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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






2. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






3. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






4. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






5. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






6. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






7. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






8. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






9. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






10. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






11. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






12. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






13. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






14. Appeal to the reader's emotions






15. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






16. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






17. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






18. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






19. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






20. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






21. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






22. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






23. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






24. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






25. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






26. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






27. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






28. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






29. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






30. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






31. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






32. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






33. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






34. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






35. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






36. Information that can be objectively proven as true






37. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






38. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






39. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






40. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






41. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






42. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






43. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






44. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






45. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






46. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






47. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






48. Appeal to reason






49. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






50. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause