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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






2. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






3. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






4. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






5. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






6. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






7. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






8. Appeal to reason






9. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






10. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






11. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






12. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






13. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






14. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






15. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






16. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






17. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






18. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






19. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






20. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






21. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






22. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






23. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






24. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






25. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






26. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






27. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






28. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






29. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






30. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






31. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






32. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






33. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






34. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






35. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






36. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






37. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






38. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






39. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






40. Information that can be objectively proven as true






41. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






42. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






43. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






44. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






45. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






46. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






47. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






48. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






49. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






50. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria