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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next






2. The noncoding sequence of DNA that serves as the initial binding site for RNA polymerase






3. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






4. Regulation of gene expression and enables prokaryotes to control their metabolism






5. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






6. If the bacterioophage does not lyse its host cell - it becomes integrated into the bacterial genome in a harmless form - lying dorant for one or more generations. the virus mays tay integrated indefinitely - replicating along with the bacterial gneom






7. Basic unit of DNA - which is composed of deoxyribose (a sugar) bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base -bases: purines and pyrimidines






8. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






9. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






10. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






11. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






12. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






13. Silent allele -usually assigned capital letters






14. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






15. Virus that infcts its host bacterium by attaching to it - boring a hole through the bacterial cell wall - and injecting its DNA while its protein coat remains attached to the cell wall and enters the host in either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle






16. May be found on the plasmids and transferred into recipient cells along with these factors






17. Nucleic acids are deleted or inserted into the genome sequence (lethal)






18. Ribonucleic acid -polynucleotide structurally similar to DNA except that its sugar is ribose -contains uracil instead of thymine -usually single stranded -found in both nucleus and cytoplasm -several types are involved with mRNA - tRNA - and rRNA






19. Alternative forms of genes when it exists in more than one form






20. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






21. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






22. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






23. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






24. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






25. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






26. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






27. Can be altered under certain conditions - altering the corresponding characteristics in the organism






28. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






29. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype

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30. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA






31. Basic unit of heredity






32. Reproduction of bacterial cells and proliferate very rapidly under favorable conditions -asexual prcoess -3 kinds (transformation - conjugation and transduction)






33. Double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two single strands






34. Base sequence of mRNA is translated as a series of triplets






35. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






36. Include incomplete dominance - and codominance






37. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






38. Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase form transcribing the structural genes






39. On amino acid which has an active site that binds to both the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA - ctalyzing their attachment to form an aminoacyl-tRNA complex






40. Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome -in humans - most are located on the X






41. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






42. Begins at a unique origin of and proceeds in both directions simultaneously






43. New codon may code for the same amino acid






44. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






45. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






46. Location of genes on DNA






47. Formed between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and the fmet attached to the tRNA in the P site






48. Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that re temporarily joined






49. Hydrogen bonds form between the mRNA codon in the A site and its complementary anticodon on the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex






50. Consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell