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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






2. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






3. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






4. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






5. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






6. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






7. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






8. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






9. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






10. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to






11. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






12. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






13. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






14. Information that can be objectively proven as true






15. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






16. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






17. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






18. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






19. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






20. Appeal to reason






21. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






22. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






23. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






24. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






25. Appeal to the reader's emotions






26. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






27. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






28. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






29. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






30. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






31. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






32. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






33. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






34. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






35. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






36. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






37. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






38. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






39. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






40. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






41. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






42. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






43. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






44. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






45. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






46. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






47. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






48. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






49. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






50. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event