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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






2. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






3. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






4. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






5. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






6. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






7. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






8. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






9. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






10. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






11. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






12. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






13. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






14. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






15. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






16. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






17. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






18. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






19. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






20. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






21. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






22. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






23. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






24. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






25. Appeal to the reader's emotions






26. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






27. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






28. Appeal to reason






29. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






30. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






31. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






32. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






33. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






34. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






35. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






36. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






37. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






38. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






39. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






40. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






41. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






42. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






43. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






44. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






45. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






46. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






47. Information that can be objectively proven as true






48. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






49. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






50. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.