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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






2. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






3. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






4. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






5. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






6. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






7. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






8. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






9. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






10. Appeal to the reader's emotions






11. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






12. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






13. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






14. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






15. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






16. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






17. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






18. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






19. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






20. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






21. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






22. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






23. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






24. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






25. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






26. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






27. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






28. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






29. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






30. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






31. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






32. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






33. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






34. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






35. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






36. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






37. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






38. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






39. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






40. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






41. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






42. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






43. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






44. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






45. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






46. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






47. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






48. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






49. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






50. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course