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SAT Essay Logical Fallacies

Subjects : sat, english, writing-skills
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Cause and Effect: 'What if' fallacy. Argues that everything would be different if one variable was different. Example: 'If the Nazis had won WWII - we'd all be speaking German!'






2. Information based on personal interpretation of facts






3. How similar or how different are the cases being compared? How many point of comparison is the arguer using?






4. Information that can be objectively proven as true






5. Two comparable issues or ideas are judged by different criteria






6. Is there a reasonable connection between the cause and the effect? Is that connection explained? Are there other possible causes that have not been considered?






7. Claiming that one step in the wrong direction will lead to another - potentially disastrous consequence






8. Stating the only two interpretations of actions are alternatives - ignoring any compromise or moderate course






9. Cause and Effect: Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident






10. Generalization: Assumes that members of a group must have a characteristic because one or more of its members has that characteristic.






11. Common knowledge or beliefs readers accept as true






12. Everybody knows fallacy. Asserts that some idea is common knowledge - so it must be true.






13. Reasoning by Debate: In an argument - this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning 'against the man.'






14. Concealing the author's true intent - belief - or attitude towards an issue






15. Reasoning by Proof: absence of evidence is not evidence; he didn't say that... so it must be false






16. Reasoning by Debate: When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.






17. Reasoning by Proof: an argument that because someone worked hard at something - their conclusions must be right






18. Generalization: an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence






19. Generalization: Assumes that an individual must have a characteristic because the group to which he or she belongs supposedly has that characteristic






20. Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue






21. Introducing an irrelevant point to divert readers' attention from the main issue being discussed






22. Generalization: drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence






23. Appeal based on the credibility of the author






24. Writer encourages readers to accept a conclusion without any support






25. Citing an expert on one subject as expert on another






26. Analogy or comparison that is not logically consistent






27. Logical reasoning that establishes specific facts or contentions leading to a general conclusion






28. Reasoning by Debate: A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist






29. Have all reasonable alternatives been considered/eliminated? Does this author attack the other views in a fair way?






30. Cause and Effect: claim than an event with more than one cause has only one cause






31. Information the writer asserts as being the result of an event






32. The use by a speaker of coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has a different (and negative) meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience.






33. Appeal to the the pity - sympathy or 'misery' of the audience






34. Does the evidence prove the point being argued? Is this authority an expert on this particular topic?






35. Appeal to the reader's emotions






36. 'After this therefore because of this' implying that because on event follows another - the first caused the second






37. Information that is an interpretation of numerical data






38. False transitive property - you assume that just because two things share a characteristic - all of their characteristics are shared: - 'penguins are black and white - old tv shows are black and white - therefore penguins are old tv shows'






39. Reasoning by Proof: the evidence offered does not really support the claim. Non Sequitur (It does not follow)






40. 'Against the man' attacking the person or group to which you are opposed rather than addressing the issue






41. 'it does not follow' drawing a conclusion or making a transition that is not a logical result of the facts






42. How large is the sample size? How representative is the sample?






43. Appeal to reason






44. 'To the people' appeal to the prejudices of the audience - or claiming that (or a majority) supports your opinion






45. When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. i.e. People choose what laws they obey. The Law of Gravity is a law. I choose to disobey the law of gravity.






46. Ambiguity or multiplicity of interpretations of a repeated word or phrase






47. Trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea






48. Drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence; using all instances when only some apply






49. Statements that are intentionally vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations






50. Prejudging an individual based on ideas one has about the group the individual belongs to