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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






2. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






3. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






4. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






5. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






6. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






7. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






8. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






9. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






10. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






11. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






12. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






13. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






14. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






15. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






16. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






17. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






18. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






19. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






20. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






21. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






22. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






23. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






24. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






25. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






26. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






27. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






28. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






29. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






30. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






31. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






32. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






33. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






34. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






35. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






36. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






37. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






38. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






39. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






40. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






41. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






42. Appeal to reason






43. Information that can be objectively proven as true






44. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






45. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






46. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






47. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






48. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






49. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






50. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.