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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






2. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






3. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






4. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






5. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






6. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






7. Appeal to the reader's emotions






8. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






9. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






10. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






11. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






12. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






13. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






14. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






15. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






16. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






17. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






18. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






19. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






20. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






21. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






22. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






23. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






24. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






25. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






26. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






27. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






28. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






29. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






30. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






31. Information that can be objectively proven as true






32. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






33. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






34. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






35. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






36. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






37. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






38. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






39. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






40. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






41. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






42. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






43. Appeal to reason






44. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






45. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






46. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






47. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






48. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






49. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






50. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?