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Private Wealth Management

Subjects : personal-finance, business-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely

2. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
A positive relationship
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)

3. psychological profiling
Excess capital
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous

4. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)

5. What is typically considered when imposing an exit tax?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
The government shares in both gains and losses
A positive relationship
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett

6. What is the person called that transfers assets through a will?
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
The testator

7. All costs associated with probate are born by whom?

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8. As wealth increases...
Demand for life insurance decreases
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends

9. situational profiling

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10. What are the disadvantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
The client's psychological profile

11. What are the main characteristics of chritable gifts?
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date

12. template for return objective
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation

13. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
The government shares in both gains and losses

14. What risks must be considered when discussing each concentrated investor category?
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach

15. What are the benefits of an IPS to the client?
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax

16. characteristics of accumulation phase
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale

17. sources of wealth
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Excess capital

18. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
HC = PV of future labor income
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment

19. Describe a spontaneous investor personality type.
A will (also known as a testament)
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale

20. What are the advantages of the monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
1) active 2) passive
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f

21. Describe the different types of double taxation conflicts.
1) active 2) passive
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method

22. What is intestate?
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)

23. stages of life
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi

24. What is the reinvestment caveat when considering tax loss harvesting?
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain

25. What are investment objectives and constraints?
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
The decedent's estate

26. stages of life
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
1) active 2) passive

27. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
The government shares in both gains and losses
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely

28. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances

29. What are the benefits of an IPS to the adviser?
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one

30. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an entrepreneur?
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei

31. Why would someone want to use a valuation discount?
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift

32. What is intestate?
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Demand for life insurance decreases
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid

33. What is human capital?
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
HC = PV of future labor income
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
It is expenseive - time consuming - public

34. Define tax drag.
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either

35. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous

36. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Implied liabilities
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification

37. How is mortality risk typically hedged?
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one

38. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei

39. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk

40. Describe biased expectations in a behavioral finance context.
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate

41. template for return objective
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
HC = PV of future labor income
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance

42. What are the steps involved in creating an IPS?

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43. What are the diffferent types of tax jurisdictions?
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Implied assets
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre

44. What are the disadvantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Depends on the investor's goals and time horizon and the volatility the portfolio can bear b/f those goals are jeopardized
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale

45. What is the eifference in willingness to take risk between active and passive wealth creators?
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals

46. characteristics of distribution phase
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers

47. What are the advantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi

48. What are the advantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool

49. four types of investors
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
The decedent's estate
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous

50. What is mortality risk?
Implied liabilities
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale

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