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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






2. Serve as bone to bone connectors






3. Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - and cardia muscle






4. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






5. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell






6. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






7. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






8. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






9. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






10. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






11. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






12. Centers that can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious - involuntary level






13. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases






14. Units of diveded myofibrils






15. Amoeba use for locomotion where the advancing cell membrane extends forward






16. State of partial contraction






17. Filaments embedded in fibers of muscles - which are divided into sarcomeres






18. Purpose is to convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream during period of strenuous activity






19. Involved in blood cell formation






20. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






21. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






22. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






23. Link between the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton( and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber






24. Achieve movement by means of the power stroke -a thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubules






25. Indicates a straightening of a join






26. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






27. Refers to a bending of a joint






28. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






29. The basic framework of the body - consisting of the skull - vertebral column - and the rib cage






30. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus






31. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






32. Composed of thin and thick filaments






33. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






34. Composed of organized bundles of myosin molecules






35. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






36. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)






37. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






38. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






39. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






40. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






41. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






42. Stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron






43. Striations of light and dark bands of skeletal muscle






44. Concentric circles of bony matrix






45. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






46. A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates -found principally in arthropods -composed of noncellular material secreted by the epidermis






47. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






48. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber






49. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places






50. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes