Test your basic knowledge |

SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






2. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






3. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






4. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






5. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






6. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






7. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






8. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






9. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






10. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






11. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






12. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






13. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






14. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






15. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






16. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






17. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






18. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






19. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






20. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






21. Appeal to the reader's emotions






22. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






23. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






24. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






25. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






26. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






27. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






28. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






29. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






30. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






31. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






32. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






33. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






34. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






35. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






36. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






37. Information that can be objectively proven as true






38. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






39. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






40. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






41. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






42. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






43. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






44. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






45. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






46. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






47. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






48. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






49. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






50. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.