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Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the most common caUse of acute laryngeal obstruction?
Lead poisoning is defined as a serum level greater than ___ ug/dL.
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
Poisoning causes delirium - drowsiness - hallucinations - seizure - flushing - fixed dilated pupils - fever - cardiac dysrhythmias - dry mouth - speech and swallowing difficulties - nausea - and vomiting.
Croup.

2. Digoxin antedote
6 month old rolled from coach to carpet (not developed enough). Have you been particularly stressed and shaken or rough handled your child lately.
Esmolol
Digoxin Fab
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.

3. OSCE: how can i prevent accidents in my children
The most common accident in children in from car crashes 50% always make sure your child has an approptiate seat beat - that they are not sitting in the front seat before 12 and that if possible the car has airbags for the child. Always supervise chi
Has alpha and beta-adrenergic effects. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - asystole - bradycardia - and shock.
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.
It can be biphasic. You treat them - they get better - then a few hours later it HAPPENS AGAIN! Within 48 hours. So give 3 day coUse of pred - ranitidine -

4. Iron
Causes tachypnea - coughing - respiratory distress - cyanosis - N/V - GI discomfort - and mental status changes. Gastric emptying should be avoided. Charcoal is ineffective. Patients should be monitored closely for aspiration.
Poisoning causes N/V - diarrhea - GI bleeding - acute liver failure - seizures - shock - and coma. Lab studies show elevated serum levels 3-5 hours after ingestion - metabolic acidosis - hyperglycemia - increased bilirubin and LFTs - prolonged PT - i
Poisoning causes salivation - lacrimation - urination - defecation - gastric cramping - emesis - small but reactive pupils - sweating - muscle fasciculations - confusion - and coma.
Antidotes are fomepizole or ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate and hemodialysis may also be helpful.

5. What is the risk of gastrointestinal decompression in a person with decreased conscious state?
Blocks open sodium channels and prolongs the action potential. Prolongs refractory period of atria and ventricles and decreases conduction. Used to treat SVT - stable VT with pulses.
Aspiration pneumonia even if intubated.
Neurotoxins - procagulants. Rhabdomyolysins.
Antidote is deferoxamine chelation. Charcoal is ineffective.

6. What is the most important treatment for anaphylaxis
The most common accident in children in from car crashes 50% always make sure your child has an approptiate seat beat - that they are not sitting in the front seat before 12 and that if possible the car has airbags for the child. Always supervise chi
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat
Neurotoxins - procagulants. Rhabdomyolysins.

7. What are the early symptoms of paracetamol overdose?
... blood sugars for hypoglycaemia
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.
Intubate - tracheostromy or nebulized adrenaline.
Sling for 2-3 weeks. Lump up to one year. No sport for 6 weeks. No xray review.

8. 45; 70
Instructions on plaster care - analgesia for home. Greensticks by GP - all others at fracture clinic.
Give IM adrenaline - steroids - salbutamol - antihistamine.
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat
Poisoning causes N/V - diarrhea - GI bleeding - acute liver failure - seizures - shock - and coma. Lab studies show elevated serum levels 3-5 hours after ingestion - metabolic acidosis - hyperglycemia - increased bilirubin and LFTs - prolonged PT - i

9. Tricyclic antidepressants
'I WOULD CALL POISON HOTLINE'.
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Poisoning causes anticholinergic effects as well as prolonged PR interval - widened QRS complex - QT prolongation - and AV block due to blockage of sodium channels. Hypotension. Pulmonary oedema
Objective signs of growth - tidiness - weight -

10. Benzodiazepine overdose antidote
Flumazenil
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.
Causes temporary atrioventricular node conduction block and interrupts re-entry circuits. Used to treat hemodynamically stable SVTs.
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent

11. What must you do before sending fracture to radiology?
Poisoning causes anticholinergic effects as well as prolonged PR interval - widened QRS complex - QT prolongation - and AV block due to blockage of sodium channels. Hypotension. Pulmonary oedema
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Immobilize with plaster slab
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.

12. Management of near drowning.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot
Ceftriaxone
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Discobalt edetate

13. Opiates
Wrap upwards (even though some venom seap up still more painful and lasts longer) Premedicate w/ adrenaline. We give specifically both brown and tigersnake antivenom in victoria. Other states need to use polyvalent because other species too.
Antidote is naloxone.
Rash bronchospasm and hypotension.
Causes BAD constipation. Upsets fluid and electrolyte balance.

14. Undisplaced radial shaft fracture
Give steroids for management of serum sickness. Must do coagulation screen!!!
Neurosurgery if trauma. Give mannitol.
Collar and cuff. Check integrity of nerve.
Poisoning causes salivation - lacrimation - urination - defecation - gastric cramping - emesis - small but reactive pupils - sweating - muscle fasciculations - confusion - and coma.

15. Adenosine
Causes temporary atrioventricular node conduction block and interrupts re-entry circuits. Used to treat hemodynamically stable SVTs.
Treats hypocalcemia - hyperkalemia - hypermagnesemia - and calcium channel blocker overdose.
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent
Causes BAD constipation. Upsets fluid and electrolyte balance.

16. Undisplaced surgical neck of humerous?
Immobilize with plaster slab
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.
Antidotes are fomepizole or ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate and hemodialysis may also be helpful.
Sling for 3 weeks - fracture clinic at 7 days.

17. Anticholinergics
Flurescence in ultraviolet light.
Physostigmine may be used as an antidote. Other treatments include gastric emptying - activated charcoal - whole-bowel irrigation - seizure control - and benzodiazepines for agitation.
Treatment includes ethanol to block metabolism - sodium bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis - and folate to hasten metabolite elimination.
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent

18. Ethylene glycol
Antidotes are fomepizole or ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate and hemodialysis may also be helpful.
Croup.
Poisoning causes decreased cholinesterase activity.
Poisoning causes N/V - diarrhea - GI bleeding - acute liver failure - seizures - shock - and coma. Lab studies show elevated serum levels 3-5 hours after ingestion - metabolic acidosis - hyperglycemia - increased bilirubin and LFTs - prolonged PT - i

19. What evidence should a doctor give about parental neglect
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.
Objective signs of growth - tidiness - weight -
Collar and cuff. Check integrity of nerve.
Cyanosis and irregular respiratory effort

20. Ethanol
Blocks fast sodium channels - decreases ventricular automaticity and surpresses ventricular arrhythmias. Used to treat pulseless VT/VF - VT with pulses.
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.
1) WARM the blood. 2) monitor serum calcium - potasium - acid base and coagulation in massive transfusion.

21. Sodium Bicarbonate
Poisoning causes bradycardia - hypotension - decreased respiratory rate - pinpoint pupils - somnolence - and coma.
'I WOULD CALL POISON HOTLINE'.
Retinal haemorrhages in unexplained headinjury.Must be assessed by opthalmologist. Do coagulation as this can manifest as bruising.
Increases the blood pH. Used to treat refractory metabolic acidosis - hyperkalemia - and sodium channel blocker (ex. tricyclic antidepressant) overdose.

22. Management of septicaemia shock

23. A child has swallowed a battery. Mx
Notify if abuse CONSIDERED. CONSIDERED.
Can cause electrolysis corrosion. Perforate esophageus or cause oesaphageal tracheal fistula. Endoscopy
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Poisoning causes decreased cholinesterase activity.

24. 20
Class of medications encompassing atropine - scopolamine - first-generation antihistamines - and tricyclic antidepressants.
Poisoning causes lethargy - CNS depression - N/V - ataxia - respiratory depression - hypotension - hypothermia - and coma. Laboratory studies show hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Lead poisoning is defined as a serum level greater than ___ ug/dL.
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.

25. Mx of snake bit
Poisoning causes anticholinergic effects as well as prolonged PR interval - widened QRS complex - QT prolongation - and AV block due to blockage of sodium channels. Hypotension. Pulmonary oedema
Wrap upwards (even though some venom seap up still more painful and lasts longer) Premedicate w/ adrenaline. We give specifically both brown and tigersnake antivenom in victoria. Other states need to use polyvalent because other species too.
Chelation with EDTA or oral succimer should be initiated in children with a serum lead level greater than ___ ug/dL. With levels greater than ___ ug/dL - intramuscular dimercaprol should be added - and the child should be admitted for inpatient treat
Normally treated with sling alone. Seek advice.

26. What is better for alcohol - charcoal or gastric lavage?

27. what makes you suspicious of non-accidental injury.
Esmolol
Wrap upwards (even though some venom seap up still more painful and lasts longer) Premedicate w/ adrenaline. We give specifically both brown and tigersnake antivenom in victoria. Other states need to use polyvalent because other species too.
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Less than one year and femur fracture. Spiral fractures in a non-ambulatory child

28. Acetaminophen
Ceftriaxone
Antidotes are fomepizole or ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate and hemodialysis may also be helpful.
ABC - drugs - drawbloods and decontamination. Conscious and serious: 1) nasogastric charcoal or lavage. 2 Bowel irrigation + charcoal. 3) Tracheal intubation.
Poisoning causes nausea - vomiting - anorexia. Serum levels elevated 4-24 hours after ingestion. Late elevation of heaptic transaminases and PT.

29. Tricyclic antidepressants overdose
Intubate - tracheostromy or nebulized adrenaline.
Gastric lavage as charcoal doesn't work. (everyone gets stomach pumped)
Stomach pumping.
1) sodium bicarbonate 2) hyperventilation 3) diazepam (anticonvuslant) 4) antidysrhytmia (phenytoin)

30. What is an important point to note about anaphylaxis?
Calcium chloride
It can be biphasic. You treat them - they get better - then a few hours later it HAPPENS AGAIN! Within 48 hours. So give 3 day coUse of pred - ranitidine -
Croup.
Hypotension - bronchospasma and upper airway obstruction becasue of oedema

31. What psychiatric disease defined as childabuse?

32. OSCE: what must you say you would do if someone is poisoned?

33. What is a side effect of charcoal?
Blocks Na - K - Ca channels and beta-receptors in the myocardium. Also blocks alpha and beta-receptors in the periphery. Slows AV conduction and ventricular conduction. Used to treat hemodynamically stable VT - refractory VF - pulseless VT - and SVT.
Wrap upwards (even though some venom seap up still more painful and lasts longer) Premedicate w/ adrenaline. We give specifically both brown and tigersnake antivenom in victoria. Other states need to use polyvalent because other species too.
Causes BAD constipation. Upsets fluid and electrolyte balance.
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.

34. Oedema causing laryngeal obstruction?
Its done with polyethylene glycol. Indicated in iron - delayed preparations and slow release.
Class of medications encompassing atropine - scopolamine - first-generation antihistamines - and tricyclic antidepressants.
Intubate - tracheostromy or nebulized adrenaline.
Less than one year and femur fracture. Spiral fractures in a non-ambulatory child

35. Organophosphates
Poisoning causes salivation - lacrimation - urination - defecation - gastric cramping - emesis - small but reactive pupils - sweating - muscle fasciculations - confusion - and coma.
Skin or vascular compromise
IM adrenaline: vasopressor and bronchodilator.
Class of medications encompassing atropine - scopolamine - first-generation antihistamines - and tricyclic antidepressants.

36. Acetaminophen
Retinal haemorrhages in unexplained headinjury.Must be assessed by opthalmologist. Do coagulation as this can manifest as bruising.
1) CXR 2) measure oxygenation. May get convulsion vomitting hepatorenal toxicity
Glucagon prefered - otherwise massive dose of adrenaline.
The antidote is N-acetylcysteine. Gastric emptying (within 1 hour of ingestion) and activated charcoal administration (within 4 hours of ingestion) may also help.

37. Atropine
ABC - drugs - drawbloods and decontamination. Conscious and serious: 1) nasogastric charcoal or lavage. 2 Bowel irrigation + charcoal. 3) Tracheal intubation.
Competitive antagonist of mACh receptors. Used to treat bradycardia and AV nodal block.
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.
Severe illness - past history of injuries - 18 months or less - inconstent story.

38. Ethylene glycol
Causes BAD constipation. Upsets fluid and electrolyte balance.
Poisoning causes anorexia - vomiting - lethargy - respiratory/CV collapse. Lab studes show metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap - elevated serum ammonia - hypocalcemia - kidney failure - and calcium oxalate crystals on urinalysis.
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.
ABC - drugs - drawbloods and decontamination. Conscious and serious: 1) nasogastric charcoal or lavage. 2 Bowel irrigation + charcoal. 3) Tracheal intubation.

39. What is the general management of poisoning?
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.
Ind: already intubated. Contr: Corrosives - hydrocarbons or petrochemicals.
ABC - drugs - drawbloods and decontamination. Conscious and serious: 1) nasogastric charcoal or lavage. 2 Bowel irrigation + charcoal. 3) Tracheal intubation.
Competitive antagonist of mACh receptors. Used to treat bradycardia and AV nodal block.

40. Anticholinergics
Croup.
Poisoning causes lethargy - irritability - confusion - dizziness - headache - nausea - irregular breathing - cyanosis - progression to coma/death.
Poisoning causes N/V - anorexia - stomach pain - GI bleeding - mental status changes/coma/seizures if massive ingestion. Lab studies will show elevated serum levels 4 hours after ingestion - along with elevated transaminases - elevated alkaline phosp
Class of medications encompassing atropine - scopolamine - first-generation antihistamines - and tricyclic antidepressants.

41. What investigations should you do in suspected child abuse
'I WOULD CALL POISON HOTLINE'.
Bone scan for occult fracture
Instructions on plaster care - analgesia for home. Greensticks by GP - all others at fracture clinic.
Causes temporary atrioventricular node conduction block and interrupts re-entry circuits. Used to treat hemodynamically stable SVTs.

42. When is gastric lavage indicated and contraindicated?
Competitive antagonist of mACh receptors. Used to treat bradycardia and AV nodal block.
Class of drugs encompassing decongestants - amphetamines - cocaine.
Poisoning treated by alkalinization of the serum to promote renal excretion - correction of hypokalemia - possible hemodialysis.
Ind: already intubated. Contr: Corrosives - hydrocarbons or petrochemicals.

43. Mx of critical asthma
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypertension - fever - large but reactive pupils - sweating - agitation - psychosis - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - EKG changes.
Can cause electrolysis corrosion. Perforate esophageus or cause oesaphageal tracheal fistula. Endoscopy
Cultures but don't delay treat with flucloxacillin IV and cefotaxime IV. Give oxygen and Dopamine. Don't do lumbar puncture until child stabilized.
Salbutamol. Methylprednisalone. Nebulized ipratropium. Aminophyline. Mgs04.

44. Theophylline
Poisoning causes tachycardia - hypotension - tachypnea - vomiting - agitation - seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - acidosis - hypercalcemia - hypophosphotemia - and EKG changes.
1) Mechanical ventilation 2) Stomach decompression 3) Saline and dopamine 4) cerebral oedema w/ mannitol 5) monitor for hypokaelamia (common) 6) give benpen if ventilation required to prevent pneumoccal pneumonia complication. Induce controlled hypot
Objective signs of growth - tidiness - weight -
Notify if abuse CONSIDERED. CONSIDERED.

45. When is reduction required in fracture?
Treatment includes ethanol to block metabolism - sodium bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis - and folate to hasten metabolite elimination.
Flurescence in ultraviolet light.
Skin or vascular compromise
Blocks Na - K - Ca channels and beta-receptors in the myocardium. Also blocks alpha and beta-receptors in the periphery. Slows AV conduction and ventricular conduction. Used to treat hemodynamically stable VT - refractory VF - pulseless VT - and SVT.

46. Calcium channel blocker overdose antidote
Poisoning causes delirium - drowsiness - hallucinations - seizure - flushing - fixed dilated pupils - fever - cardiac dysrhythmias - dry mouth - speech and swallowing difficulties - nausea - and vomiting.
Calcium chloride
Before a child can be examined for child abuse - a parent or legal guardian must give consent
Munchausen's by proxy

47. What is the most appropriate examination in a child with suspected lead ingestion?
Skin or vascular compromise
Poisoning causes irritability - apathy - hyperactivity - abdominal pain - constipation - behavioral problems - developmental delay - and acute encephalopathy.
Retinal haemorrhages in unexplained headinjury.Must be assessed by opthalmologist. Do coagulation as this can manifest as bruising.
Abdo XRAY!!!! do it!

48. Salicylates
Blood glucose level for hypoglycaemia!!
Nausea vomiting and anorexia.
Persitantly angry. Anxiously attached or ambivalent towards parents. Limited ability to enjoy things. Low self esteem - depressed or unresponsive. Poor social skills and developmental inhibition.
Poisoning causes hyperpnea and tachypnea - mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis - fever - N/V - dehydration - tinnitus - agitation - and seizures. Lab studies show hyperglycemia - hypokalemia - prolonged PT/PTT.

49. Cyanide
Neurotoxins - procagulants. Rhabdomyolysins.
Rash bronchospasm and hypotension.
1) sodium bicarbonate 2) hyperventilation 3) diazepam (anticonvuslant) 4) antidysrhytmia (phenytoin)
Discobalt edetate

50. Ibuprofen
Stomach pumping.
Treatment includes ethanol to block metabolism - sodium bicarbonate to correct metabolic acidosis - and folate to hasten metabolite elimination.
Esmolol
Poisoning causes N/V - anorexia - stomach pain - GI bleeding - mental status changes/coma/seizures if massive ingestion. Lab studies will show elevated serum levels 4 hours after ingestion - along with elevated transaminases - elevated alkaline phosp