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Private Wealth Management
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Any amount above core capital is considered what?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Excess capital
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
2. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an investor?
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
3. What is tax alpha?
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
The government shares in both gains and losses
4. template for return objective
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
5. characteristics of foundation stage
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
6. four types of investors
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
7. Define capital gains taxes.
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
8. What is the most common estate planning tool?
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
A will (also known as a testament)
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
9. situational profiling - considerations
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
10. psychological profiling
1) active 2) passive
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
11. The client's risk tolerance (mostly willingness) is affected by what personal characteristics?
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
12. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
A will (also known as a testament)
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
13. What is typically considered when imposing an exit tax?
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Excess capital
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
14. What are the disadvantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Demand for life insurance increases
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
15. What is an equity collar? What is the purpose of the underlying positions
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
16. What are the steps involved in creating an IPS?
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17. Describe a methodical investor personality type.
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Implied liabilities
The decedent's estate
18. What are the advantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
19. What happens to both tax drag $ and tax drag % with holding period changes and return changes?
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
A positive relationship
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Demand for life insurance increases
20. All costs associated with probate are born by whom?
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21. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
22. characteristics of individualist investor
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
23. What are the main characteristics of the foundation phase of life?
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
24. What are wealth taxes.
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
25. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
26. What is HIFO accounting?
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
27. What are the main characteristics of variable annuities?
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28. What is the reinvestment caveat when considering tax loss harvesting?
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
29. Why would someone want to use a valuation discount?
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
30. sources of wealth
The government shares in both gains and losses
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
31. As age increases..
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
HC = PV of future labor income
32. As age increases..
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Demand for life insurance decreases
33. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
34. What are the advantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
35. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an executive?
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
36. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
37. characteristics of methodical investor
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
38. What are typical characteristics of passive recipients of wealth?
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
39. characteristics of methodical investor
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
The decedent's estate
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
40. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
The client's psychological profile
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
HC = PV of future labor income
41. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an investor?
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
42. four types of investors
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
The decedent's estate
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
43. What is measure of wealth?
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
44. template for return objective
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Demand for life insurance increases
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
45. sources of wealth
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
46. Describe the different types of double taxation conflicts.
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
47. Describe the equity holding life three stages from the perspective of the stock.
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Demand for life insurance decreases
48. What are the different retirment risks and how can they be hedged?
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
49. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
50. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an executive?
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
HC = PV of future labor income
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
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