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Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the other treatments for anaphylaxis?
Give IM adrenaline - steroids - salbutamol - antihistamine.
Lead poisoning is defined as a serum level greater than ___ ug/dL.
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia

2. What is the first line investigation in a young child who has consumed alcohol?
Less than one year and femur fracture. Spiral fractures in a non-ambulatory child
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia
Poisoning causes nausea - vomiting - anorexia. Serum levels elevated 4-24 hours after ingestion. Late elevation of heaptic transaminases and PT.
Aspiration Pneumonia

3. Acetaminophen
Skin or vascular compromise
Poisoning causes nausea - vomiting - anorexia. Serum levels elevated 4-24 hours after ingestion. Late elevation of heaptic transaminases and PT.
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
Salbutamol. Methylprednisalone. Nebulized ipratropium. Aminophyline. Mgs04.

4. Funnel web and red back
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypotension - tachypnea - vomiting - agitation - seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - acidosis - hypercalcemia - hypophosphotemia - and EKG changes.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot
Release NEUROTOXINS both have antivenom
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia

5. How do snake bites damage?
Less than one year and femur fracture. Spiral fractures in a non-ambulatory child
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.
Neurotoxins - procagulants. Rhabdomyolysins.

6. Ibuprofen
Physostigmine may be used as an antidote. Other treatments include gastric emptying - activated charcoal - whole-bowel irrigation - seizure control - and benzodiazepines for agitation.
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat
Poisoning causes N/V - anorexia - stomach pain - GI bleeding - mental status changes/coma/seizures if massive ingestion. Lab studies will show elevated serum levels 4 hours after ingestion - along with elevated transaminases - elevated alkaline phosp
Ind: already intubated. Contr: Corrosives - hydrocarbons or petrochemicals.

7. Salicylates
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
Antidote is naloxone.
Blood glucose level for hypoglycaemia!!

8. OSCE: how can i prevent accidents in my children
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
The most common accident in children in from car crashes 50% always make sure your child has an approptiate seat beat - that they are not sitting in the front seat before 12 and that if possible the car has airbags for the child. Always supervise chi
Poisoning treated with 100% oxygen - or hyperbaric 100% oxygen if poisoning is severe.
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.

9. Which is better - activated charcoal or gastric lavage.
Immobilize with plaster slab
CHARCOAL! except for lithium - iron - alcohol - lead.
Glucagon prefered - otherwise massive dose of adrenaline.
Skin or vascular compromise

10. What must you do before sending fracture to radiology?
Cultures but don't delay treat with flucloxacillin IV and cefotaxime IV. Give oxygen and Dopamine. Don't do lumbar puncture until child stabilized.
Poisoning causes N/V - anorexia - stomach pain - GI bleeding - mental status changes/coma/seizures if massive ingestion. Lab studies will show elevated serum levels 4 hours after ingestion - along with elevated transaminases - elevated alkaline phosp
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Immobilize with plaster slab

11. When and how would you do whole bowel irrigation?
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Its done with polyethylene glycol. Indicated in iron - delayed preparations and slow release.
Immobilize with plaster slab

12. Procainamide
Blocks open sodium channels and prolongs the action potential. Prolongs refractory period of atria and ventricles and decreases conduction. Used to treat SVT - stable VT with pulses.
Release NEUROTOXINS both have antivenom
The antidote is N-acetylcysteine. Gastric emptying (within 1 hour of ingestion) and activated charcoal administration (within 4 hours of ingestion) may also help.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot

13. What happens if charcoal is aspirated?
Rash bronchospasm and hypotension.
Immobilize with plaster slab
The most common accident in children in from car crashes 50% always make sure your child has an approptiate seat beat - that they are not sitting in the front seat before 12 and that if possible the car has airbags for the child. Always supervise chi
It can cause fatal bronchioloitis obliterans

14. Adenosine
Causes temporary atrioventricular node conduction block and interrupts re-entry circuits. Used to treat hemodynamically stable SVTs.
Munchausen's by proxy
Digoxin Fab
Gastric lavage as charcoal doesn't work. (everyone gets stomach pumped)

15. What is the most common caUse of acute laryngeal obstruction?
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Croup.
Stomach pumping.
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.

16. What psychiatric disease defined as childabuse?

17. Hydrocarbons
Causes tachypnea - coughing - respiratory distress - cyanosis - N/V - GI discomfort - and mental status changes. Gastric emptying should be avoided. Charcoal is ineffective. Patients should be monitored closely for aspiration.
Notify if abuse CONSIDERED. CONSIDERED.
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
Sling for 3 weeks - fracture clinic at 7 days.

18. Mx of critical asthma
Blocks fast sodium channels - decreases ventricular automaticity and surpresses ventricular arrhythmias. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - VT with pulses.
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
Salbutamol. Methylprednisalone. Nebulized ipratropium. Aminophyline. Mgs04.
Antidote is naloxone.

19. Management of near drowning.
Abdo XRAY!!!! do it!
Poisoning causes N/V - inebriation - increase in minute ventilation to offset increased anion gap metabolic acidosis - blurred vision/optic disc edema starting 18-24 hours after ingestion.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot
Poisoning causes anticholinergic effects as well as prolonged PR interval - widened QRS complex - QT prolongation - and AV block due to blockage of sodium channels. Hypotension. Pulmonary oedema

20. What investigations should you do in suspected child abuse
Hypotension - bronchospasma and upper airway obstruction becasue of oedema
Aspiration pneumonia even if intubated.
Bone scan for occult fracture
Discobalt edetate

21. What are the terminal signs of acute laryngeal obstruction?
Poisoning causes nausea - vomiting - anorexia. Serum levels elevated 4-24 hours after ingestion. Late elevation of heaptic transaminases and PT.
Cyanosis and irregular respiratory effort
Antidote is naloxone.
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia

22. What is one of the technicalities of childabuse.
Poisoning causes N/V - anorexia - stomach pain - GI bleeding - mental status changes/coma/seizures if massive ingestion. Lab studies will show elevated serum levels 4 hours after ingestion - along with elevated transaminases - elevated alkaline phosp
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent
Esmolol
1) sodium bicarbonate 2) hyperventilation 3) diazepam (anticonvuslant) 4) antidysrhytmia (phenytoin)

23. Management of septicaemia shock

24. Organophosphates antidotes
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Cultures but don't delay treat with flucloxacillin IV and cefotaxime IV. Give oxygen and Dopamine. Don't do lumbar puncture until child stabilized.
Notify if abuse CONSIDERED. CONSIDERED.
Antidotes are atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride.

25. Sympathomimetics
Sling for 3 weeks - fracture clinic at 7 days.
Class of drugs encompassing decongestants - amphetamines - cocaine.
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypotension - tachypnea - vomiting - agitation - seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - acidosis - hypercalcemia - hypophosphotemia - and EKG changes.
Neurosurgery if trauma. Give mannitol.

26. Carbon monoxide
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.
Antidote is deferoxamine chelation. Charcoal is ineffective.
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.

27. Calcium channel blocker overdose antidote
Immobilize with plaster slab
1) WARM the blood. 2) monitor serum calcium - potasium - acid base and coagulation in massive transfusion.
Calcium chloride
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent

28. What is gastric lavage?
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
1) WARM the blood. 2) monitor serum calcium - potasium - acid base and coagulation in massive transfusion.
Stomach pumping.
Ceftriaxone

29. What is an important point to note about anaphylaxis?
Poisoning causes decreased cholinesterase activity.
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.
It can be biphasic. You treat them - they get better - then a few hours later it HAPPENS AGAIN! Within 48 hours. So give 3 day coUse of pred - ranitidine -
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.

30. Cyanide
Has alpha and beta-adrenergic effects. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - asystole - bradycardia - and shock.
Discobalt edetate
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Instructions on plaster care - analgesia for home. Greensticks by GP - all others at fracture clinic.

31. Opiates
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.
The most common accident in children in from car crashes 50% always make sure your child has an approptiate seat beat - that they are not sitting in the front seat before 12 and that if possible the car has airbags for the child. Always supervise chi
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.

32. Amphetamine antidote
Poisoning treated with 100% oxygen - or hyperbaric 100% oxygen if poisoning is severe.
Skin or vascular compromise
Esmolol
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat

33. What are the special features that must be done to correct haemorrhagic shock.
Salbutamol. Methylprednisalone. Nebulized ipratropium. Aminophyline. Mgs04.
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.
1) WARM the blood. 2) monitor serum calcium - potasium - acid base and coagulation in massive transfusion.

34. Organophosphates
Cyanosis and irregular respiratory effort
Immobilize with plaster slab
Poisoning causes decreased cholinesterase activity.
Collar and cuff. Check integrity of nerve.

35. What are the early symptoms of paracetamol overdose?
Croup.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.

36. Anticholinergics
1) sodium bicarbonate 2) hyperventilation 3) diazepam (anticonvuslant) 4) antidysrhytmia (phenytoin)
Class of medications encompassing atropine - scopolamine - first-generation antihistamines - and tricyclic antidepressants.
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.
Antidote is deferoxamine chelation. Charcoal is ineffective.

37. Carbon monoxide
Laboratory indices of poisoning include metabolic acidosis with normal PaO2 - myoglobinuria on urine dipstick - and increased blood carboxyhemoglobin.
Poisoning treated with 100% oxygen - or hyperbaric 100% oxygen if poisoning is severe.
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!

38. Signs of abuse from the history
Hypotension - bronchospasma and upper airway obstruction becasue of oedema
6 month old rolled from coach to carpet (not developed enough). Have you been particularly stressed and shaken or rough handled your child lately.
Digoxin Fab
Objective signs of growth - tidiness - weight -

39. Beta-blocker overdose antidote
1) CXR 2) measure oxygenation. May get convulsion vomitting hepatorenal toxicity
1) WARM the blood. 2) monitor serum calcium - potasium - acid base and coagulation in massive transfusion.
Neurosurgery if trauma. Give mannitol.
Glucagon prefered - otherwise massive dose of adrenaline.

40. Lead
Ceftriaxone
Poisoning causes irritability - apathy - hyperactivity - abdominal pain - constipation - behavioral problems - developmental delay - and acute encephalopathy.
It can cause fatal bronchioloitis obliterans
Class of drugs encompassing decongestants - amphetamines - cocaine.

41. What is better for alcohol - charcoal or gastric lavage?

42. What is the most important investigation in suspected alcohol poisoning in young person?
Blocks Na - K - Ca channels and beta-receptors in the myocardium. Also blocks alpha and beta-receptors in the periphery. Slows AV conduction and ventricular conduction. Used to treat hemodynamically stable VT - refractory VF - pulseless VT - and SVT.
Blood glucose level for hypoglycaemia!!
Poisoning causes N/V - inebriation - increase in minute ventilation to offset increased anion gap metabolic acidosis - blurred vision/optic disc edema starting 18-24 hours after ingestion.
Antidote is deferoxamine chelation. Charcoal is ineffective.

43. What is a side effect of charcoal?
Causes BAD constipation. Upsets fluid and electrolyte balance.
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Aspiration pneumonia even if intubated.
Poisoning causes decreased cholinesterase activity.

44. What is the risk of gastrointestinal decompression in a person with decreased conscious state?
Collar and cuff. Check integrity of nerve.
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.
Aspiration pneumonia even if intubated.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot

45. Middle Clavicle fracture management?
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypertension - fever - large but reactive pupils - sweating - agitation - psychosis - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - EKG changes.
Sling for 2-3 weeks. Lump up to one year. No sport for 6 weeks. No xray review.
Its done with polyethylene glycol. Indicated in iron - delayed preparations and slow release.
Esmolol

46. Displaced surgical neck of humerous
Notify if abuse CONSIDERED. CONSIDERED.
Class of medications encompassing atropine - scopolamine - first-generation antihistamines - and tricyclic antidepressants.
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.

47. Methanol
Treatment includes ethanol to block metabolism - sodium bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis - and folate to hasten metabolite elimination.
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Poisoning causes N/V - inebriation - increase in minute ventilation to offset increased anion gap metabolic acidosis - blurred vision/optic disc edema starting 18-24 hours after ingestion.
Poisoning causes delirium - drowsiness - hallucinations - seizure - flushing - fixed dilated pupils - fever - cardiac dysrhythmias - dry mouth - speech and swallowing difficulties - nausea - and vomiting.

48. Carbon monoxide
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
Laboratory indices of poisoning include metabolic acidosis with normal PaO2 - myoglobinuria on urine dipstick - and increased blood carboxyhemoglobin.
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.
Causes BAD constipation. Upsets fluid and electrolyte balance.

49. Signs of psychological maltreatment?
Poisoning causes irritability - apathy - hyperactivity - abdominal pain - constipation - behavioral problems - developmental delay - and acute encephalopathy.
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Poisoning causes N/V - anorexia - stomach pain - GI bleeding - mental status changes/coma/seizures if massive ingestion. Lab studies will show elevated serum levels 4 hours after ingestion - along with elevated transaminases - elevated alkaline phosp
Poisoning causes nausea - vomiting - anorexia. Serum levels elevated 4-24 hours after ingestion. Late elevation of heaptic transaminases and PT.

50. Ethylene glycol
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
Can cause electrolysis corrosion. Perforate esophageus or cause oesaphageal tracheal fistula. Endoscopy
The antidote is N-acetylcysteine. Gastric emptying (within 1 hour of ingestion) and activated charcoal administration (within 4 hours of ingestion) may also help.