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Private Wealth Management
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Subjects
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are ways that individuals can avoid probate?
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Joint ownership with rights of survivorship - living trusts - retirement plans - life insurance - other means that transfer assets without the need for a will
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
2. What are the disadvantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
3. What are the different retirment risks and how can they be hedged?
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Demand for life insurance decreases
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
4. sources of wealth
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
5. template for return objective
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
1) active 2) passive
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
6. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Acts as an operational guideline that represents the long-term - best interests of the investor - the process is dynamic and can incorporate changed circumstances (review at least annually) - the IPS allows continuity over time and portability to new
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
7. If human capital is equity-like/fixed-income like - how should you generally allocate financial assets?
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
The client's psychological profile
HC = PV of future labor income
8. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
9. What risks must be considered when discussing each concentrated investor category?
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
Implied assets
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
10. What is another name for a variable prepaid forward and What is its main purpose?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
11. What is the difference between a deterministic approach and a monte carlo approach to portfolio construction?
The testator
Immediate diersification - ability to borrow (monetize) - at end of partnership receive proportional share of pool
Deterministic = use point estimates to generate a forecasted value such as an expected return or terminal value Monte Carlo = use probability distributions of inputs to generate expected returns with accompanying probability distributions
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
12. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an entrepreneur?
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Distribution of outcomes provides a better indication of the risk/return tradeoff - show the tradeoff b/t short-term risk and ability meet long-term goals - incorporates the impact of taxes and the compounding effect of reinvestment - can build in f
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
13. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an executive?
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Both increase with longer holding periods and higher returns
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
14. What are the disadvantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
15. What is an equity collar? What is the purpose of the underlying positions
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
16. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an entrepreneur?
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
Starts as a private stock held by an entrepreneur - Sold publicly in IPO (now held by exec - still major part of wealth - less specific risk b/c more mature) - Contributes less and less specific risk as other securities are added to portfolio - ends
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
17. What are the advantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
Demand for life insurance increases
Implied liabilities
Fixed income streat set at inception - usually no inflation adjustment - so real value falls over time - usually illiquid (can't withdraw funds) - lock in at the prevailing rate - which might be historically low
18. As age increases..
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Typically very loyal to the firm - views the concentrated position as a positive - does not desire diversification - b/c feels in control of the future - as entrepreneurs delegate more and more control to others - they strive for more and more divers
1) active 2) passive
19. benefits of IPS to manager
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
20. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
21. situational profiling
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22. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
23. four types of investors
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Implied liabilities
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
24. What is human capital?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
HC = PV of future labor income
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
25. What is tax alpha?
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
26. What are the different retirment risks and how can they be hedged?
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
27. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate when capital gains taxes are deferred and B=1; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
Demand for life insurance decreases
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
28. What are the general legal and regulatory considerations for individuals?
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
29. When calculating a required return - you typically must identify what?
Excess capital
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
30. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an executive?
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Demand for life insurance decreases
31. What are typical characteristics of active wealth creators?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
The decedent's estate
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
32. What is HIFO accounting?
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
33. What progressive tax regimes do not have favorable treatment for interest income/dividend income/capital gains?
The testator
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Demand for life insurance increases
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
34. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
The amount of assets (i.e.present value) necessary to meet all future liabilities
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
35. Any amount above core capital is considered what?
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Excess capital
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
36. characteristics of accumulation phase
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
37. Generally - how does portfolio size - liquidity - time horizon - and/or importance of spending affect ability to tolerate risk?
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
Portfolio size incr. = ability up - Liquidity needs up = ability down - Time horizon up = ability up - Spending importance down = ability up
Aka - unbalanced collar - forward sale of shares with an agreed delivery date in exchange for cash today
38. What is mortality risk?
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Payments are based on the performance of a mixed-asset class portfolio selected by the investor (client) - investor receives a fixed number of 'units' each period - value of each unit increases (decreases) during periods of rising (falling) market re
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
39. characteristics of accumulation phase
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
Can be implemented quickly - can facilitate low cost borrowing (to monetize) - borrowing costs may be tax-deductible
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
40. What progressive tax regimes do not have favorable treatment for interest income/dividend income/capital gains?
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
41. How is mortality risk typically hedged?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
The government shares in both gains and losses
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
42. The client's risk tolerance (mostly willingness) is affected by what personal characteristics?
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Young -Building a foundation for future wealth -above avg risk tolerance
43. An investor's ability to take risk depends on what?
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44. Investor questionnaires help to determine what?
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
45. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
46. Describe the different types of double taxation conflicts.
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
Relies on hard facts -decisions tend to be conservative in nature -more risk averse -thinking/analysis
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
47. What are the diversification techniques for low basis stock?
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
- if you sell a security to harvest its loss and then reinvest the proceeds in a very similar security - the selling price fo the old security becomes the tax basis for the new security - in that case - the loss harvest only delays the payment of t
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
48. How is mortality risk typically hedged?
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
Hedged with life insurance - think of the life insurance as a replacement for lost human capital
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
49. What are typical characteristics of passive recipients of wealth?
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
Wealth attained through inheritance - windfalls - long steady employment - etc. - might have less experience and less understanding of risk/return - might require investment education
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
50. How does the nature of human capital affect the demand for life insurance?
The more equity-like - the less the demand for life insurance
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
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