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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






2. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






3. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






4. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






5. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






6. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






7. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






8. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






9. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






10. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






11. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






12. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






13. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






14. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






15. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






16. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






17. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






18. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






19. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






20. Appeal to the reader's emotions






21. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






22. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






23. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






24. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






25. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






26. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






27. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






28. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






29. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






30. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






31. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






32. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






33. Appeal to reason






34. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






35. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






36. Information that can be objectively proven as true






37. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






38. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






39. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






40. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






41. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






42. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






43. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






44. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






45. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






46. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






47. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






48. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






49. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






50. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case