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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






2. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






3. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






4. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






5. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






6. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






7. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






8. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






9. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






10. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






11. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






12. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






13. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






14. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






15. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






16. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






17. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






18. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






19. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






20. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






21. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






22. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






23. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






24. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






25. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






26. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






27. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






28. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






29. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






30. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






31. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






32. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






33. Information that can be objectively proven as true






34. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






35. Appeal to reason






36. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






37. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






38. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






39. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






40. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






41. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






42. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






43. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






44. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






45. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






46. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






47. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






48. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






49. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






50. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist