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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






2. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






3. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






4. Information that can be objectively proven as true






5. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






6. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






7. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






8. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






9. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






10. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






11. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






12. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






13. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






14. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






15. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






16. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






17. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






18. Appeal to the reader's emotions






19. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






20. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






21. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






22. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






23. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






24. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






25. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






26. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






27. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






28. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






29. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






30. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






31. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






32. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






33. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






34. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






35. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






36. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






37. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






38. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






39. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






40. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






41. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






42. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






43. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






44. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






45. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






46. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






47. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






48. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






49. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






50. Appeal to reason