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Private Wealth Management
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Subjects
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Implied assets
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
2. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
3. What risks must be considered when discussing each concentrated investor category?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
4. benefits of IPS to manager
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
5. Any amount above core capital is considered what?
Excess capital
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
6. What are the advantages of the monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
7. Describe a methodical investor personality type.
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
HC = PV of future labor income
8. typical IPS elements
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Implied assets
9. characteristics of individualist investor
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
10. The client's risk tolerance (mostly willingness) is affected by what personal characteristics?
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
11. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
12. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an investor?
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
13. How is demand for insurance affected by risk tolerance - financial wealth - probability of death - age - and bequest desire?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
14. What are the diversification techniques for low basis stock?
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
15. When should you use a tax-exempt versus a tax-deferred account?
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
16. What are the different types of trusts?
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
17. What are the disadvantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Implied liabilities
18. benefits of IPS to manager
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
19. An investor's ability to take risk depends on what?
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20. Why would someone want to use a valuation discount?
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
21. What are the general legal and regulatory considerations for individuals?
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
22. What are the 3 categories of investors when discussing concentrated positions?
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
23. What is the most common estate planning tool?
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
A will (also known as a testament)
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Implied assets
24. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
25. In contrast to standard finance (MPT) - behavioral finance assumes individuals do what?
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
26. What are the general legal and regulatory considerations for individuals?
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
27. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate with accrual taxes; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
28. Why would someone want to use a valuation discount?
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Excess capital
29. What is the general relationship b/t a client's perception of wealth and risk willingness?
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
The testator
A positive relationship
30. What are the advantages of the monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
31. What is tax alpha?
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
32. How does the nature of human capital affect the demand for life insurance?
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Demand for life insurance decreases
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
33. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
34. Calculating the required return component is driven by what 2 elements?
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
35. What are the diversification techniques for low basis stock?
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
36. Define tax drag.
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
37. As probability of death increases...
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
38. What are the benefits of an IPS to the client?
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Depends on the investor's goals and time horizon and the volatility the portfolio can bear b/f those goals are jeopardized
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
39. What are the advantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
40. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
41. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
42. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
HC = PV of future labor income
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
43. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an executive?
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
44. What are the main characteristics of variable annuities?
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45. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
46. When should you use a tax-exempt versus a tax-deferred account?
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
The decedent's estate
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
47. Equation for total wealth.
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
48. What are the benefits of an IPS to the adviser?
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
49. Describe a spontaneous investor personality type.
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
50. sources of wealth
HC = PV of future labor income
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
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