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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






2. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






3. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






4. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






5. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






6. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






7. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






8. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






9. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






10. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






11. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






12. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






13. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






14. Information that can be objectively proven as true






15. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






16. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






17. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






18. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






19. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






20. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






21. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






22. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






23. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






24. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






25. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






26. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






27. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






28. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






29. Appeal to reason






30. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






31. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






32. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






33. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






34. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






35. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






36. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






37. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






38. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






39. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






40. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






41. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






42. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






43. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






44. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






45. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






46. Appeal to the reader's emotions






47. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






48. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






49. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






50. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist