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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Appeal to reason






2. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






3. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






4. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






5. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






6. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






7. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






8. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






9. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






10. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






11. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






12. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






13. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






14. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






15. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






16. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






17. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






18. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






19. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






20. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






21. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






22. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






23. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






24. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






25. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






26. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






27. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






28. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






29. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






30. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






31. Information that can be objectively proven as true






32. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






33. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






34. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






35. Appeal to the reader's emotions






36. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






37. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






38. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






39. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






40. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






41. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






42. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






43. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






44. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






45. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






46. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






47. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






48. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






49. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






50. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it