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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






2. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






3. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






4. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






5. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






6. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






7. Information that can be objectively proven as true






8. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






9. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






10. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






11. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






12. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






13. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






14. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






15. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






16. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






17. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






18. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






19. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






20. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






21. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






22. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






23. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






24. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






25. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






26. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






27. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






28. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






29. Appeal to the reader's emotions






30. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






31. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






32. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






33. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






34. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






35. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






36. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






37. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






38. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






39. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






40. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






41. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






42. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






43. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






44. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






45. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






46. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






47. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






48. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






49. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






50. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented