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Private Wealth Management

Subjects : personal-finance, business-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an investor?
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will

2. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
1) active 2) passive
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems

3. How is demand for insurance affected by risk tolerance - financial wealth - probability of death - age - and bequest desire?
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases

4. What is the difference b/t a required and desired return objective?

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5. characteristics of methodical investor
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis

6. What is another name for a variable prepaid forward and What is its main purpose?
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance

7. As probability of death increases...
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance

8. What progressive tax regimes do not have favorable treatment for interest income/dividend income/capital gains?
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm

9. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an executive?
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution

10. What are the benefits of an IPS to the adviser?
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation

11. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances

12. characteristics of distribution phase
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)

13. Describe a spontaneous investor personality type.
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up

14. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an entrepreneur?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid

15. characteristics of foundation stage
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances

16. situational profiling - considerations
Implied assets
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions

17. What are the different retirment risks and how can they be hedged?
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging

18. What are the main characteristics of the accumulation phase of life?
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock

19. situational profiling

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20. What is another name for a variable prepaid forward and What is its main purpose?
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today

21. When should you use a tax-exempt versus a tax-deferred account?
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either

22. What are the disadvantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis

23. What are wealth taxes.
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification

24. Describe biased expectations in a behavioral finance context.
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received

25. Why would someone want to use a valuation discount?
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)

26. What are the 3 categories of investors when discussing concentrated positions?
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a

27. What is mortality risk?
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
The testator
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital

28. What are typical characteristics of passive recipients of wealth?
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a

29. What are the different global tax regimes and their respective ordinary income tax structure?
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk

30. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
The client's psychological profile
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes

31. What are the main characteristics of chritable gifts?
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today

32. Living expenses in retirment can be referred to as what?
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Implied liabilities
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life

33. characteristics of individualist investor
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett

34. How does the nature of human capital affect the demand for life insurance?
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
The client's psychological profile
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline

35. Who is responsible for gains/losses in a taxable (accrual taxation) account?
The decedent's estate
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
The government shares in both gains and losses

36. As wealth increases...
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Demand for life insurance decreases
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)

37. typical IPS elements
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging

38. Equation for total wealth.
Demand for life insurance increases
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital

39. Describe a cautious investor personality type.
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility

40. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)

41. What are the diffferent types of tax jurisdictions?
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre

42. Investor questionnaires help to determine what?
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Implied liabilities
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid

43. characteristics of maintenance phase
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance

44. What are the benefits of an IPS to the adviser?
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
The government shares in both gains and losses

45. Human capital is sometimes referred to as what?
Implied assets
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis

46. What are the advantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth

47. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate when capital gains taxes are deferred and B=1; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc

48. What are the different methods of relief from double taxation?
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
The client's psychological profile
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations

49. characteristics of cautious investor

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50. What are the diffferent types of estate ownership rights?

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