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Private Wealth Management
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Subjects
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Why do individuals often take steps to avoid probate?
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Depends on the investor's goals and time horizon and the volatility the portfolio can bear b/f those goals are jeopardized
2. As desire to leave an estate increases...
Demand for life insurance increases
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
The testator
3. What is the general relationship b/t a client's perception of wealth and risk willingness?
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
A positive relationship
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
4. What are the benefits of an IPS to the client?
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
HC = PV of future labor income
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
5. Describe an individualistic investor personality type.
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
6. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
7. Equation for total wealth.
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
8. What are the disadvantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
9. characteristics of individualist investor
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
10. characteristics of foundation stage
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
11. An investor's ability to take risk depends on what?
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12. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
The client's psychological profile
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
13. What is measure of wealth?
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
14. Describe a methodical investor personality type.
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
15. What is intestate?
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
16. Any amount above core capital is considered what?
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
The government shares in both gains and losses
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Excess capital
17. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
18. What happens to both tax drag $ and tax drag % with holding period changes and return changes?
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
19. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
A will (also known as a testament)
The testator
Demand for life insurance increases
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
20. situational profiling - considerations
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
21. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an entrepreneur?
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
1) active 2) passive
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
22. Describe a spontaneous investor personality type.
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
23. situational profiling - considerations
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
24. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
25. If human capital is equity-like/fixed-income like - how should you generally allocate financial assets?
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
26. What are the advantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
27. benefits of IPS to client
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
28. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
A will (also known as a testament)
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
29. characteristics of maintenance phase
Demand for life insurance decreases
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
30. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
31. What is the reinvestment caveat when considering tax loss harvesting?
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
32. Investor questionnaires help to determine what?
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
33. What are the diffferent types of tax jurisdictions?
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
34. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
35. An investor's ability to take risk depends on what?
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36. Calculating the required return component is driven by what 2 elements?
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
37. Human capital is sometimes referred to as what?
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Implied assets
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
38. What are the diffferent types of tax jurisdictions?
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
39. What is the difference between a deterministic approach and a monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
40. How does the nature of human capital affect the demand for life insurance?
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
41. Describe the equity holding life three stages from the perspective of the stock.
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
42. Describe biased expectations in a behavioral finance context.
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
43. characteristics of individualist investor
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
44. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
45. Human capital is sometimes referred to as what?
Implied assets
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
46. How is demand for insurance affected by risk tolerance - financial wealth - probability of death - age - and bequest desire?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
The decedent's estate
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
47. What is another name for a variable prepaid forward and What is its main purpose?
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
48. As wealth increases...
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Demand for life insurance decreases
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
49. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate with accrual taxes; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
50. situational profiling
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