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Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. what makes you suspicious of non-accidental injury.
Less than one year and femur fracture. Spiral fractures in a non-ambulatory child
Blood glucose level for hypoglycaemia!!
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypotension - tachypnea - vomiting - agitation - seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - acidosis - hypercalcemia - hypophosphotemia - and EKG changes.
Nebulized adrenaline and Dexamethasone. Children admitted to a general medical ward should NOT be administer O2 as it masks their true stats.

2. Ibuprofen
Poisoning causes N/V - anorexia - stomach pain - GI bleeding - mental status changes/coma/seizures if massive ingestion. Lab studies will show elevated serum levels 4 hours after ingestion - along with elevated transaminases - elevated alkaline phosp
Bone scan for occult fracture
Treats hypocalcemia - hyperkalemia - hypermagnesemia - and calcium channel blocker overdose.
Immobilize with plaster slab

3. Iron
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.
Treats hypocalcemia - hyperkalemia - hypermagnesemia - and calcium channel blocker overdose.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot
Poisoning causes N/V - diarrhea - GI bleeding - acute liver failure - seizures - shock - and coma. Lab studies show elevated serum levels 3-5 hours after ingestion - metabolic acidosis - hyperglycemia - increased bilirubin and LFTs - prolonged PT - i

4. Iron
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.
Antidote is deferoxamine chelation. Charcoal is ineffective.
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Salbutamol. Methylprednisalone. Nebulized ipratropium. Aminophyline. Mgs04.

5. Sodium Bicarbonate
Causes temporary atrioventricular node conduction block and interrupts re-entry circuits. Used to treat hemodynamically stable SVTs.
Stomach pumping.
Poisoning causes N/V - inebriation - increase in minute ventilation to offset increased anion gap metabolic acidosis - blurred vision/optic disc edema starting 18-24 hours after ingestion.
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.

6. Epinephrine
Calcium chloride
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.
Has alpha and beta-adrenergic effects. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - asystole - bradycardia - and shock.
Causes tachypnea - coughing - respiratory distress - cyanosis - N/V - GI discomfort - and mental status changes. Gastric emptying should be avoided. Charcoal is ineffective. Patients should be monitored closely for aspiration.

7. Organophosphates
Poisoning causes salivation - lacrimation - urination - defecation - gastric cramping - emesis - small but reactive pupils - sweating - muscle fasciculations - confusion - and coma.
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!
Give IM adrenaline - steroids - salbutamol - antihistamine.
Wrap upwards (even though some venom seap up still more painful and lasts longer) Premedicate w/ adrenaline. We give specifically both brown and tigersnake antivenom in victoria. Other states need to use polyvalent because other species too.

8. Methanol
Treatment includes ethanol to block metabolism - sodium bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis - and folate to hasten metabolite elimination.
Poisoning causes N/V - inebriation - increase in minute ventilation to offset increased anion gap metabolic acidosis - blurred vision/optic disc edema starting 18-24 hours after ingestion.
Salbutamol. Methylprednisalone. Nebulized ipratropium. Aminophyline. Mgs04.
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia

9. Cyanide
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
Discobalt edetate
1) WARM the blood. 2) monitor serum calcium - potasium - acid base and coagulation in massive transfusion.
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypertension - fever - large but reactive pupils - sweating - agitation - psychosis - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - EKG changes.

10. Indications of non-accidental injury
Salbutamol. Methylprednisalone. Nebulized ipratropium. Aminophyline. Mgs04.
Notify if abuse CONSIDERED. CONSIDERED.
Retinal haemorrhages in unexplained headinjury.Must be assessed by opthalmologist. Do coagulation as this can manifest as bruising.
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.

11. Acetaminophen
Can cause electrolysis corrosion. Perforate esophageus or cause oesaphageal tracheal fistula. Endoscopy
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.
Physostigmine may be used as an antidote. Other treatments include gastric emptying - activated charcoal - whole-bowel irrigation - seizure control - and benzodiazepines for agitation.
Poisoning causes nausea - vomiting - anorexia. Serum levels elevated 4-24 hours after ingestion. Late elevation of heaptic transaminases and PT.

12. What are the early symptoms of paracetamol overdose?
Munchausen's by proxy
Causes tachypnea - coughing - respiratory distress - cyanosis - N/V - GI discomfort - and mental status changes. Gastric emptying should be avoided. Charcoal is ineffective. Patients should be monitored closely for aspiration.
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.
Poisoning causes salivation - lacrimation - urination - defecation - gastric cramping - emesis - small but reactive pupils - sweating - muscle fasciculations - confusion - and coma.

13. What are the special features that must be done to correct haemorrhagic shock.
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!
1) WARM the blood. 2) monitor serum calcium - potasium - acid base and coagulation in massive transfusion.
Class of drugs encompassing decongestants - amphetamines - cocaine.
Glucagon prefered - otherwise massive dose of adrenaline.

14. Acetaminophen
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
Neurotoxins - procagulants. Rhabdomyolysins.
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypotension - tachypnea - vomiting - agitation - seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - acidosis - hypercalcemia - hypophosphotemia - and EKG changes.
The antidote is N-acetylcysteine. Gastric emptying (within 1 hour of ingestion) and activated charcoal administration (within 4 hours of ingestion) may also help.

15. Amphetamine antidote
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Esmolol
Poisoning causes N/V - inebriation - increase in minute ventilation to offset increased anion gap metabolic acidosis - blurred vision/optic disc edema starting 18-24 hours after ingestion.

16. You must consider abuse in
Instructions on plaster care - analgesia for home. Greensticks by GP - all others at fracture clinic.
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat
Can cause electrolysis corrosion. Perforate esophageus or cause oesaphageal tracheal fistula. Endoscopy
Severe illness - past history of injuries - 18 months or less - inconstent story.

17. A child has swallowed a battery. Mx
It can be biphasic. You treat them - they get better - then a few hours later it HAPPENS AGAIN! Within 48 hours. So give 3 day coUse of pred - ranitidine -
Poisoning causes irritability - apathy - hyperactivity - abdominal pain - constipation - behavioral problems - developmental delay - and acute encephalopathy.
Poisoning causes N/V - diarrhea - GI bleeding - acute liver failure - seizures - shock - and coma. Lab studies show elevated serum levels 3-5 hours after ingestion - metabolic acidosis - hyperglycemia - increased bilirubin and LFTs - prolonged PT - i
Can cause electrolysis corrosion. Perforate esophageus or cause oesaphageal tracheal fistula. Endoscopy

18. What else is in the management of snake bite?
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!
Antidotes are atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride.
Poisoning causes salivation - lacrimation - urination - defecation - gastric cramping - emesis - small but reactive pupils - sweating - muscle fasciculations - confusion - and coma.
The most common accident in children in from car crashes 50% always make sure your child has an approptiate seat beat - that they are not sitting in the front seat before 12 and that if possible the car has airbags for the child. Always supervise chi

19. What happens if charcoal is aspirated?
Hypotension - bronchospasma and upper airway obstruction becasue of oedema
Blocks fast sodium channels - decreases ventricular automaticity and surpresses ventricular arrhythmias. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - VT with pulses.
It can cause fatal bronchioloitis obliterans
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.

20. When is reduction required in fracture?
Causes temporary atrioventricular node conduction block and interrupts re-entry circuits. Used to treat hemodynamically stable SVTs.
Causes tachypnea - coughing - respiratory distress - cyanosis - N/V - GI discomfort - and mental status changes. Gastric emptying should be avoided. Charcoal is ineffective. Patients should be monitored closely for aspiration.
Stomach pumping.
Skin or vascular compromise

21. What investigations should you do in suspected child abuse
Bone scan for occult fracture
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.
ABC - drugs - drawbloods and decontamination. Conscious and serious: 1) nasogastric charcoal or lavage. 2 Bowel irrigation + charcoal. 3) Tracheal intubation.
Antidotes are fomepizole or ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate and hemodialysis may also be helpful.

22. Carbon monoxide
Esmolol
Laboratory indices of poisoning include metabolic acidosis with normal PaO2 - myoglobinuria on urine dipstick - and increased blood carboxyhemoglobin.
'I WOULD CALL POISON HOTLINE'.
Discobalt edetate

23. OSCE: how can i prevent accidents in my children
The most common accident in children in from car crashes 50% always make sure your child has an approptiate seat beat - that they are not sitting in the front seat before 12 and that if possible the car has airbags for the child. Always supervise chi
Immobilize with plaster slab
Poisoning causes anticholinergic effects as well as prolonged PR interval - widened QRS complex - QT prolongation - and AV block due to blockage of sodium channels. Hypotension. Pulmonary oedema
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.

24. Opiates
Aspiration pneumonia even if intubated.
Aspiration Pneumonia
Antidote is naloxone.
Wrap upwards (even though some venom seap up still more painful and lasts longer) Premedicate w/ adrenaline. We give specifically both brown and tigersnake antivenom in victoria. Other states need to use polyvalent because other species too.

25. Methanol
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
1) sodium bicarbonate 2) hyperventilation 3) diazepam (anticonvuslant) 4) antidysrhytmia (phenytoin)
'I WOULD CALL POISON HOTLINE'.
Treatment includes ethanol to block metabolism - sodium bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis - and folate to hasten metabolite elimination.

26. Anticholinergics
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat
Physostigmine may be used as an antidote. Other treatments include gastric emptying - activated charcoal - whole-bowel irrigation - seizure control - and benzodiazepines for agitation.
Poisoning causes salivation - lacrimation - urination - defecation - gastric cramping - emesis - small but reactive pupils - sweating - muscle fasciculations - confusion - and coma.
Retinal haemorrhages in unexplained headinjury.Must be assessed by opthalmologist. Do coagulation as this can manifest as bruising.

27. OSCE: what must you say you would do if someone is poisoned?

28. OSCE: What are the five princples of discharging a patient with a fracture?
Class of drugs encompassing decongestants - amphetamines - cocaine.
Ind: already intubated. Contr: Corrosives - hydrocarbons or petrochemicals.
Instructions on plaster care - analgesia for home. Greensticks by GP - all others at fracture clinic.
Blood glucose level for hypoglycaemia!!

29. Lidocaine
Sling for 2-3 weeks. Lump up to one year. No sport for 6 weeks. No xray review.
Blocks fast sodium channels - decreases ventricular automaticity and surpresses ventricular arrhythmias. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - VT with pulses.
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
Calcium chloride

30. Sympathomimetics
Aspiration pneumonia even if intubated.
Wrap upwards (even though some venom seap up still more painful and lasts longer) Premedicate w/ adrenaline. We give specifically both brown and tigersnake antivenom in victoria. Other states need to use polyvalent because other species too.
Give IM adrenaline - steroids - salbutamol - antihistamine.
Class of drugs encompassing decongestants - amphetamines - cocaine.

31. 20
Poisoning causes nausea - vomiting - anorexia. Serum levels elevated 4-24 hours after ingestion. Late elevation of heaptic transaminases and PT.
1) sodium bicarbonate 2) hyperventilation 3) diazepam (anticonvuslant) 4) antidysrhytmia (phenytoin)
It can cause fatal bronchioloitis obliterans
Lead poisoning is defined as a serum level greater than ___ ug/dL.

32. What is better for alcohol - charcoal or gastric lavage?

33. When is gastric lavage indicated and contraindicated?
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!
Antidotes are fomepizole or ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate and hemodialysis may also be helpful.
Ind: already intubated. Contr: Corrosives - hydrocarbons or petrochemicals.
Severe illness - past history of injuries - 18 months or less - inconstent story.

34. Amiodarone
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Blocks Na - K - Ca channels and beta-receptors in the myocardium. Also blocks alpha and beta-receptors in the periphery. Slows AV conduction and ventricular conduction. Used to treat hemodynamically stable VT - refractory VF - pulseless VT - and SVT.
1) CXR 2) measure oxygenation. May get convulsion vomitting hepatorenal toxicity
Poisoning causes delirium - drowsiness - hallucinations - seizure - flushing - fixed dilated pupils - fever - cardiac dysrhythmias - dry mouth - speech and swallowing difficulties - nausea - and vomiting.

35. Which is better - activated charcoal or gastric lavage.
Blood glucose level for hypoglycaemia!!
Class of drugs encompassing decongestants - amphetamines - cocaine.
CHARCOAL! except for lithium - iron - alcohol - lead.
Antidotes are atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride.

36. Beta-blocker overdose antidote
Aspiration Pneumonia
Gastric lavage as charcoal doesn't work. (everyone gets stomach pumped)
Digoxin Fab
Glucagon prefered - otherwise massive dose of adrenaline.

37. Mx of petroleum overdose
Flurescence in ultraviolet light.
Nebulized adrenaline and Dexamethasone. Children admitted to a general medical ward should NOT be administer O2 as it masks their true stats.
1) CXR 2) measure oxygenation. May get convulsion vomitting hepatorenal toxicity
'I WOULD CALL POISON HOTLINE'.

38. 45; 70
Has alpha and beta-adrenergic effects. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - asystole - bradycardia - and shock.
Neurotoxins - procagulants. Rhabdomyolysins.
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat
Flurescence in ultraviolet light.

39. Benzodiazepine overdose antidote
Sling for 3 weeks - fracture clinic at 7 days.
Intubate - tracheostromy or nebulized adrenaline.
Poisoning causes decreased cholinesterase activity.
Flumazenil

40. Anticholinergics
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypertension - fever - large but reactive pupils - sweating - agitation - psychosis - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - EKG changes.
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.
Competitive antagonist of mACh receptors. Used to treat bradycardia and AV nodal block.
Poisoning causes delirium - drowsiness - hallucinations - seizure - flushing - fixed dilated pupils - fever - cardiac dysrhythmias - dry mouth - speech and swallowing difficulties - nausea - and vomiting.

41. Tricyclic antidepressants
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Poisoning causes anticholinergic effects as well as prolonged PR interval - widened QRS complex - QT prolongation - and AV block due to blockage of sodium channels. Hypotension. Pulmonary oedema
'I WOULD CALL POISON HOTLINE'.
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.

42. Theophylline
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypotension - tachypnea - vomiting - agitation - seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - acidosis - hypercalcemia - hypophosphotemia - and EKG changes.
The antidote is N-acetylcysteine. Gastric emptying (within 1 hour of ingestion) and activated charcoal administration (within 4 hours of ingestion) may also help.
Poisoning causes anticholinergic effects as well as prolonged PR interval - widened QRS complex - QT prolongation - and AV block due to blockage of sodium channels. Hypotension. Pulmonary oedema

43. What is one of the technicalities of childabuse.
Blood glucose level for hypoglycaemia!!
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent
Its done with polyethylene glycol. Indicated in iron - delayed preparations and slow release.
Blocks fast sodium channels - decreases ventricular automaticity and surpresses ventricular arrhythmias. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - VT with pulses.

44. Organophosphates antidotes
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot
Antidotes are atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride.
Treats hypocalcemia - hyperkalemia - hypermagnesemia - and calcium channel blocker overdose.
Give IM adrenaline - steroids - salbutamol - antihistamine.

45. How may you detect semen?
Flurescence in ultraviolet light.
Blocks open sodium channels and prolongs the action potential. Prolongs refractory period of atria and ventricles and decreases conduction. Used to treat SVT - stable VT with pulses.
Ind: already intubated. Contr: Corrosives - hydrocarbons or petrochemicals.
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.

46. Management of septicaemia shock

47. What are the terminal signs of acute laryngeal obstruction?
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.
Antidotes are fomepizole or ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate and hemodialysis may also be helpful.
Cyanosis and irregular respiratory effort
Poisoning causes decreased cholinesterase activity.

48. What are the other treatments for anaphylaxis?
Objective signs of growth - tidiness - weight -
Collar and cuff. Check integrity of nerve.
6 month old rolled from coach to carpet (not developed enough). Have you been particularly stressed and shaken or rough handled your child lately.
Give IM adrenaline - steroids - salbutamol - antihistamine.

49. Oedema causing laryngeal obstruction?
Intubate - tracheostromy or nebulized adrenaline.
Its done with polyethylene glycol. Indicated in iron - delayed preparations and slow release.
Release NEUROTOXINS both have antivenom
Antidote is deferoxamine chelation. Charcoal is ineffective.

50. Mx severe croup
Cyanosis and irregular respiratory effort
Stomach pumping.
Nebulized adrenaline and Dexamethasone. Children admitted to a general medical ward should NOT be administer O2 as it masks their true stats.
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia