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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






2. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






3. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






4. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






5. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






6. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






7. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






8. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






9. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






10. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






11. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






12. Information that can be objectively proven as true






13. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






14. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






15. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






16. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






17. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






18. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






19. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






20. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






21. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






22. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






23. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






24. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






25. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






26. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






27. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






28. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






29. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






30. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






31. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






32. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






33. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






34. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






35. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






36. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






37. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






38. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






39. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






40. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






41. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






42. Appeal to the reader's emotions






43. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






44. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






45. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






46. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






47. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






48. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






49. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






50. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase