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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






2. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






3. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






4. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






5. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






6. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






7. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






8. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






9. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






10. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






11. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






12. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






13. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






14. Appeal to reason






15. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






16. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






17. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






18. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






19. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






20. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






21. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






22. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






23. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






24. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






25. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






26. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






27. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






28. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






29. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






30. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






31. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






32. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






33. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






34. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






35. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






36. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






37. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






38. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






39. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






40. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






41. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






42. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






43. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






44. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






45. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






46. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






47. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






48. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






49. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






50. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic