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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ribonucleic acid -polynucleotide structurally similar to DNA except that its sugar is ribose -contains uracil instead of thymine -usually single stranded -found in both nucleus and cytoplasm -several types are involved with mRNA - tRNA - and rRNA






2. Nucleic acids are deleted or inserted into the genome sequence (lethal)






3. Small RNA found in the ctyoplasm that aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids -brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis






4. System where the repressor is inactive until it combines with the corepressor






5. Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase form transcribing the structural genes






6. Cell burst






7. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






8. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






9. Consists of structural genes






10. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






11. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






12. Individuals being crossed






13. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






14. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






15. Genetic makeup of an individual






16. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






17. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






18. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






19. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






20. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






21. The noncoding sequence of DNA that serves as the initial binding site for RNA polymerase






22. Base sequence of mRNA is translated as a series of triplets






23. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






24. Regulation of gene expression and enables prokaryotes to control their metabolism






25. The ribosome advances three nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and the uncharged tRNA from the P site is expelled - and the peptidyl-tRNA from the A site moves into the P site and completes the cycle






26. Hydrogen bonds form between the mRNA codon in the A site and its complementary anticodon on the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex






27. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






28. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






29. Cytosine and thymine






30. Can be altered under certain conditions - altering the corresponding characteristics in the organism






31. Begins at a unique origin of and proceeds in both directions simultaneously






32. Short segments from lagging strand






33. TRNA binding site for ribosomes to attach to the growing polypeptide chain (peace out site)






34. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






35. 1) Genes exist in alternative forms. A gene controls a specific trait in an organism. 2) An organism has two alleles for each inherited trait - one inherited from each parent 3) The two alleles segregate during meiosis - resulting in gametes that car

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36. Consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell






37. Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that re temporarily joined






38. Occurs when linked genes are separated






39. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






40. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






41. Initiation - elongation - and termination






42. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






43. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






44. Adenine and guanine






45. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






46. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






47. Progeny phenotypes are apparently blends of the parental phenotypes






48. New codon may code for a different amino acid






49. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA






50. New codon may code for the same amino acid