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Private Wealth Management
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Subjects
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is HIFO accounting?
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
A positive relationship
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
2. What are the benefits of an IPS to the adviser?
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
3. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
The government shares in both gains and losses
4. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
5. What are the diversification techniques for low basis stock?
The government shares in both gains and losses
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
6. Living expenses in retirment can be referred to as what?
Implied liabilities
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
7. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
8. Describe a methodical investor personality type.
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
9. What are the advantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
10. What are the benefits of an IPS to the client?
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
11. What are the disadvantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
12. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Excess capital
13. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an executive?
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
14. What are the advantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
15. template for return objective
Depends on the investor's goals and time horizon and the volatility the portfolio can bear b/f those goals are jeopardized
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
16. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
17. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
18. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
19. Describe biased expectations in a behavioral finance context.
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
20. What are the main characteristics of the maintenance phase of life?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
The decedent's estate
21. When should you use a tax-exempt versus a tax-deferred account?
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
22. What are typical characteristics of passive recipients of wealth?
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
23. Calculating the required return component is driven by what 2 elements?
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
24. characteristics of maintenance phase
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
25. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
26. benefits of IPS to client
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
27. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
Demand for life insurance decreases
28. What is the eifference in willingness to take risk between active and passive wealth creators?
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
29. What progressive tax regimes do not have favorable treatment for interest income/dividend income/capital gains?
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Implied assets
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
30. What are the different methods of relief from double taxation?
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
31. What is the reinvestment caveat when considering tax loss harvesting?
Excess capital
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
32. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate with accrual taxes; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
33. benefits of IPS to manager
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
Demand for life insurance decreases
34. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an entrepreneur?
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
A will (also known as a testament)
35. What are the main characteristics of fixed annuities?
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36. Describe the equity holding life three stages from the perspective of the stock.
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
37. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an investor?
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
38. What are the advantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
39. Why would an individual try to use generation skipping in estate planning?
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Demand for life insurance decreases
40. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate with accrual taxes; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
41. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
42. What are the main characteristics of chritable gifts?
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
43. As age increases..
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
The testator
44. Why would an individual try to use generation skipping in estate planning?
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
The government shares in both gains and losses
45. Describe the different types of double taxation conflicts.
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
46. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate when capital gains taxes are deferred and B=1; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
Demand for life insurance increases
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
47. characteristics of spontaneous investor
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48. When calculating a required return - you typically must identify what?
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
49. What are the different retirment risks and how can they be hedged?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Implied liabilities
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
50. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Implied assets
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
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