
This noninvasive test takes 24 hours and causes no discomfort. Electrodes are applied to your body - you need to log your activities for a 24 hour period (walking - sleeping - urinating - physical symptoms - and medications). Don't tamper with the mo

16. What do calcium channel blockers do?
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Open up blood vessels
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
Rapid ventricular rate with no relationship to atrial activity and QRS complex is wide and bizarre.

17. What are the nursing interventions for a pt. with ventricular tachycardia?
4th left intercostal space lower sternal border
Check for response - activate ERS and AED - open airway with head tilt chin lift - checking breathing (5-10 sec) - give 2 breaths (1 sec each) - check carotid pulse (5-10 sec) - locate CPR hand position - deliver first cycle of compressions (30 compr
Diuretic & Digoxin (dig increases force of contraction and increases perfusion). Know working if client is peeing (kidney perfusion) and more alert!
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

18. Test ending in Gram=?
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
Iodine
Nitrates - Beta blockers - and Calcium channel blockers

19. What should you do prior to placing cardiac monitor electrodes on the skin (4 things)?
Clip hair if necessary - abrade the skin (use abrader pads or fine sandpaper and lightly rub skin using 2 or 3 brisk strokes - improves tracings) - dry skin if necessary - and attach the lead wires to the electrodes before you apply them to the patie
High pitched sounds like S1 and S2 (pericardial friction rubs - aortic/mitral regurgitation murmurs). DIAPH(high)ragm
Old truck driver or someone on bed rest or with pelvic trauma.
(1st) Assess the client for S&S of decreased cardiac output and Notify physician (2nd).

20. What are general guidelines to be followed by a patient who has an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
Second Right intercostal space.
Check all junctions frequently to make sure secure - especially before patient gets out of bed - and always use tubing with twist lock connections.
No radial artery punctures if negative
No magnets (cell phone 6 inches away from) - DO Not DRINK CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES - DO Not ENGAGE In ROUGH ACTIVITIES (FOOTBAll OR WRESTLING) - and no tight clothing over site.

21. What should you teach someone about iodine?
Feeling warm (fire) or tin can taste is expected and will pass.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.
Correct her and tell her that the (+) lead goes on the left and the (-) lead goes on the right side.

22. What is INR?
When they occur >6 per minute or occurring 2 or more in a row (bigeminy or trigeminy=on way out).
Activity intolerance
Gently insert the oropharyngeal airway by turning it upside down (into U shape) and slide it into the mouth. As continue to insert rotate it so the ends of the U turn downward into an arch shape after it transverses the oral cavity and approaches the
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.

23. Where is the pulmonic valve landmark on the chest?
IV LIDOCAINE BOLUS (50-100 mg) followed by an IV lidocaine drip (suppresses ventricular activity).
Second left intercostal space
The patient may suffer significant blood loss or femoral nerve compression.
A patient on sildenafil (Viagra) - Cealis - or Levitra bc these drugs together can cause very low blood pressure and heart attack.

24. What is the treatment for someone in ventricular fibrillation?
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Direct current shock (defibrillation) and IV anti - arrhythmic drugs (lidocaine - Procainamide - and Bretylium).
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.

25. What should be done during the insertion of both a CVP catheter and a swan ganz catheter?
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Use sterile gloves and aseptic technique - clean skin over port with alcohol or iodine - insert a 21 or 22 gauge HUBER needle (noncoring - won't break apart) attached to syringe or tubing into the middle of the port until rigid back of port is palpab
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.
Trendelenburg position for insertion. Pt holds breath to prevent air from entering sinus tract.

26. What should you suspect for someone who post cardiac cath and percutaneous coronary intervention reporting feeling a pop in her left groin followed by a saturated dressing - swelling around site - palpable 2 inch fullness - and a bruit is present?
A hematoma= bleeding into the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery access site.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
Vascular - artery disease causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

27. What should you teach your patient about angiography (arteriography)?
Right atrium - TRICUSPID VALVE (tissue) - right ventricle - PULMONIC VALVE (paper) - lungs - left atrium - MITRAL VALVE (My) - left ventricle - AORTIC VALVE (Assets). Tissue PAPER MY ASSETS!
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Used to look at vessels. A local anesthetic is injected and a catheter is inserted into a vessel in the area and advanced as necessary. A contrast medium is injected into the vessel than a series of xrays follow. Any flushing sensation/nausea/ or unu
Fat - Air - DVT - or Amniotic

28. What is cardioversion?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

29. What are the treatments/ S&S of peripheral venous disease?
It is noninvasive. You must not eat - smoke - or drink alcohol for 3 hours before the test. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES And LOOSE LIGHTWEIGHT SHORTS OR SLACKS - YOU MAY GET AN INJECTION of THAllIUM - after your blood pressure and ECG are monitored for 10-
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
Patient who are unable to tolerate exercise stress testing.

30. What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
Have the patient use the val salva maneuver when the line is being removed (bear down/hold breath) to prevent air from entering where the line was and causing a PE.
Crushing chest pain that lasts 30 mins or longer and may radiate to the neck - shoulders - or jaw - diaphoresis - nausea - and SOB.
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
A disease in which thrombi trap blood in the deep veins of the pelvis and legs.

31. What should a patient do if they feel chest pain or discomfort?
Stop What they are doing - sit down and rest - if prescribed nitroglycerin tablets place one under tongue - if it still remains take another tablet in 5 mins - and if still in pain take another after an additional 5 mins - if still pain after 3 table
Lung disease
Second Right intercostal space.
Stand behind the victim - wrap arms around waist (IF PREGNANT WRAP ABOVE The BABy) - make a fist with one had and place thumb against abdomen midline - grasp fist with other hand - press into victims abdomen with quick upward thrusts.

32. What does vasotec (Enalapril Maleate) do/SE?
Changing the way that you live is the first step. STOP SMOKING!!!! <30% FAT In DIET (don't avoid all fat) - lose weight - exercise - limit salt intake - nitro - Angioplasty (stent insertion) or CABG.
Rescuer arrives with AED - turn AED on - select proper pads and apply - clear victim to analyze - clear victim to shock/press shock - resume chest compressions after 1 shock - delivers cycle of compressions at correct rate - pause to allow other resc
Lowers BP and makes heart beat stronger. SE: flushed face.
File toe nails - if have new shoes only wear 2 hrs/day d/t neuropathy can't feel if problem. To decrease pain of claudication massage legs to increase circulation.

33. What should be done immediately for someone with PE?
Temporary or permanent transvenous PACEMAKER INSERTION - and if the client is symptomatic and showing S&S of decreased cardiac output - GIVE ATROPINE.
Pulse before and after giving.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
NO because it isn't sterile so keep out.

34. What is pulsus paradoxus?
Steroid treatment or a pregnant woman who is retaining water.
A drop in systolic BP greater than 12 mm Hg during inspiration indicating a compromise.
Having the patient supine is ideal but any position is acceptable so long as in same position for each monitoring session - locate clean and dry sensor sites on the neck (in line with earlobe) and thorax (midaxillary at xiphoid process) - connect lea
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)

35. What nursing interventions are associated with a pt. experiencing ventricular fibrillation?
INTERVENE: to control edema and decrease pain patient should be on bed rest with legs elevated six inches above heart level.
Administer 100% O2 - left trendelenburg position - heparin administered - and oral warfarin started (give heparin and warfarin together for at least 5 days).
Decrease in weight - diuretics (watch K loss) - aldactone (k sparing but check renal fx) - inderal (do Not give to asthma patients or diabetic patients) - more exercise - no smoking - and decreased Na intake.
(1ST) BEGIN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (The PT. Is DYING) And NotIFY PHYSICIAN (2ND).

36. For which heart sounds should the bell be used?
D/C the med and call the doctor.
MRI is painless - you must remain still inside a small/noisy space. If you are claustrophobic you may need sedation. Remove all jewelry and other metal objects. If you have any shrapnel - a pacemaker - or any surgically implanted joints - pins - clip
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.
Low pitched sounds such as S3 and S4 and the murmur of mitral stenosis. BEL(low)L

37. What is intermittent claudication?
A NON INVASIVE doppler exam of the heart via the thorax to detect cardiac tamponade.
The symptoms improve when the patient is sitting in upright position that promotes drainage but worsen with the client is lying down.
Leg pain that is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/ arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of the leg and with same amount of distance.
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.

38. What is Raynauds disease? Tx?
Spasms of the arterioles in finger/toes (digits of hands/feet may fall off). Tx: stop smoking - avoid stress & cold - use a vasodilator (calcium channel blocker). No skiing or butcher for career.
It usually occurs when your heart is working harder (ex: exercising - eating large meal - or feeling stress. Also very hot or cold weather).
Identify the highest point of pulsation and measure from this point to the sternal angle. A measurement of greater than 3 cm= an elevated venous pressure.
(1st) Assess LOC - (2nd) if unconscious= begin CPR - and (3rd) Notify physician.

39. What factors place you at risk for HTN?
They may feel a slight stinging under there tongue when they are dissolving - and they should get a HA (if no HA may not be good bc the pills only last for 6 months). Keep with you at all times.
When not visable - place the patient in the left lateral position - ask them to exhale fully and stop breathing for a few seconds.
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
BIRTH CONTROL PILL (LEADING CAUSE of HTN In YOUNG WOMEN-45=STILL YOUNG) - BLACK Male (then white male - than black female - then white female) - obesity - smoking - stress - high Na diet - lack of exercise - age - sex - race - or noncompliance.

40. What should you teach someone after they have had a pacemaker placed?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

41. What will be the treatment for an acute episode of life threatening tamponade?
A clinician will perform echocardiogram guided pericardiocentesis with a needle or catheter to remove excess fluid in the pericardial sac.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.
Don't interfere!
The physician injects a local anesthetic into the site - inserts a catheter - and threads it through the artery into the left side of the heart or through a vein into the right side of the heart to your lungs. Next - a dye is injected which may cause

42. What should you know about your recovery period after having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?
Varicose veins - elevate legs - weight reduction - brawny in color - ted hose - topical steroids - ulcers - and skin color changes.
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
Smoking - elevated cholesterol - diabetes - hypertension - old age - and family hx of coronary artery disease.
For the first month post op - do not lift more than 10 or 15 lbs. And avoid excessive pushing - pulling - or twisting.

43. How long is contrast media in the body?
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)
International Normalized Ratio measures blood clotting time and compares it to normal values. 1.0=normal. Most people on anticoagulants are 2-3.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Only for a few hours

44. What are the nursing interventions for a patient with premature ventricular contractions?
If you feel lightheaded - dizzy - or heart palpitations but feel no shock from the ICD.
Clip the hair to allow good contact between the electrodes and the skin (DONT SHAVE).
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.
(1st) Assess the client for signs of decreased cardiac output and Notify the physician (2nd).

45. Where should you place your stethescope to find the aortic valve?
Give furosemide (lasix) 40-60 mg IV - O2 administration - morphine sulfate 3-5 mg IV - have patient sit up with feet lowered (decreases venous return to the heart) - nitroglycerin given sublingual or IV - and rotating tourniquets (can reduce intratho
Second Right intercostal space.
It will take 5 mins and he/she should remain quiet for about 1 minute without talking or moving.
Lung disease

46. What is the hallmark clinical finding associated with pericarditis?
It is a sterile procedure so both nurse and patient should wear a mask - arrange sterile field - remove dressing - assess the catheter insertion site for infection - put on sterile gloves - clean the site moving outwardly in a circular motion - apply
Protamine Sulfate
Activity intolerance
Pericardial friction rub: A high pitched squeaking or grating sound during cardiac contraction. It is typically best heard when the patient sits - leans forward - and breaths out.

47. What is characteristic of ventricular fibrillation?
Totally disorganized - chaotic pattern - and no discernible waves or complexes.
It is an elective procedure - where the client is awake - it is synchronized with 'QRS' - the patient is sedated - a consent form must be signed prior to - they are placed on an EKG monitor - and they are shocked with 50-200 Joules.
A life threatening emergency that involves a tear in the aorta's intimal layer allowing blood to flow through a false lumen creating a hematoma or false aneurysm.
Right sided heart failure

48. What is the antidote for coumadin?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine= Aortic - Pulmonic - ERB's point - Tricuspid - and Mitral/Apex. P(2) E (3) T (4) MA (5) (locations)
If feel more than 3 shocks in a row or develop signs of infection at the site.
Premature beats that are not preceded by a P- wave - QRS is wide and bizarre - and the T wave of the premature beat is generally large and in the opposite direction of the QRS.
Vitamin K (aqua myphiton)

49. Where should you place your stethescope to find the mitral (apex) valve?
Keep clean and dry for 72 hours - DON'T LIFT The ELBOW OR ARM ON The INCISION SIDE FOR FOUR WEEKS (CAN'T BRUSH HAIR OR TEECH BC PULLS CAN ROLL MARBLES) - DON'T LIFT PUSH OR PULL MORE THAN 10 LBS FOR FOUR WEEKS - take pulse and wt each day - CAll CARD
Demand: Works PRN (when HR goes below predetermined rate) or Fixed: beats constantly at predetermined rate so no matter what heart does still beats at same rate.
The damaged portion of the aorta is removed and is repaired with a synthetic graft.
Fifth left intercostal space medial to the midclavicular line.

50. What is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?
MONA=Magnesium sulfate - O2 - Nitroglycerin - Aspirin (mona has a heart so EKG also if select all that apply).
Before
No clearly defined or measurable P waves and an irregular - irregular ventricular response.
To report to her healthcare provider if she feels a large bump in her groin - if she has groin pain unrelieved by acetaminophen - or if she develops numbness - tingling - etc. in the affected leg.