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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






2. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






3. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






4. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






5. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






6. Double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two single strands






7. Each strand of DNA that is a template in the synthesis of two new daughter helices






8. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






9. New codon may code for a different amino acid






10. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






11. Consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell






12. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






13. Organisms that carry two different alleles






14. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns


15. Location of genes on DNA






16. Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase form transcribing the structural genes






17. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






18. Occurs when linked genes are separated






19. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






20. Genetic makeup of an individual






21. Cell burst






22. Progeny phenotypes are apparently blends of the parental phenotypes






23. Each new daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand






24. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






25. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






26. Small circular rings of DNA which contain accessory genes






27. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






28. Adenine and guanine






29. Recessive genes that are carried on the X chromosome will produce the recessive phenotypes whenever they occur in men because no dominant allele is present to mask them -ex: hemophilia and color blindness






30. (UAA - UAG - or UGA) terminates polypeptide synthesis






31. System where the repressor is inactive until it combines with the corepressor






32. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






33. Progeny generations






34. True-breeding individuals (which - if self-crossed - produce progeny only with the parental phenotype) with different traits - mated them - and statistically analyzed the inheritance of the traits in the progeny






35. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






36. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






37. On amino acid which has an active site that binds to both the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA - ctalyzing their attachment to form an aminoacyl-tRNA complex






38. Basic unit of heredity






39. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






40. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA






41. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype


42. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






43. Self replication ensures that its coded sequence will be passed on to successive generations






44. Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome -in humans - most are located on the X






45. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






46. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






47. Where protein synthesis occurs






48. Ribonucleic acid -polynucleotide structurally similar to DNA except that its sugar is ribose -contains uracil instead of thymine -usually single stranded -found in both nucleus and cytoplasm -several types are involved with mRNA - tRNA - and rRNA






49. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






50. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA