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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






2. Point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (the proximal end in limb muscles)






3. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






4. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






5. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






6. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






7. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






8. Composed of organized bundles of myosin molecules






9. Striations of light and dark bands of skeletal muscle






10. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






11. State of partial contraction






12. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






13. The basic framework of the body - consisting of the skull - vertebral column - and the rib cage






14. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






15. The region containing thin filaments only






16. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






17. Muscle tissues of the heart






18. Serve as bone to bone connectors






19. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






20. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






21. Concentric circles of bony matrix






22. Filaments embedded in fibers of muscles - which are divided into sarcomeres






23. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






24. Centers that can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious - involuntary level






25. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell






26. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






27. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






28. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






29. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus






30. Amoeba use for locomotion where the advancing cell membrane extends forward






31. Indicates a straightening of a join






32. Region containing thick filaments only






33. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






34. A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates -found principally in arthropods -composed of noncellular material secreted by the epidermis






35. Chains of actin molecules






36. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






37. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






38. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






39. Much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules






40. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






41. Achieve movement by means of the power stroke -a thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubules






42. Refers to a bending of a joint






43. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






44. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






45. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






46. Units of diveded myofibrils






47. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






48. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






49. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






50. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged