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Private Wealth Management

Subjects : personal-finance, business-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an investor?
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)

2. Describe an individualistic investor personality type.
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th

3. As probability of death increases...
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age

4. Living expenses in retirment can be referred to as what?
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Implied liabilities
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
A positive relationship

5. benefits of IPS to manager
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
The testator
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Implied liabilities

6. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns

7. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Demand for life insurance decreases

8. What are the main characteristics of chritable gifts?
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift

9. characteristics of foundation stage
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance

10. What is measure of wealth?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
A positive relationship
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and

11. characteristics of accumulation phase
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date

12. What is the eifference in willingness to take risk between active and passive wealth creators?
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
A will (also known as a testament)
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk

13. Calculating the required return component is driven by what 2 elements?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a

14. What are the general legal and regulatory considerations for individuals?
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance

15. Investor questionnaires help to determine what?
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Risk tolerance and decision-making style

16. What are the main characteristics of fixed annuities?

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17. What are the main characteristics of chritable gifts?
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification

18. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an investor?
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)

19. What happens to both tax drag $ and tax drag % with holding period changes and return changes?
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely

20. Describe the equity holding life three stages from the perspective of the stock.
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest

21. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
The client's psychological profile
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification

22. characteristics of maintenance phase
Demand for life insurance decreases
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax

23. What is core capital?
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities

24. characteristics of cautious investor

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25. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc

26. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk

27. An investor's ability to take risk depends on what?

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28. What are the main characteristics of the maintenance phase of life?
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Demand for life insurance decreases
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre

29. Define capital gains taxes.
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
Implied assets
The testator
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased

30. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an entrepreneur?
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions

31. What are the diffferent types of tax jurisdictions?
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Implied liabilities

32. What are the diversification techniques for low basis stock?
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Implied assets
Implied liabilities
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging

33. What are the steps involved in creating an IPS?

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34. What is typically considered when imposing an exit tax?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach

35. Equation for total wealth.
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital

36. How does the nature of human capital affect the demand for life insurance?
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving

37. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate with accrual taxes; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase

38. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei

39. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Depends on the investor's goals and time horizon and the volatility the portfolio can bear b/f those goals are jeopardized
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial

40. The client's risk tolerance (mostly willingness) is affected by what personal characteristics?
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely

41. Why do individuals often take steps to avoid probate?
The government shares in both gains and losses
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk

42. What are the advantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS

43. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
Implied assets
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
The client's psychological profile

44. What risks must be considered when discussing each concentrated investor category?
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous

45. What are the general legal and regulatory considerations for individuals?
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment

46. What progressive tax regimes do not have favorable treatment for interest income/dividend income/capital gains?
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals

47. What is tax alpha?
Excess capital
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition

48. What are the two sources of wealth?
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
1) active 2) passive
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today

49. If human capital is equity-like/fixed-income like - how should you generally allocate financial assets?
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities

50. What is typically considered when imposing an exit tax?
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis

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