Test your basic knowledge |

SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






2. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






3. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






4. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






5. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






6. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






7. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






8. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






9. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






10. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






11. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






12. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






13. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






14. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






15. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






16. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






17. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






18. Information that can be objectively proven as true






19. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






20. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






21. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






22. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






23. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






24. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






25. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






26. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






27. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






28. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






29. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






30. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






31. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






32. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






33. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






34. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






35. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






36. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






37. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






38. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






39. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






40. Appeal to the reader's emotions






41. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






42. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






43. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






44. Appeal to reason






45. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






46. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






47. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






48. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






49. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






50. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true