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Private Wealth Management

Subjects : personal-finance, business-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Describe a methodical investor personality type.
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest

2. What are the 3 categories of investors when discussing concentrated positions?
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
The decedent's estate
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)

3. What is tax alpha?
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace

4. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Demand for life insurance increases
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible

5. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an executive?
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals

6. What are the main characteristics of variable annuities?

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7. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely

8. As probability of death increases...
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification

9. characteristics of accumulation phase
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
1) active 2) passive

10. four types of investors
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
A positive relationship

11. Describe a cautious investor personality type.
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance

12. What is tax alpha?
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely

13. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
The decedent's estate
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one

14. As age increases..
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital

15. situational profiling

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16. What are the disadvantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)

17. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous

18. characteristics of maintenance phase
Demand for life insurance increases
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses

19. characteristics of distribution phase
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
1) active 2) passive

20. What are the disadvantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale

21. What is the general relationship b/t a client's perception of wealth and risk willingness?
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
A positive relationship

22. What is the difference between a deterministic approach and a monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t

23. What is intestate?
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
A will (also known as a testament)

24. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective

25. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Extra investment value created by effective tax management

26. benefits of IPS to client
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance

27. characteristics of maintenance phase
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
HC = PV of future labor income
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance

28. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis

29. What are the main characteristics of fixed annuities?

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30. As wealth increases...
Demand for life insurance decreases
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)

31. What are the advantages of the monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital

32. What are the general legal and regulatory considerations for individuals?
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases

33. In contrast to standard finance (MPT) - behavioral finance assumes individuals do what?
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life

34. How is mortality risk typically hedged?
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Demand for life insurance increases

35. Calculating the required return component is driven by what 2 elements?
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
Excess capital

36. What is the person called that transfers assets through a will?
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Demand for life insurance decreases
The testator

37. What is the most common estate planning tool?
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
A will (also known as a testament)

38. What are the different retirment risks and how can they be hedged?
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace

39. typical IPS elements
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving

40. What are the main types of investors?
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk

41. Describe a spontaneous investor personality type.
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
HC = PV of future labor income
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective

42. The client's risk tolerance (mostly willingness) is affected by what personal characteristics?
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Risk tolerance and decision-making style

43. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation

44. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Excess capital
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc

45. What is measure of wealth?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective

46. What is an equity collar? What is the purpose of the underlying positions
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put

47. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an executive?
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)

48. characteristics of individualist investor
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances

49. Human capital is sometimes referred to as what?
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Implied assets
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances

50. Equation for total wealth.
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals

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