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Private Wealth Management
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Subjects
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personal-finance
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the main characteristics of chritable gifts?
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Using HIFO accounting - an investor assumes the lot with the highest tax basis was sold to either maximize the loss for harvesting or minimize the taxable gain
2. What is the general relationship between tax drag% and tax rate when capital gains taxes are deferred and B=1; and as investment horizon increases and return increases?
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
3. How is demand for insurance affected by risk tolerance - financial wealth - probability of death - age - and bequest desire?
The decedent's estate
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
4. benefits of IPS to manager
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
Provides clarification in the event of questions regarding suitability -process for resolution of disputes with client -helps identify issues to be resolved to avoid problems
Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
Objectives = required return; risk tolerance - Constraints = time horizon - tax concerns; liquidity needs - legal/regulatory; unique circumstances
5. characteristics of cautious investor
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6. What are the different stages of life?
Required = critical financial objectives (e.g. living expenses - kids' college expenses) Desired = objectives the client would like to meet (e.g. - large bequests to family or charity - early retirement)
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
The reduction in return caused by the payment of taxes
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
7. As age increases..
Tax on the entire value of assets held - principal + earnings - not just earnings - has the same effect as an accrual tax - only taxes are paid at a (usually) reduced rate
Demand for insurance decreases; less human capital to replace
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
8. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
9. What are the disadvantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Must partner with an outside - unrelated investor - lock up period - taxesdeferred but not avoided - potential regulatory (IRS) risk
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
10. Describe the different types of double taxation conflicts.
1) Residence-residence = 2 individuals claim residence for the same individual 2) Source-Source = 2 countries claim authority over the same income (i.e. multinational company) 3) Residence-Source = individual is subject to residence jurisdiction and
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
11. Why would someone want to use a valuation discount?
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Valuation discounts can reduce the value of wealth transfers - so high net worth indiiduals utilize them whenever possible to minimize transfer taxes
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
12. When dealing with low basis stock - emotional issues can arise from what?
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
13. benefits of IPS to client
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
14. What is loss aversion?
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
- extrepreneurs - for example - are usually familiar with taking business risk - they are willing to take risk b/c they feel they control their business and personal circumstances
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
15. What risks must be considered when discussing each concentrated investor category?
A positive relationship
Anticipate individual investors' concerns and risk tolerance by specifying the investor's source of wealth - measure or adequacy of wealth in relation to needs - and stage of life -observables - reasonably objective
Number of years to retirement/death - investable assets - annual liquidity requirement - specific amount (if any) needed at a future date
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
16. Describe biased expectations in a behavioral finance context.
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
17. What are the advantages of an outright sale of low basis stock?
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
18. In contrast to standard finance (MPT) - behavioral finance assumes individuals do what?
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
1) exhibit loss aversion rather than risk aversion 2) exhibit biased expectations rather than rational expectations 3) tend to segregate investments rather than considering them in a portfolio perspective
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
19. What are the equity holding life risk attributes for an executive?
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
Single publicly traded mature company stock or vested options - greater appetite for specific risk due to higher degree of control - less residual risk - b/c the firm is more mature - less liquidity risk - but may have restrictions - desires tax effi
If board of director member = inside - prudent investor rules usually applies - recommend legal counsel for setting up personal trust or family foundation - if a trust - balance the needs of income beneficiaries and remainderment
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
20. What progressive tax regimes do not have favorable treatment for interest income/dividend income/capital gains?
Tax drag % = tax rate - as the investment horizon increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment return increases - tax drag is unchanged - as the investment horizon increases - value of the tax deferral increases - as the inestment return inc
Can be used for clarification if questions areise about specific invesetment decisions - should outline a process for dispute resolution
INTEREST = heavy interest tax; light capital gain tax DVIDIDEND = heavy capital gain tax; light capital gain tax CAPITAL GAIN = heavy capital gain tax
1) active 2) passive
21. What are the diffferent types of tax jurisdictions?
Active wealth creators typically have an above-avg. willingness to take risk - passive recipients of wealth typically have an average or below-average willingness to take risk
1) Source jurisdiction = country levies taxes on all income generated within its borders - whether by citizens or foreigners 2) Residence jurisdiction = a country taxes income of its residents whether generated inside or outside the country (most pre
- does not ordinarily exhibit the same attachments to the firm as an entrepreneur or top executive - does not have any degree of control either
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
22. psychological profiling
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
More subjective than situational profiling -helps to understand how an investor perceives risk and return. -Bridges the differences between traditional finance and behavioral finance -Methodical - cautious - individualist - spontaneous
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
- gifts to charitable organizations are not taxed - donor is allowed to take a tax deduction in the amount of the gift
23. What are the main characteristics of the distribution phase of life?
Wealth transfer stage - focus on tax min. with trusts and foundations
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
1) foundation phase 2) accumulation phase 3) maintenance phase 4) distribution phase
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
24. characteristics of maintenance phase
Earnings start to accelerate -Expenses increase - but so do savings -Long time horizon over which to recover from short-term losses -above-average risk tolerance
- tax drag% > tax rate - as investment horizon increases - tax drag $ and tax drage % increase - as investment return increases - tax drag $ and tax drag % increase
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
25. What is intestate?
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
26. Living expenses in retirment can be referred to as what?
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
It is expenseive - time consuming - public
Implied liabilities
27. Human capital is sometimes referred to as what?
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
Implied assets
Total wealth = financial assets + human capital
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
28. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
Implied assets
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
29. What are the disadvantages of completion portfolios for low basis stock?
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Must have a very large portfolio or be willing to borrow - may take a long time to diversifiy completely
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Simple and quick - removes all residual risk - allows reinvestment of proceeds to achieve desired diversification
30. When should you use a tax-exempt versus a tax-deferred account?
Can borrow and/or use derivatives to diversify - ability to borrow (monetize) increased - owners retain upside potential of the original investment - not required to hodl illiquid assets - partners can change fund composition
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
Tax rate lower today = use tax-exempt - tax rate lower in future = use tax deferred - not expected to change = use either
1) Traders (all gains short term) 2) Active investors (less churn - some gains taxed at reduced rates) 3) Passive investor (buy and hold - most gains are deferred) 4) Exempt investors (no investment taxes)
31. What are the main characteristics of the foundation phase of life?
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Early career 8accumulating education - developing skills - above-average ability to take risk
When a decedent leaves no will or if the will is deemed invalid
32. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
Investors begin to shift portfolios into less volatile assets -Reduced focus on accumulating additional wealth and more focus on preserving current wealth -Reduced ability to recover from market downturns -diminishing risk tolerance
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
33. What are the psychological issues of low basis stock held by an executive?
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
- the higher in the ranks - the more the executive acts like an entrepreneur - the more control = the more attached the executie is to the firm
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Transferring assets directly to a third generation avoids possible double taxation
34. Describe asset segregation in a behavioral finance context.
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
1) common progressive (progressive) 2) heavy dividend tax (progressive) 3) heavy capital gain tax (progressive) 4) heavy interest tax (progressive) 5) light capital gain tax (progressive) 6) flat and light (flat) 7) flat and heavy (flat)
Iinvestors analyze ind. investments on a stand-alone basis - do not consider how the asset will affect portfolio risk and return - manifests itself as mental accounting/pyramiding - lack of diversification
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
35. What are the main characteristics of fixed annuities?
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36. Describe an individualistic investor personality type.
1) growing the portfolio (capital gains) 2) liquidity needs - total return approach
Decisions should be optimal -process is dynamic - thus factors in changing circumstances -focus on long-term objectives -new investment advisors should be able to use the IPS
Taxes paid on the gain (long or short position) when an asset is sold or purchased
More risk toelrant than than methodical investors - do their own research; very confident in their ability to make investment decisions - confidence in their ability to achieve their long-term investment objectives - unlike methodical investors - th
37. What are the disadvantages of public exchange funds for low basis stock?
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
Risk tolerance and decision-making style
1) source of wealth 2) measure of wealth 3) stage of life
38. What are the problems that financial advisers can face with low basis stock?
1) Financial market risk (reduced with efficient diversification) 2) Longevity risk (hedged w/ annuities) 3) Savings risk (hedged by employing a savings program and consuming less)
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
Income rising - assets growing - long time horizon - above-avg. ability to take risk
1) Taxes - outright sale produces large capital gains taxes 2) Psychological factors - client might have emotional attachment or not care about diversification
39. What are the disadvantages of hedging for low basis stock?
Client description -purpose of IPS -identification of duties - responsibilities -formal statement of objectives and constraints -calendar schedule for portfolio performance and IPS review -performance measures and benchmarks -considerations for devel
- Deemed disposition = amount is usually based on the gains on assets leaving - as if the individuals sold the assets and realized the gains - Shadow period = could include a tax on income earned for a period after leaving
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
40. What are the main characteristics of the maintenance phase of life?
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
Retired - focus on lifestyle maintenance and security - preservation of wealth - shortening time horizon and declining risk tolerance
Demand for life insurance decreases
Long stock position + long put + short call - long put protects downside (like purchasing insurance) - short call generates income to at least partially offset the cost of the put
41. What should an investor use in mean-variance optimization
Triggers tax on unrealized capital gains - requires liquidity - shares must be publicly traded or have low restrictions on sale
Risk tolerance = as risk tolerance increases - demand for life insurance decreases
Should use accrual-equivalent returns and after-tax risk
If human capital is equity-like - allocate financial assets more to fixed income - if the human capital is fixed-income like - allocate financial assets more to equities
42. stages of life
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
1) active 2) passive
Diligently gather the best possible investment info - tend to be conservative and - since they base decision on facts - they rarely form emotional attachments to investments - continually seek better info to confirm past investment decisions
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
43. What are the four broad categories of investor personality types (BB&K)?
Achieves diversification slowly over time - capital gains taxes avoided to extent of matching gains and harvesting losses
- cautious - methodical - individualistic - spontaneous
1) credit method 2) exemption method 3) deduction method
Lock up period (7-10 yrs) - must hold >20% illiquid assets - lack of control (no changes - manager determines asset mix) - original cost basis
44. What is the person called that transfers assets through a will?
The testator
The demand for life insurance increases - regardless of age
Multiple-security holding with one superstar - the result is a concentrated equity position - high specific risk - diversifies from concentrated - active and core concentrations into passive index positions
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
45. characteristics of individualist investor
Upside potential of hedged position limited - regulatory risk (avoid constructive sale - some risk exposure required)
Self confident - Gather information from a wide variety of sources to make their own decisions - Willing to take risk
Demand for life insurance increases
1) outright sale 2) exhcange funds (public or priate) 3) completion portfolios 4) hedging
46. What are the different types of trusts?
Quick to make decisions in the heat of moment (don't want to miss opportunities) - High PTO - Focus on return w/out considering risk - Don't consider themselves experts - Don't trust professionals
1) revocable trust = the settlor can rescind the trust and resume ownership of the assets 2) irrevocable trust = the settlor relinquishes ownership and control 3) fixed trust = pattern of distributions to the beneficiaris is predetermined by the sett
Client is a foundign family member - the firm still bears the family name - the shares were acquired by a loved one
Investors have too much confidence in their ability to forecast - they tend to discount or even ignore info that does not support their choices - they interpret info based on their current frame of mind and the medium through which it is received
47. characteristics of distribution phase
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
Retirement -Wealth has been accumulated -Liabilities paid off -Investor looking to live off of portfolio and/or considering distributions to others -need + ability to bear risk really starts to decline
An investor focuses on gains and losses - prefer certain (riskless) gains and uncertain losses - are willing to face incerased risk to avoid losses - causes investors to exhibit risk-seeking behavior
- a subjective assessment of financial well-being based on perceived wealth
48. template for return objective
To earn a total ______-tax __________ return of ______% covering: -expense 1 -expense 2 -expense n
1. foundation 2. accumulation 3. maintenance 4. distribution
Most risk tolerant - fear that failing to respond to changing market conditions will negatively impact their portfolio - constantly adjust their portfolios in response to changing market conditions - tend to doubt investment advice. - high turnover a
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
49. What risks must be considered when discussing each concentrated investor category?
Sources of wealth - measure of wealth - stage of life
Extra investment value created by effective tax management
Forced heirship rules (children have the right to parents' estate) - community property rights (each spouse has right to 1/2 the estate) - separate property rights (each spouse's estate considered separately)
1) specific risk (unsystematic risk) 2) market risk (systematic risk) 3) residual risk (counterparty risk and regulatory risk)
50. What is mortality risk?
Entrepreneurial activity (likely to have highly concentrated portfolio) -inheritance - one-time windfalls (may be more willing to diversify) -built up over long periods of safe employment (e.g. middle mgr - easier to divest than huge entrepreneurial
The testator
The risk of a premature death with accompanying loss of future human capital
Most risk averse/least risk tolerant - primary focus is financial security: preservation of wealth - hard to advise - can over-analyze - slow in making decisions and then changing investments - low portfolio turnover/volatility
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