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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Genetic makeup of an individual






2. Double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two single strands






3. Progeny generations






4. Chromosome fragment






5. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






6. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






7. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






8. Fruit fly -produces often (short life cycle) -reproduces in large numbers (large sample size) -chromosomes (especially in the salivary gland) are large and easily recognizable in size and shape -its chromosomes are few (4 pairs - 2n=8) -Mutations occ






9. Location of genes on DNA






10. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






11. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






12. Cytosine and thymine






13. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






14. New codon may code for the same amino acid






15. DNA language must be translated by mRNA in such a way as to produce the 20 words in the amino acid language






16. Structural component of ribsomes and is the most abundant of all RNA types -synthesized in the nucleolus






17. Developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with the garden pea






18. Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria that re temporarily joined






19. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






20. Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase form transcribing the structural genes






21. Adenine and guanine






22. Initiation - elongation - and termination






23. May occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors






24. The process whereby information coded in the base sequence of DNA is transcribed into a strand of mRNA that leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores. the remaining events of protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm






25. Self replication ensures that its coded sequence will be passed on to successive generations






26. Small circular rings of DNA which contain accessory genes






27. Short segments from lagging strand






28. Occurs while multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one of them is dominant -expression of both dominant alleles are simultaneous -ex: ABO blood group






29. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






30. Basic unit of DNA - which is composed of deoxyribose (a sugar) bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base -bases: purines and pyrimidines






31. Cell burst






32. Include incomplete dominance - and codominance






33. (UAA - UAG - or UGA) terminates polypeptide synthesis






34. Each new daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand






35. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






36. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






37. Dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype

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38. If the bacterioophage does not lyse its host cell - it becomes integrated into the bacterial genome in a harmless form - lying dorant for one or more generations. the virus mays tay integrated indefinitely - replicating along with the bacterial gneom






39. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






40. Phage DNA takes control of the bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny - causing the cell to lyse - releasing new virions - each capable of infecting other bacteria -if initial infection takes place on a bacterial lawn - then






41. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






42. Carries the complement of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes -assembled from ribonucleotides that are complementary to the 'sense' strand of the DNA -monocistronic






43. Hydrogen bonds form between the mRNA codon in the A site and its complementary anticodon on the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex






44. Base sequence of mRNA is translated as a series of triplets






45. Progeny phenotypes are apparently blends of the parental phenotypes






46. Occurs when linked genes are separated






47. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






48. Bacteriophages that replicate by the lytic cycle - killing their host cells






49. Plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome






50. The sequence of nontranscribable DNA that is the repressor binding site







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