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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






2. Much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules






3. Refers to a bending of a joint






4. Units of diveded myofibrils






5. Point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (the proximal end in limb muscles)






6. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






7. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






8. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






9. Occurs whne a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that remains constant






10. Composed of organized bundles of myosin molecules






11. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






12. State of partial contraction






13. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






14. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






15. Move by beating cilia or flagella






16. Composed of thin and thick filaments






17. Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - and cardia muscle






18. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






19. Stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron






20. Purpose is to convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream during period of strenuous activity






21. Serve as bone to bone connectors






22. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






23. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






24. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






25. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases






26. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






27. Concentric circles of bony matrix






28. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)






29. Capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils






30. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






31. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






32. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






33. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






34. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






35. Achieve movement by means of the power stroke -a thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubules






36. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






37. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






38. Region containing thick filaments only






39. Chains of actin molecules






40. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






41. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






42. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






43. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






44. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






45. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






46. Indicates a straightening of a join






47. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






48. Centers that can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious - involuntary level






49. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






50. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus