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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






2. A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates -found principally in arthropods -composed of noncellular material secreted by the epidermis






3. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






4. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






5. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






6. Stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron






7. Move by beating cilia or flagella






8. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






9. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






10. Serve as bone to bone connectors






11. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)






12. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






13. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






14. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






15. Refers to a bending of a joint






16. Capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils






17. Concentric circles of bony matrix






18. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






19. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






20. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






21. The basic framework of the body - consisting of the skull - vertebral column - and the rib cage






22. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






23. Achieve movement by means of the power stroke -a thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubules






24. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






25. Region containing thick filaments only






26. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases






27. Occurs whne a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that remains constant






28. Purpose is to convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream during period of strenuous activity






29. Striations of light and dark bands of skeletal muscle






30. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






31. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






32. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






33. Amoeba use for locomotion where the advancing cell membrane extends forward






34. Filaments embedded in fibers of muscles - which are divided into sarcomeres






35. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






36. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






37. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






38. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






39. Centers that can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious - involuntary level






40. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






41. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places






42. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






43. Composed of thin and thick filaments






44. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






45. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell






46. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






47. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






48. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






49. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






50. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber