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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






2. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






3. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






4. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






5. Information that can be objectively proven as true






6. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






7. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






8. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






9. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






10. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






11. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






12. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






13. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






14. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






15. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






16. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






17. Appeal to reason






18. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






19. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






20. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






21. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






22. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






23. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






24. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






25. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






26. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






27. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






28. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






29. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






30. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






31. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






32. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






33. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






34. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






35. Appeal to the reader's emotions






36. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






37. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






38. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






39. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






40. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






41. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






42. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






43. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






44. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






45. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






46. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






47. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






48. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






49. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






50. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right