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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






2. Begins at a unique origin of and proceeds in both directions simultaneously






3. Basic unit of DNA - which is composed of deoxyribose (a sugar) bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base -bases: purines and pyrimidines






4. Occurs when linked genes are separated






5. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






6. The process whereby information coded in the base sequence of DNA is transcribed into a strand of mRNA that leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores. the remaining events of protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm






7. New codon may code for the same amino acid






8. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






9. Nucleic acids are deleted or inserted into the genome sequence (lethal)






10. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






11. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






12. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






13. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns


14. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






15. Bacteriophages that replicate by the lytic cycle - killing their host cells






16. Double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two single strands






17. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






18. Include incomplete dominance - and codominance






19. The noncoding sequence of DNA that serves as the initial binding site for RNA polymerase






20. Base sequence of mRNA is translated as a series of triplets






21. May be found on the plasmids and transferred into recipient cells along with these factors






22. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






23. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype


24. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






25. Individuals being crossed






26. New codon may code for a different amino acid






27. Recessive genes that are carried on the X chromosome will produce the recessive phenotypes whenever they occur in men because no dominant allele is present to mask them -ex: hemophilia and color blindness






28. Alternative forms of genes when it exists in more than one form






29. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






30. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






31. 1) Genes exist in alternative forms. A gene controls a specific trait in an organism. 2) An organism has two alleles for each inherited trait - one inherited from each parent 3) The two alleles segregate during meiosis - resulting in gametes that car


32. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






33. Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that re temporarily joined






34. Expressed allele -usually assigned capital letters






35. Small RNA found in the ctyoplasm that aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids -brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis






36. Cytosine and thymine






37. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA






38. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






39. Small circular rings of DNA which contain accessory genes






40. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






41. Binds to the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex (Arriving site)






42. Developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with the garden pea






43. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






44. Consists of structural genes






45. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






46. Organisms that carry two different alleles






47. Regulation of gene expression and enables prokaryotes to control their metabolism






48. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






49. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






50. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA