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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






2. Include incomplete dominance - and codominance






3. Base sequence of mRNA is translated as a series of triplets






4. Organisms that carry two different alleles






5. Can be altered under certain conditions - altering the corresponding characteristics in the organism






6. Complementary to one of the mRNA codons






7. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






8. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






9. Bacteriophages that replicate by the lytic cycle - killing their host cells






10. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






11. Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome -in humans - most are located on the X






12. Only one trait is being studied in this particular mating






13. Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase form transcribing the structural genes






14. Expressed allele -usually assigned capital letters






15. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






16. Formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and the fmet attached to the tRNA in the P site






17. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






18. Each strand of DNA that is a template in the synthesis of two new daughter helices






19. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






20. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






21. Small RNA found in the ctyoplasm that aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids -brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis






22. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






23. Consists of structural genes






24. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






25. Hydrogen bonds form between the mRNA codon in the A site and its complementary anticodon on the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex






26. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype


27. Where protein synthesis occurs






28. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






29. Short segments from lagging strand






30. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






31. The process whereby information coded in the base sequence of DNA is transcribed into a strand of mRNA that leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores. the remaining events of protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm






32. Each new daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand






33. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






34. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA






35. An organism with a dominant phenotype of unknown genotype (Ax) is crossed with a phenotypically recessive organism






36. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns


37. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






38. DNA language must be translated by mRNA in such a way as to produce the 20 words in the amino acid language






39. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






40. Initiation - elongation - and termination






41. Cytosine and thymine






42. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






43. Genetic makeup of an individual






44. 1) Genes exist in alternative forms. A gene controls a specific trait in an organism. 2) An organism has two alleles for each inherited trait - one inherited from each parent 3) The two alleles segregate during meiosis - resulting in gametes that car


45. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






46. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






47. Progeny phenotypes are apparently blends of the parental phenotypes






48. Alternative forms of genes when it exists in more than one form






49. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






50. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome