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PCAT Biology Muscles And Locomotion

Subjects : pcat, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. After the contraction period - this is a brief relaxation period in which the muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus






2. Indicates a straightening of a join






3. Concentric circles of bony matrix






4. Attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend the skeleton at the movable joints






5. Achieve movement by means of the power stroke -a thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubules






6. Define the boundaries of a single sacromere and anchor the thin filaments






7. Type of dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases






8. Dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked -bony matrix is deposited in structural units called osteons






9. Able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and variious other organs






10. Occurs by either endochondral ossification or by intramembranous ossification






11. HGb-like protein found in muscle tissue -has a high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by bind oxygen tightly






12. Much less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules






13. Purpose is to convert lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge into the bloodstream during period of strenuous activity






14. Refers to a bending of a joint






15. Composed of thin and thick filaments






16. Type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone -retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed






17. Occurs when both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs during the contraction - but the tension increases






18. State of partial contraction






19. Muscles contract against the resistance of the incompressible fluid within the animal's tissues (this fluid is termed the hydrostatic skeleton)






20. Responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system -found in the digetive tract - bladder - uterus - and blood vessel walls - among other places






21. Synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix - they mature into osteocytes






22. Units of diveded myofibrils






23. When fibers of a muscle are expoed to a very frequent stimuli - the muscle can't fully relax and the contractions begin to combine - becoming stronger and more prolonged






24. Existing cartilage is replaced by bone






25. The region containing thin filaments only






26. Large - multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption






27. Inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue






28. Responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the somatic nervous system






29. Region containing thick filaments only






30. Provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers - and can also propagate an action potential






31. Serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms






32. Stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron






33. Capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils






34. Move by beating cilia or flagella






35. Serve as bone to bone connectors






36. Runs down the center of the sarcomere






37. Condition where the muscles contract and become rigid - even without action potentials which is caused b an absence of adenosiine triphosphate - which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments






38. Time between stimulation and the onset of contraction






39. Link between the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton( and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber






40. Specialized type of mineralized connective tissue that has the ability to withstand physical stress -designed for body support -hard and strong while - at the same time somewhat elastic and lightweight






41. Mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into - and replaced by - bone






42. Includes both concentric and eccentric types of contractions -results in the chang in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle






43. Point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (the proximal end in limb muscles)






44. In vertebrates and some invertebrates - particularly echinoderms - energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound






45. The response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stiulus - and consists of a latent period - a contraction period - and a relaxation period






46. Cells responsible for synthesizing cartillage






47. Contraction that becomes continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax and is stronger than a simple twith of a single fiber






48. Consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian Canal - surrounded by a number of lamellae






49. The primary source of energy for muscle contraction






50. Modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions that envelop myofibrils