Test your basic knowledge |

SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






2. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






3. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






4. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






5. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






6. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






7. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






8. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






9. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






10. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






11. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






12. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






13. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






14. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






15. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






16. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






17. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






18. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






19. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






20. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






21. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






22. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






23. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






24. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






25. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






26. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






27. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






28. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






29. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






30. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






31. Appeal to reason






32. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






33. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






34. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






35. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






36. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






37. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






38. Information that can be objectively proven as true






39. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






40. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






41. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






42. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






43. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






44. Appeal to the reader's emotions






45. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






46. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






47. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






48. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






49. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






50. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false