Test your basic knowledge |

SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






2. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






3. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






4. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






5. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






6. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






7. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






8. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






9. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






10. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






11. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






12. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






13. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






14. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






15. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






16. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






17. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






18. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






19. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






20. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






21. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






22. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






23. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






24. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






25. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






26. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






27. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






28. Appeal to reason






29. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






30. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






31. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






32. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






33. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






34. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






35. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






36. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






37. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






38. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






39. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






40. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






41. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






42. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






43. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






44. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






45. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






46. Appeal to the reader's emotions






47. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






48. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






49. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






50. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern