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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






2. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






3. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






4. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






5. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






6. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






7. Appeal to the reader's emotions






8. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






9. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






10. Appeal to reason






11. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






12. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






13. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






14. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






15. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






16. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






17. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






18. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






19. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






20. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






21. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






22. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






23. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






24. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






25. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






26. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






27. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






28. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






29. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






30. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






31. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






32. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






33. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






34. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






35. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






36. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






37. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






38. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






39. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






40. Information that can be objectively proven as true






41. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






42. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






43. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






44. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






45. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






46. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






47. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






48. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






49. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






50. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true