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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






2. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






3. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






4. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






5. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






6. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






7. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






8. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






9. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






10. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






11. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






12. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






13. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






14. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






15. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






16. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






17. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






18. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






19. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






20. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






21. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






22. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






23. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






24. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






25. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






26. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






27. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






28. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






29. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






30. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






31. Appeal to the reader's emotions






32. Information that can be objectively proven as true






33. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






34. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






35. Appeal to reason






36. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






37. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






38. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






39. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






40. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






41. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






42. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






43. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






44. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






45. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






46. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






47. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






48. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






49. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






50. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course