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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






2. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






3. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






4. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






5. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






6. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






7. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






8. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






9. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






10. Appeal to the reader's emotions






11. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






12. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






13. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






14. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






15. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






16. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






17. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






18. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






19. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






20. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






21. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






22. Appeal to reason






23. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






24. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






25. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






26. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






27. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






28. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






29. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






30. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






31. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






32. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






33. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






34. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






35. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






36. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






37. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






38. Information that can be objectively proven as true






39. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






40. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






41. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






42. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






43. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






44. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






45. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






46. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






47. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






48. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






49. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






50. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case