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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






2. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






3. Fallacy that asserts that given two positions - there exists a compromise between them which must be correct.






4. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






5. 'To the authority' appeal based on the authority of a source






6. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






7. Appeal to reason






8. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






9. Appeal to the reader's emotions






10. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






11. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






12. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






13. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






14. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






15. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






16. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






17. Condemning an argument because of where it began - how it began - or who began it






18. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






19. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






20. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






21. Obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue






22. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






23. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






24. Information gained from personal experience representing a general pattern






25. Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case






26. Reasoning by Proof: A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a person or institution.






27. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






28. Information that can be objectively proven as true






29. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






30. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






31. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






32. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






33. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






34. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






35. Cause and Effect: A fallacy that assumes that because two variables are correlated (happen at the same time) that one must have caused the other






36. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






37. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






38. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






39. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






40. A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented






41. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






42. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






43. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






44. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






45. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






46. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






47. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






48. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






49. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






50. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?