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Private Wealth Management
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Subjects
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What happens to both tax drag $ and tax drag % with holding period changes and return changes?
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
The client's psychological profile
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
2. What are the disadvantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
3. What is another name for a variable prepaid forward and What is its main purpose?
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
4. benefits of IPS to manager
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
The decedent's estate
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
5. What is the general relationship b/t a client's perception of wealth and risk willingness?
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
A positive relationship
6. What are the main types of investors?
The decedent's estate
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
7. Describe a spontaneous investor personality type.
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
8. What are the different methods of relief from double taxation?
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
9. As wealth increases...
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Demand for life insurance decreases
10. characteristics of distribution phase
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
1) active 2) passive
11. What are the two sources of wealth?
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
1) active 2) passive
12. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
Demand for life insurance decreases
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
13. What are the steps involved in creating an IPS?
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14. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate when capital gains taxes are deferred and B=1; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
15. What are the different methods of relief from double taxation?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
16. What are the advantages of the monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
17. What are the benefits of an IPS to the client?
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
18. If human capital is equity-like/fixed-income like - how should you generally allocate financial assets?
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
19. What are the diffferent types of tax jurisdictions?
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
20. What is the general relationship b/t a client's perception of wealth and risk willingness?
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
A positive relationship
21. Describe the different types of double taxation conflicts.
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
22. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an entrepreneur?
The government shares in both gains and losses
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
High need for financial security - High need to avoid losses - Don't like to make own investment decisions - Don't trust others to make investment decisions - either - Tend to select least volatile assets - Low asset turnover - Frequently miss invest
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
23. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
24. What happens to both tax drag $ and tax drag % with holding period changes and return changes?
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
25. four types of investors
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Implied liabilities
26. typical IPS elements
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
27. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
A positive relationship
28. characteristics of methodical investor
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
The client's psychological profile
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
29. What is the difference between a deterministic approach and a monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
30. sources of wealth
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
31. characteristics of spontaneous investor
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32. What are the advantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
HC = PV of future labor income
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
33. What is typically considered when imposing an exit tax?
HC = PV of future labor income
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
34. What are the advantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
1) Entrepreneur - large position in 1 private stock 2) Executive - large position in 1 public stock 3) Investor - large positions in 1 successful public stock
35. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
36. What is the reinvestment caveat when considering tax loss harvesting?
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
The client's psychological profile
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
37. Define capital gains taxes.
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
38. typical IPS elements
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
39. What is human capital?
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
HC = PV of future labor income
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
40. Describe the different types of double taxation conflicts.
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
41. Equation for total wealth.
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
42. Calculating the required return component is driven by what 2 elements?
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
43. All costs associated with probate are born by whom?
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44. Describe the equity holding life three stages from the perspective of the stock.
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
45. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
46. As desire to leave an estate increases...
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Demand for life insurance increases
47. What are the advantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
48. What is another name for a variable prepaid forward and What is its main purpose?
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
49. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
50. Investor questionnaires help to determine what?
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
The government shares in both gains and losses
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
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