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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






2. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






3. Information that can be objectively proven as true






4. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






5. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






6. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






7. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






8. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






9. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






10. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






11. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






12. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






13. Appeal to the reader's emotions






14. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






15. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






16. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






17. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






18. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






19. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






20. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






21. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






22. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






23. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






24. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






25. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






26. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






27. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






28. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






29. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






30. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






31. Appeal to reason






32. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






33. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






34. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






35. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






36. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






37. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






38. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






39. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






40. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






41. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






42. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






43. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






44. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






45. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






46. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






47. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






48. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






49. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






50. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another