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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






2. Units of diveded myofibrils






3. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






4. The cavities in between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow






5. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






6. Capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils






7. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






8. Indicates a straightening of a join






9. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






10. Move by beating cilia or flagella






11. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






12. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






13. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






14. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






15. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






16. Muscle tissues of the heart






17. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






18. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






19. Point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves (distal end in limb muscles)






20. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places






21. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils






22. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






23. Stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron






24. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






25. Point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (the proximal end in limb muscles)






26. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






27. Spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments






28. Link between the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton( and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber






29. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






30. Serve as bone to bone connectors






31. Filaments embedded in fibers of muscles - which are divided into sarcomeres






32. Skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - and cardia muscle






33. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






34. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






35. Region containing thick filaments only






36. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






37. Involved in blood cell formation






38. A hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of some invertebrates -found principally in arthropods -composed of noncellular material secreted by the epidermis






39. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






40. Advance principally by the action of muscles on a hydrostatic skeleton






41. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






42. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






43. Chains of actin molecules






44. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus






45. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






46. Striations of light and dark bands of skeletal muscle






47. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






48. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






49. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber






50. Multinucleated cell created by the fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cell