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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






2. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






3. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






4. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






5. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






6. Much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules






7. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






8. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






9. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






10. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell






11. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






12. Achieve movement by means of the power stroke -a thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubules






13. Region containing thick filaments only






14. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber






15. Concentric circles of bony matrix






16. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






17. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






18. Refers to a bending of a joint






19. Serve as bone to bone connectors






20. Involved in blood cell formation






21. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






22. Purpose is to convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream during period of strenuous activity






23. Composed of thin and thick filaments






24. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






25. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






26. Occurs whne a muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that remains constant






27. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






28. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)






29. Point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (the proximal end in limb muscles)






30. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






31. The basic framework of the body - consisting of the skull - vertebral column - and the rib cage






32. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






33. Composed of organized bundles of myosin molecules






34. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






35. Capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils






36. Stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron






37. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases






38. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus






39. State of partial contraction






40. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






41. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






42. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






43. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






44. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






45. Centers that can issue somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious - involuntary level






46. Amoeba use for locomotion where the advancing cell membrane extends forward






47. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






48. Filaments embedded in fibers of muscles - which are divided into sarcomeres






49. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






50. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound