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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Appeal to the reader's emotions






2. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






3. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






4. Appeal to reason






5. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






6. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






7. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






8. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






9. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






10. Information that can be objectively proven as true






11. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






12. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






13. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






14. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






15. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






16. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






17. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






18. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






19. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






20. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






21. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






22. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






23. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






24. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






25. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






26. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






27. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






28. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






29. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






30. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






31. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






32. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






33. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






34. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






35. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






36. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






37. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






38. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






39. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






40. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






41. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






42. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






43. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






44. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






45. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






46. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






47. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






48. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






49. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






50. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause