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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






2. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






3. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






4. Filaments embedded in fibers of muscles - which are divided into sarcomeres






5. The region containing thin filaments only






6. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






7. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






8. Much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules






9. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






10. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






11. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






12. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






13. A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates -found principally in arthropods -composed of noncellular material secreted by the epidermis






14. Involved in blood cell formation






15. Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - and cardia muscle






16. Concentric circles of bony matrix






17. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






18. Refers to a bending of a joint






19. Move by beating cilia or flagella






20. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






21. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






22. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






23. Chains of actin molecules






24. Region containing thick filaments only






25. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






26. Composed of thin and thick filaments






27. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






28. Indicates a straightening of a join






29. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places






30. State of partial contraction






31. Capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils






32. Striations of light and dark bands of skeletal muscle






33. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber






34. Units of diveded myofibrils






35. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell






36. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






37. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






38. Composed of organized bundles of myosin molecules






39. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






40. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






41. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






42. Serve as bone to bone connectors






43. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






44. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






45. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






46. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






47. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






48. Amoeba use for locomotion where the advancing cell membrane extends forward






49. Point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (the proximal end in limb muscles)






50. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons