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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The process whereby information coded in the base sequence of DNA is transcribed into a strand of mRNA that leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores. the remaining events of protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm






2. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






3. Ribonucleic acid -polynucleotide structurally similar to DNA except that its sugar is ribose -contains uracil instead of thymine -usually single stranded -found in both nucleus and cytoplasm -several types are involved with mRNA - tRNA - and rRNA






4. Organisms that carry two different alleles






5. Cytosine and thymine






6. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






7. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






8. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






9. Recessive genes that are carried on the X chromosome will produce the recessive phenotypes whenever they occur in men because no dominant allele is present to mask them -ex: hemophilia and color blindness






10. Formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and the fmet attached to the tRNA in the P site






11. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






12. New codon may code for a different amino acid






13. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






14. Occurs while multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant -expression of both dominant alleles are simultaneous -ex: ABO blood group






15. Consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell






16. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






17. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






18. (UAA - UAG - or UGA) terminates polypeptide synthesis






19. System where the repressor is inactive until it combines with the corepressor






20. Adenine and guanine






21. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






22. Developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with the garden pea






23. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






24. Expressed allele -usually assigned capital letters






25. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






26. TRNA binding site for ribosomes to attach to the growing polypeptide chain (peace out site)






27. Double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two single strands






28. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






29. Short segments from lagging strand






30. Where protein synthesis occurs






31. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype


32. Occurs when linked genes are separated






33. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






34. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






35. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






36. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






37. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






38. Location of genes on DNA






39. New codon may be a stop codon






40. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






41. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






42. Progeny phenotypes are apparently blends of the parental phenotypes






43. The ribosome advances three nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and the uncharged tRNA from the P site is expelled - and the peptidyl-tRNA from the A site moves into the P site and completes the cycle






44. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






45. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






46. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






47. Regulation of gene expression and enables prokaryotes to control their metabolism






48. May be found on the plasmids and transferred into recipient cells along with these factors






49. Genetic makeup of an individual






50. Binds to the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex (Arriving site)