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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






2. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






3. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






4. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






5. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






6. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






7. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






8. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






9. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






10. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






11. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






12. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






13. Appeal to the reader's emotions






14. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






15. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






16. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






17. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






18. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






19. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






20. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






21. Information that can be objectively proven as true






22. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






23. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






24. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






25. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






26. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






27. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






28. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






29. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






30. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






31. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






32. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






33. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






34. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






35. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






36. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






37. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






38. Appeal to reason






39. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






40. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






41. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






42. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






43. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






44. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






45. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






46. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






47. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






48. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






49. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






50. Appeal based on the credibility of the author