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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






2. Chromosome fragment






3. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






4. (UAA - UAG - or UGA) terminates polypeptide synthesis






5. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






6. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






7. Each strand of DNA that is a template in the synthesis of two new daughter helices






8. Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs -crossing over exchanges information between chromosomes and may break the linkage of certain patterns

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9. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






10. Only one trait is being studied in this particular mating






11. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






12. (AUG) ribosome scans the mRNA until it bonds to this (methionine) and UAC on anticodon of tRNA






13. Begins at a unique origin of and proceeds in both directions simultaneously






14. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






15. New codon may code for the same amino acid






16. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments






17. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






18. Location of genes on DNA






19. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






20. May be found on the plasmids and transferred into recipient cells along with these factors






21. Language of DNA consists of four letters: A -T -C -G -language of proteins consists of 20 'words': 20 amino acids -universal for almost all organism






22. Base sequence of mRNA is translated as a series of triplets






23. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA






24. The study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next






25. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






26. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






27. Brings amino acids to the ribosomes in the correct sequence for polypeptide synthesis -recognizes both the amino acid and the mRNA codon






28. An organism with a dominant phenotype of unknown genotype (Ax) is crossed with a phenotypically recessive organism






29. 1) Genes exist in alternative forms. A gene controls a specific trait in an organism. 2) An organism has two alleles for each inherited trait - one inherited from each parent 3) The two alleles segregate during meiosis - resulting in gametes that car

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30. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






31. Consists of structural genes






32. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






33. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






34. Genetic makeup of an individual






35. Individuals being crossed






36. Basic unit of heredity






37. Developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with the garden pea






38. Recessive genes that are carried on the X chromosome will produce the recessive phenotypes whenever they occur in men because no dominant allele is present to mask them -ex: hemophilia and color blindness






39. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






40. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






41. Adenine and guanine






42. Basic unit of DNA - which is composed of deoxyribose (a sugar) bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base -bases: purines and pyrimidines






43. If the bacterioophage does not lyse its host cell - it becomes integrated into the bacterial genome in a harmless form - lying dorant for one or more generations. the virus mays tay integrated indefinitely - replicating along with the bacterial gneom






44. Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase form transcribing the structural genes






45. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






46. New codon may be a stop codon






47. Each new daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand






48. System where the repressor binds to the operator - forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes






49. Degeneracy/redundancy of the genetic code since there are 64 different codons and only 20 amino acids






50. Where protein synthesis occurs