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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






2. Ribonucleic acid -polynucleotide structurally similar to DNA except that its sugar is ribose -contains uracil instead of thymine -usually single stranded -found in both nucleus and cytoplasm -several types are involved with mRNA - tRNA - and rRNA






3. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






4. New codon may code for a different amino acid






5. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






6. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






7. Cell burst






8. System where the repressor is inactive until it combines with the corepressor






9. Include incomplete dominance - and codominance






10. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






11. May be found on the plasmids and transferred into recipient cells along with these factors






12. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






13. Small circular rings of DNA which contain accessory genes






14. DNA language must be translated by mRNA in such a way as to produce the 20 words in the amino acid language






15. Self replication ensures that its coded sequence will be passed on to successive generations






16. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






17. Expressed allele -usually assigned capital letters






18. Developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with the garden pea






19. Chromosome fragment






20. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






21. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






22. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






23. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






24. Occurs while multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant -expression of both dominant alleles are simultaneous -ex: ABO blood group






25. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






26. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






27. Where protein synthesis occurs






28. The ribosome advances three nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and the uncharged tRNA from the P site is expelled - and the peptidyl-tRNA from the A site moves into the P site and completes the cycle






29. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






30. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






31. Each new daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand






32. The sequence of nontranscribable DNA that is the repressor binding site






33. Base sequence of mRNA is translated as a series of triplets






34. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






35. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






36. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






37. New codon may be a stop codon






38. Adenine and guanine






39. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns

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40. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






41. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA






42. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






43. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






44. Cytosine and thymine






45. Regulation of gene expression and enables prokaryotes to control their metabolism






46. Complementary to one of the mRNA codons






47. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






48. 1) Genes exist in alternative forms. A gene controls a specific trait in an organism. 2) An organism has two alleles for each inherited trait - one inherited from each parent 3) The two alleles segregate during meiosis - resulting in gametes that car

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49. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






50. TRNA binding site for ribosomes to attach to the growing polypeptide chain (peace out site)






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