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Private Wealth Management
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Subjects
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the diffferent types of estate ownership rights?
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2. What is the eifference in willingness to take risk between active and passive wealth creators?
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Implied assets
The testator
3. What is the general relationship b/t a client's perception of wealth and risk willingness?
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
A positive relationship
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
4. If human capital is equity-like/fixed-income like - how should you generally allocate financial assets?
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
5. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
The government shares in both gains and losses
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
6. What are the different retirment risks and how can they be hedged?
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
7. What are the diversification techniques for low basis stock?
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
8. What is intestate?
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
9. Why would an individual try to use generation skipping in estate planning?
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
10. characteristics of accumulation phase
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
11. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
12. What is loss aversion?
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
13. When should you use a tax-exempt versus a tax-deferred account?
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
14. What are wealth taxes.
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
15. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
16. In contrast to standard finance (MPT) - behavioral finance assumes individuals do what?
Demand for life insurance decreases
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
17. What risks must be considered when discussing each concentrated investor category?
Demand for life insurance decreases
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
18. What are the benefits of an IPS to the adviser?
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
19. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an investor?
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Implied liabilities
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
20. What are the 3 categories of investors when discussing concentrated positions?
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
21. What are the advantages of the monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
Excess capital
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
22. psychological profiling
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
23. characteristics of individualist investor
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
24. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
25. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
HC = PV of future labor income
The client's psychological profile
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
26. What are the 3 categories of investors when discussing concentrated positions?
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
27. What is tax alpha?
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Implied assets
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
28. characteristics of distribution phase
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
29. Why would someone want to use a valuation discount?
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
30. characteristics of methodical investor
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
31. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
32. What are the advantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
33. benefits of IPS to client
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
34. characteristics of maintenance phase
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
35. What is the general relationship b/t a client's perception of wealth and risk willingness?
A positive relationship
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
The testator
36. What are the disadvantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
37. typical IPS elements
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
38. benefits of IPS to manager
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
The testator
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
39. Describe a methodical investor personality type.
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Implied liabilities
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
40. What is typically considered when imposing an exit tax?
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
41. What are the different stages of life?
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
42. Describe the equity holding life three stages from the perspective of the stock.
1) active 2) passive
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
43. characteristics of individualist investor
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
44. When calculating a required return - you typically must identify what?
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
45. What is measure of wealth?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
46. four types of investors
A will (also known as a testament)
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Excess capital
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
47. characteristics of accumulation phase
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
48. What are the two sources of wealth?
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
1) active 2) passive
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
49. What are investment objectives and constraints?
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
50. What is the difference b/t a required and desired return objective?
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