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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






2. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






3. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






4. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






5. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






6. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






7. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






8. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






9. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






10. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






11. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






12. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






13. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






14. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






15. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






16. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






17. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






18. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






19. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






20. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






21. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






22. Appeal to the reader's emotions






23. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






24. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






25. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






26. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






27. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






28. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






29. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






30. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






31. Appeal to reason






32. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






33. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






34. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






35. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






36. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






37. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






38. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






39. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






40. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






41. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






42. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






43. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






44. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






45. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






46. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






47. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






48. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






49. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






50. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed