Test your basic knowledge |

SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






2. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






3. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






4. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






5. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






6. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






7. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






8. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






9. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






10. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






11. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






12. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






13. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






14. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






15. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






16. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






17. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






18. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






19. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






20. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






21. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






22. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






23. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






24. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






25. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






26. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






27. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






28. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






29. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






30. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






31. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






32. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






33. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






34. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






35. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






36. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






37. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






38. Information that can be objectively proven as true






39. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






40. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






41. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






42. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






43. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






44. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






45. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






46. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






47. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






48. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






49. Appeal to reason






50. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria