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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






2. Capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils






3. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






4. Concentric circles of bony matrix






5. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






6. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber






7. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






8. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






9. Link between the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton( and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber






10. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






11. Composed of thin and thick filaments






12. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






13. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






14. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






15. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






16. Purpose is to convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream during period of strenuous activity






17. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






18. Amoeba use for locomotion where the advancing cell membrane extends forward






19. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






20. Chains of actin molecules






21. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






22. A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates -found principally in arthropods -composed of noncellular material secreted by the epidermis






23. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






24. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






25. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






26. Occurs whne a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that remains constant






27. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






28. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)






29. Indicates a straightening of a join






30. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






31. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






32. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






33. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






34. Involved in blood cell formation






35. Units of diveded myofibrils






36. Much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules






37. State of partial contraction






38. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






39. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






40. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus






41. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






42. Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - and cardia muscle






43. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






44. Serve as bone to bone connectors






45. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






46. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases






47. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






48. Muscle tissues of the heart






49. The basic framework of the body - consisting of the skull - vertebral column - and the rib cage






50. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places