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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






2. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






3. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






4. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






5. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






6. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






7. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






8. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






9. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






10. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






11. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






12. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






13. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






14. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






15. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






16. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






17. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






18. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






19. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






20. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






21. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






22. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






23. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






24. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






25. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






26. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






27. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






28. Information that can be objectively proven as true






29. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






30. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






31. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






32. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






33. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






34. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






35. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






36. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






37. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






38. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






39. Appeal to the reader's emotions






40. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






41. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






42. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






43. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






44. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






45. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






46. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






47. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






48. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






49. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






50. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea