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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






2. Short segments from lagging strand






3. Organisms that carry two different alleles






4. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






5. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






6. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






7. Cytosine and thymine






8. Double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two single strands






9. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






10. Consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell






11. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






12. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






13. If the bacterioophage does not lyse its host cell - it becomes integrated into the bacterial genome in a harmless form - lying dorant for one or more generations. the virus mays tay integrated indefinitely - replicating along with the bacterial gneom






14. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






15. Occurs while multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant -expression of both dominant alleles are simultaneous -ex: ABO blood group






16. Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that re temporarily joined






17. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






18. Ribonucleic acid -polynucleotide structurally similar to DNA except that its sugar is ribose -contains uracil instead of thymine -usually single stranded -found in both nucleus and cytoplasm -several types are involved with mRNA - tRNA - and rRNA






19. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






20. An organism with a dominant phenotype of unknown genotype (Ax) is crossed with a phenotypically recessive organism






21. Formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and the fmet attached to the tRNA in the P site






22. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






23. Each strand of DNA that is a template in the synthesis of two new daughter helices






24. System where the repressor is inactive until it combines with the corepressor






25. Expressed allele -usually assigned capital letters






26. Occurs when linked genes are separated






27. Progeny generations






28. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






29. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






30. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






31. Alternative forms of genes when it exists in more than one form






32. Complementary to one of the mRNA codons






33. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






34. Chromosome fragment






35. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns

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36. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






37. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






38. Consists of structural genes






39. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






40. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






41. Adenine and guanine






42. 1) Genes exist in alternative forms. A gene controls a specific trait in an organism. 2) An organism has two alleles for each inherited trait - one inherited from each parent 3) The two alleles segregate during meiosis - resulting in gametes that car

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43. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






44. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






45. Recessive genes that are carried on the X chromosome will produce the recessive phenotypes whenever they occur in men because no dominant allele is present to mask them -ex: hemophilia and color blindness






46. On amino acid which has an active site that binds to both the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA - ctalyzing their attachment to form an aminoacyl-tRNA complex






47. Cell burst






48. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






49. Begins at a unique origin of and proceeds in both directions simultaneously






50. The process whereby information coded in the base sequence of DNA is transcribed into a strand of mRNA that leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores. the remaining events of protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm