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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






2. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






3. Link between the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton( and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber






4. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






5. Region containing thick filaments only






6. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






7. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






8. Centers that can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious - involuntary level






9. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






10. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






11. A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates -found principally in arthropods -composed of noncellular material secreted by the epidermis






12. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






13. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places






14. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






15. Occurs whne a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that remains constant






16. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






17. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






18. Composed of thin and thick filaments






19. Move by beating cilia or flagella






20. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






21. Chains of actin molecules






22. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






23. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






24. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






25. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






26. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell






27. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






28. Purpose is to convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream during period of strenuous activity






29. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






30. Refers to a bending of a joint






31. Concentric circles of bony matrix






32. Stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron






33. Involved in blood cell formation






34. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)






35. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






36. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






37. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






38. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






39. Indicates a straightening of a join






40. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






41. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus






42. Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - and cardia muscle






43. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






44. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






45. Muscle tissues of the heart






46. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






47. Striations of light and dark bands of skeletal muscle






48. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






49. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






50. The region containing thin filaments only