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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






2. Adenine and guanine






3. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






4. Cytosine and thymine






5. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






6. Nucleic acids are deleted or inserted into the genome sequence (lethal)






7. Where protein synthesis occurs






8. New codon may code for a different amino acid






9. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






10. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






11. Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that re temporarily joined






12. The noncoding sequence of DNA that serves as the initial binding site for RNA polymerase






13. Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome -in humans - most are located on the X






14. Formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and the fmet attached to the tRNA in the P site






15. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






16. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






17. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






18. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






19. Bacteriophages that replicate by the lytic cycle - killing their host cells






20. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA






21. An organism with a dominant phenotype of unknown genotype (Ax) is crossed with a phenotypically recessive organism






22. True-breeding individuals (which - if self-crossed - produce progeny only with the parental phenotype) with different traits - mated them - and statistically analyzed the inheritance of the traits in the progeny






23. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






24. The sequence of nontranscribable DNA that is the repressor binding site






25. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype


26. Individuals being crossed






27. Begins at a unique origin of and proceeds in both directions simultaneously






28. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






29. Occurs while multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant -expression of both dominant alleles are simultaneous -ex: ABO blood group






30. 1) Genes exist in alternative forms. A gene controls a specific trait in an organism. 2) An organism has two alleles for each inherited trait - one inherited from each parent 3) The two alleles segregate during meiosis - resulting in gametes that car


31. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






32. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






33. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






34. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






35. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






36. Self replication ensures that its coded sequence will be passed on to successive generations






37. Cell burst






38. Initiation - elongation - and termination






39. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






40. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






41. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






42. New codon may be a stop codon






43. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






44. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






45. TRNA binding site for ribosomes to attach to the growing polypeptide chain (peace out site)






46. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






47. The ribosome advances three nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and the uncharged tRNA from the P site is expelled - and the peptidyl-tRNA from the A site moves into the P site and completes the cycle






48. Genetic makeup of an individual






49. Organisms that carry two different alleles






50. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids