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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






2. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






3. State of partial contraction






4. Achieve movement by means of the power stroke -a thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubules






5. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






6. Serve as bone to bone connectors






7. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






8. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






9. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






10. Composed of organized bundles of myosin molecules






11. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






12. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






13. Much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules






14. Point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (the proximal end in limb muscles)






15. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






16. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






17. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






18. Amoeba use for locomotion where the advancing cell membrane extends forward






19. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






20. Link between the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton( and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber






21. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell






22. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






23. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases






24. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






25. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






26. Chains of actin molecules






27. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






28. Refers to a bending of a joint






29. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber






30. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






31. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






32. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






33. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






34. Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - and cardia muscle






35. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places






36. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






37. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






38. Striations of light and dark bands of skeletal muscle






39. The basic framework of the body - consisting of the skull - vertebral column - and the rib cage






40. Composed of thin and thick filaments






41. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






42. Move by beating cilia or flagella






43. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






44. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






45. Concentric circles of bony matrix






46. Centers that can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious - involuntary level






47. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






48. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






49. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






50. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)