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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






2. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






3. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






4. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






5. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






6. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






7. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






8. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






9. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






10. Appeal to the reader's emotions






11. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






12. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






13. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






14. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






15. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






16. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






17. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






18. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






19. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






20. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






21. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






22. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






23. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






24. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






25. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






26. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






27. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






28. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






29. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






30. Appeal to reason






31. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






32. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






33. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






34. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






35. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






36. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






37. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






38. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






39. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






40. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






41. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






42. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






43. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






44. Information that can be objectively proven as true






45. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






46. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






47. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






48. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






49. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






50. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue