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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






2. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






3. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






4. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






5. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






6. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






7. Information that can be objectively proven as true






8. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






9. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






10. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






11. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






12. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






13. Appeal to reason






14. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






15. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






16. Appeal to the reader's emotions






17. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






18. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






19. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






20. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






21. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






22. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






23. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






24. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






25. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






26. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






27. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






28. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






29. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






30. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






31. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






32. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






33. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






34. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






35. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






36. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






37. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






38. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






39. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






40. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






41. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






42. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






43. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






44. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






45. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






46. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






47. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






48. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






49. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






50. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another