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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






2. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






3. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






4. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






5. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






6. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






7. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






8. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






9. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






10. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






11. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






12. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






13. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






14. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






15. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






16. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






17. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






18. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






19. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






20. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






21. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






22. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






23. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






24. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






25. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






26. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






27. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






28. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






29. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






30. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






31. Appeal to the reader's emotions






32. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






33. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






34. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






35. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






36. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






37. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






38. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






39. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






40. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






41. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






42. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






43. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






44. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






45. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






46. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






47. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






48. Information that can be objectively proven as true






49. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






50. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?