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PCAT Biology Genetics

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Changes in the genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA -if occured in the somatic cells - it can lead to tumors in an individual






2. Regulation of gene expression and enables prokaryotes to control their metabolism






3. The parents differ in two traits - as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis






4. Sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the helix and the bases on the inside -C-G - T-A -AKA Watson Crick DNA model






5. Self replication ensures that its coded sequence will be passed on to successive generations






6. If the bacterioophage does not lyse its host cell - it becomes integrated into the bacterial genome in a harmless form - lying dorant for one or more generations. the virus mays tay integrated indefinitely - replicating along with the bacterial gneom






7. The process by which a foreign plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination - creating new inheritable genetic combinations






8. Occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection






9. Process whereby mRNA codons are translated intoa sequence of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm and involves tRNA - ribosomes - mRNA - amino acids - enzymes - and other proteins






10. Either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II -zygote might either have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or just a single copy (monos






11. Composed of two subunits (consisting of proteins and rRNA) - one large and one small - that bind together only during protein synthesis -have 3 binding sites (for mRNA and two tRNA)






12. Can often affect the expression of a gene -interaction betwen the enironment and the genotype produces the phenotype






13. Cytosine and thymine






14. Small RNA found in the ctyoplasm that aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids -brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis






15. Individuals being crossed






16. Nucleic acid is replaced by another nucleic acid






17. Progeny generations






18. Occurs when linked genes are separated






19. Genetic makeup of an individual






20. Codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase form transcribing the structural genes






21. Structure formed when many ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule






22. Organisms that contain two copies of the same allele






23. Bacteriophages that replicate by the lytic cycle - killing their host cells






24. Recessive genes that are carried on the X chromosome will produce the recessive phenotypes whenever they occur in men because no dominant allele is present to mask them -ex: hemophilia and color blindness






25. May infect other bacteria and introduce new genetic arrangements through recombination with the new host cell's DNA






26. Daughter strand that is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase in the 5'->3' direction






27. Deoxyribonucleic acid -contains information coded in the sequence of its base pairs - provding the cell with a blueprint for protein synthesis -regulate all life functions -has the ability to self replicate -basis of heredity -mutable






28. Each new daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand






29. One mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide






30. Physical manifestation of the genetic makeup






31. New codon may be a stop codon






32. Consists of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell






33. Binds to the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex (Arriving site)






34. Nitrogen bases are added - deleted - or substituted - thus crating different genes; inappropriate amino acids may be inserted into polypeptide chains - and a mutated protein may be produced






35. Can be altered under certain conditions - altering the corresponding characteristics in the organism






36. The ribosome advances three nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and the uncharged tRNA from the P site is expelled - and the peptidyl-tRNA from the A site moves into the P site and completes the cycle






37. Include incomplete dominance - and codominance






38. Complex that can't bind to the operator - thus permitting transcription






39. One way of predicting the genotypes expected form a cross -genotypes are determined by looking at the intersections of the grid -indicates all potential progeny genotypes and the relative frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes can be e






40. Pairs of homologues in sexually differentiated species






41. Diagnostic tool to determine the genotype of an organism -Only with a recessive phenotype can genotype be predicted with 100% accuracy -if dominant phenotype is expressed - the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous -used to deter






42. Induce mutations -include cosmic rays - X rays - UV rays - and radioactivity






43. Ribonucleic acid -polynucleotide structurally similar to DNA except that its sugar is ribose -contains uracil instead of thymine -usually single stranded -found in both nucleus and cytoplasm -several types are involved with mRNA - tRNA - and rRNA






44. Organisms that carry two different alleles






45. Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome -in humans - most are located on the X






46. The process whereby information coded in the base sequence of DNA is transcribed into a strand of mRNA that leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores. the remaining events of protein synthesis occur in the cytoplasm






47. True-breeding individuals (which - if self-crossed - produce progeny only with the parental phenotype) with different traits - mated them - and statistically analyzed the inheritance of the traits in the progeny






48. Basic unit of DNA - which is composed of deoxyribose (a sugar) bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base -bases: purines and pyrimidines






49. Only one trait is being studied in this particular mating






50. Synthesized discontinuously in the 5'->3' direction (since DNA polymerase synthesizes only in that direction) as a series Okazaki fragments