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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Genetic makeup of an individual






2. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






3. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






4. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






5. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






6. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






7. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






8. Individuals being crossed






9. Location of genes on DNA






10. May be found on the plasmids and transferred into recipient cells along with these factors






11. Nucleic acids are deleted or inserted into the genome sequence (lethal)






12. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






13. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






14. Where protein synthesis occurs






15. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






16. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA






17. The sequence of nontranscribable DNA that is the repressor binding site






18. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






19. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






20. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






21. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






22. Short segments from lagging strand






23. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






24. Organisms that carry two different alleles






25. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






26. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






27. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






28. Alternative forms of genes when it exists in more than one form






29. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






30. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






31. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns

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32. Basic unit of DNA - which is composed of deoxyribose (a sugar) bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base -bases: purines and pyrimidines






33. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






34. (UAA - UAG - or UGA) terminates polypeptide synthesis






35. Small RNA found in the ctyoplasm that aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids -brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis






36. Occurs while multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant -expression of both dominant alleles are simultaneous -ex: ABO blood group






37. Binds to the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex (Arriving site)






38. New codon may code for the same amino acid






39. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






40. Basic unit of heredity






41. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






42. True-breeding individuals (which - if self-crossed - produce progeny only with the parental phenotype) with different traits - mated them - and statistically analyzed the inheritance of the traits in the progeny






43. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






44. Cytosine and thymine






45. Double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two single strands






46. Hydrogen bonds form between the mRNA codon in the A site and its complementary anticodon on the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex






47. Developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with the garden pea






48. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






49. An organism with a dominant phenotype of unknown genotype (Ax) is crossed with a phenotypically recessive organism






50. Cell burst







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