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Private Wealth Management

Subjects : personal-finance, business-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Describe biased expectations in a behavioral finance context.
Implied assets
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received

2. Define capital gains taxes.
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
The testator
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance

3. characteristics of maintenance phase
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Extra investment value created by effective tax management

4. What are the diffferent types of estate ownership rights?

5. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions

6. When calculating a required return - you typically must identify what?
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett

7. What are the advantages of hedging for low basis stock?
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals

8. characteristics of accumulation phase
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk

9. Describe a methodical investor personality type.
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk

10. What is the eifference in willingness to take risk between active and passive wealth creators?
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)

11. What are the diversification techniques for low basis stock?
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes

12. What is intestate?
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution

13. What are the disadvantages of private exchange funds for low basis stock?
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
1) active 2) passive
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today

14. Investor questionnaires help to determine what?
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis

15. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
The testator

16. Who is responsible for gains/losses in a taxable (accrual taxation) account?
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
The government shares in both gains and losses
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging

17. What are the advantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification

18. characteristics of individualist investor
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk

19. What are the benefits of an IPS to the client?
A will (also known as a testament)
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new

20. An investor's willingness to take risk is determined by what?

21. four types of investors
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous

22. What are the main characteristics of variable annuities?

23. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an entrepreneur?
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk

24. All costs associated with probate are born by whom?

25. benefits of IPS to client
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions

26. What are the different types of trusts?
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis

27. Calculating the required return component is driven by what 2 elements?
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk

28. How is mortality risk typically hedged?
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
A will (also known as a testament)
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital

29. What are the main types of investors?
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
HC = PV of future labor income

30. What are the benefits of an IPS to the client?
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new

31. When should you use a tax-exempt versus a tax-deferred account?
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate

32. What happens to both tax drag $ and tax drag % with holding period changes and return changes?
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
Determine: the client's contraints - as well as risk/return objectives - the best strategy - given capital market expectations for achieving the client's objectives - the appropriate strategic (long term) asset allocation which meets those goals
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns

33. What are the advantages of the monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible

34. What are the different global tax regimes and their respective ordinary income tax structure?
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
HC = PV of future labor income
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate

35. What are the disadvantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth

36. characteristics of foundation stage
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid

37. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
HC = PV of future labor income
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving

38. What is an equity collar? What is the purpose of the underlying positions
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Single privately-held stock - high degree of control - immature firm - very high unsystematic risk - face significant residual risk - limited or restricted liquidity - zero cost basis in the original investment - desires tax efficient transfer to hei
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations

39. How does the nature of human capital affect the demand for life insurance?
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance

40. Describe an individualistic investor personality type.
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities

41. What is loss aversion?
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior

42. What are the different stages of life?
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift

43. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification

44. What progressive tax regimes do not have favorable treatment for interest income/dividend income/capital gains?
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax

45. What are the main characteristics of the accumulation phase of life?
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
The government shares in both gains and losses
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions

46. Define tax drag.
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put

47. What is another name for a variable prepaid forward and What is its main purpose?
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today

48. What are the disadvantages of hedging for low basis stock?
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)

49. characteristics of methodical investor
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis

50. What are the different methods of relief from double taxation?
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous

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Private Wealth Management

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