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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






2. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






3. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






4. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






5. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






6. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






7. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






8. Information that can be objectively proven as true






9. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






10. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






11. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






12. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






13. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






14. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






15. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






16. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






17. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






18. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






19. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






20. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






21. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






22. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






23. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






24. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






25. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






26. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






27. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






28. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






29. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






30. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






31. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






32. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






33. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






34. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






35. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






36. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






37. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






38. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






39. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






40. Appeal to reason






41. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






42. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






43. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






44. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






45. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






46. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






47. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






48. Appeal to the reader's emotions






49. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






50. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false