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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






2. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






3. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






4. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






5. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






6. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






7. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






8. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






9. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






10. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






11. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






12. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






13. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






14. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






15. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






16. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






17. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






18. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






19. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






20. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






21. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






22. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






23. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






24. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






25. Information that can be objectively proven as true






26. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






27. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






28. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






29. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






30. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






31. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






32. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






33. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






34. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






35. Appeal to reason






36. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






37. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






38. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






39. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






40. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






41. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






42. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






43. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






44. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






45. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






46. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






47. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






48. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






49. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






50. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence