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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






2. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






3. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






4. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






5. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






6. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






7. Appeal to reason






8. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






9. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






10. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






11. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






12. Appeal to the reader's emotions






13. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






14. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






15. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






16. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






17. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






18. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






19. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






20. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






21. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






22. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






23. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






24. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






25. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






26. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






27. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






28. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






29. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






30. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






31. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






32. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






33. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






34. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






35. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






36. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






37. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






38. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






39. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






40. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






41. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






42. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






43. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






44. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






45. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






46. Information that can be objectively proven as true






47. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






48. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






49. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






50. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.