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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






2. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






3. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






4. Formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and the fmet attached to the tRNA in the P site






5. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






6. System where the repressor is inactive until it combines with the corepressor






7. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






8. Cell burst






9. Include incomplete dominance - and codominance






10. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






11. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






12. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






13. Individuals being crossed






14. Organisms that carry two different alleles






15. Small RNA found in the ctyoplasm that aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids -brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis






16. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






17. DNA language must be translated by mRNA in such a way as to produce the 20 words in the amino acid language






18. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






19. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






20. Complementary to one of the mRNA codons






21. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






22. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






23. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






24. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






25. Consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell






26. Cytosine and thymine






27. An organism with a dominant phenotype of unknown genotype (Ax) is crossed with a phenotypically recessive organism






28. Nucleic acids are deleted or inserted into the genome sequence (lethal)






29. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype

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30. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






31. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






32. New codon may code for the same amino acid






33. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






34. Regulation of gene expression and enables prokaryotes to control their metabolism






35. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






36. Occurs when linked genes are separated






37. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






38. Short segments from lagging strand






39. Alternative forms of genes when it exists in more than one form






40. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






41. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






42. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






43. Small circular rings of DNA which contain accessory genes






44. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA






45. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






46. Bacteriophages that replicate by the lytic cycle - killing their host cells






47. Self replication ensures that its coded sequence will be passed on to successive generations






48. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






49. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






50. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model