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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Small RNA found in the ctyoplasm that aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids -brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis






2. Where protein synthesis occurs






3. The study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next






4. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






5. DNA language must be translated by mRNA in such a way as to produce the 20 words in the amino acid language






6. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






7. Alternative forms of genes when it exists in more than one form






8. An organism with a dominant phenotype of unknown genotype (Ax) is crossed with a phenotypically recessive organism






9. Begins at a unique origin of and proceeds in both directions simultaneously






10. New codon may be a stop codon






11. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






12. Each strand of DNA that is a template in the synthesis of two new daughter helices






13. Developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with the garden pea






14. The ribosome advances three nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and the uncharged tRNA from the P site is expelled - and the peptidyl-tRNA from the A site moves into the P site and completes the cycle






15. Progeny generations






16. Basic unit of heredity






17. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






18. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






19. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






20. Bacteriophages that replicate by the lytic cycle - killing their host cells






21. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






22. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA






23. Genetic makeup of an individual






24. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






25. Small circular rings of DNA which contain accessory genes






26. Recessive genes that are carried on the X chromosome will produce the recessive phenotypes whenever they occur in men because no dominant allele is present to mask them -ex: hemophilia and color blindness






27. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






28. Can be altered under certain conditions - altering the corresponding characteristics in the organism






29. Initiation - elongation - and termination






30. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






31. Consists of structural genes






32. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






33. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






34. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns

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35. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






36. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






37. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






38. Individuals being crossed






39. Organisms that carry two different alleles






40. Expressed allele -usually assigned capital letters






41. If the bacterioophage does not lyse its host cell - it becomes integrated into the bacterial genome in a harmless form - lying dorant for one or more generations. the virus mays tay integrated indefinitely - replicating along with the bacterial gneom






42. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






43. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






44. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






45. Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome -in humans - most are located on the X






46. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA






47. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






48. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






49. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






50. Occurs when linked genes are separated