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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






2. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






3. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






4. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






5. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






6. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






7. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






8. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






9. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






10. Appeal to the reader's emotions






11. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






12. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






13. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






14. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






15. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






16. Appeal to reason






17. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






18. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






19. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






20. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






21. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






22. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






23. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






24. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






25. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






26. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






27. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






28. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






29. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






30. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






31. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






32. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






33. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






34. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






35. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






36. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






37. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






38. Information that can be objectively proven as true






39. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






40. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






41. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






42. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






43. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






44. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






45. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






46. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






47. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






48. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






49. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






50. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue