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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






2. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






3. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






4. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






5. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






6. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






7. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






8. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






9. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






10. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






11. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






12. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






13. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






14. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






15. Appeal to the reader's emotions






16. Appeal to reason






17. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






18. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






19. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






20. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






21. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






22. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






23. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






24. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






25. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






26. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






27. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






28. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






29. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






30. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






31. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






32. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






33. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






34. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






35. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






36. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






37. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






38. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






39. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






40. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






41. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






42. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






43. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






44. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






45. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






46. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






47. Information that can be objectively proven as true






48. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






49. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






50. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second