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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






2. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






3. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






4. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






5. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






6. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






7. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






8. Appeal to the reader's emotions






9. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






10. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






11. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






12. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






13. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






14. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






15. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






16. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






17. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






18. Appeal to reason






19. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






20. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






21. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






22. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






23. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






24. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






25. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






26. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






27. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






28. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






29. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






30. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






31. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






32. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






33. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






34. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






35. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






36. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






37. Information that can be objectively proven as true






38. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






39. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






40. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






41. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






42. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






43. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






44. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






45. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






46. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






47. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






48. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






49. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






50. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent