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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






2. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






3. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






4. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






5. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






6. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






7. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






8. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






9. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






10. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






11. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






12. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






13. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






14. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






15. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






16. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






17. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






18. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






19. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






20. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






21. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






22. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






23. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






24. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






25. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






26. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






27. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






28. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






29. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






30. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






31. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






32. Appeal to the reader's emotions






33. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






34. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






35. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






36. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






37. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






38. Appeal to reason






39. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






40. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






41. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






42. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






43. Information that can be objectively proven as true






44. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






45. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






46. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






47. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






48. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






49. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






50. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident