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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






2. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






3. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






4. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






5. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






6. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






7. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






8. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






9. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






10. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






11. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






12. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






13. Appeal to the reader's emotions






14. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






15. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






16. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






17. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






18. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






19. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






20. Appeal to reason






21. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






22. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






23. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






24. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






25. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






26. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






27. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






28. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






29. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






30. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






31. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






32. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






33. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






34. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






35. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






36. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






37. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






38. Information that can be objectively proven as true






39. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






40. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






41. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






42. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






43. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






44. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






45. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






46. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






47. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






48. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






49. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






50. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence